• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.817-825
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to research about salt marsh flora and vegetation in the Dongjin-river estuary area where has a project for Sea Man Geum Reclaimed Land so that we can foster foundation on restoration of an ecological habitat, development of applicable plant and establishment of a conservation policy after deceloping the reclaimed land for salt marsh vegetation which has great value ecologically. In conclusion, we was distributed that there are 7 families 21 genera, 25 species, 2 varieties of vascular plant at the Dongjin-river estuary area which have 27 taxa in total and are $0.64\%$ among 4,191 of korean vascular plant. There are also 2 family, 2 genus, 2 species of a naturalized plant which are $1.1\%$ of indicator of a naturalized plant salt marsh vegetation of the downstream are very much affected by the time of inundation, tidal water so that a low degree of salt marsh has frequent flooding by sea water and has a pure group of Suaeda japonica. A Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia are distributed mainly around a waterway of salt marsh and Zoysia sinica, Atriplex subcordata, Phragmites communis are living in stock as forming into patch around medium salt marsh. Suaeda asparagoides, Phacelurus latifolius are living around a little high ground and a Phragmites communis is a behind vegetation of Phacelurus latifolius and a part of the Phragmites communis are living along with waterway in a salt marsh as a community. By the 2-M method twelve plant communities were recognized ; Suaeda japonica. Carex scabrifolia, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia scoparia, Phacelurus latifolius, Phragmites communis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica-Atriplex gmelini, Phragmites communis-Suaeda japonica, Suaeda japonica-Salicornia herbacea, Salicornia herbacea-Suaeda aspar-agoides and Scirpus planiculmis community. The actual vegetation map was constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.516-523
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• 2006

The mushroom Inonotus obliquue (IO) has been traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer in Russia, Poland, and most of Baltic countries. To explore the possibility that IO has chemoprevention effects, we examined whether or not the aqueous extract of IO inhibits HT-29 cell growth and investigated tile mechanism for this effect. Cells were incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of the aqueous extract of IO. The extract substantially inhibited the viable HT-29 cell number in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA of HT-29 cells. Annexin-V staining followed by flow cytometry revealed that the extract induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed that the extract induced cleavage of caspase-8, -9 and -3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, but did not affect the protein levels of Bax and Bcl-2. In addition, the extract dose-dependently increased the activity of caspase-8, -9 and -3. We have demonstrated that the aqueous extract of IO inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells, which may be mediated by its ability to activate the caspase pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.481-489
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• 2010

Introduction: TLR-5, a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is a element of the type I transmembrane receptors, which are characterized by an intracellular signaling domain homolog to the interleukin-1 receptor. These receptors recognize microbial components, particularly bacterial flagellin. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA, tretinoin), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, acts as a growth and differentiation factor in many tissues, and is also needed for immune functions. In this study, THP-1 human macrophage-monocytes were used to examine the mechanisms by which atRA regulated the expression of TLR-5. Because the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation at the transcriptional level is also unclear, this study examined which putative transcription factors are responsible for TLR-5 expression by atRA in immune cells. Materials and Methods: This study examined whether atRA induces the expression of TLR-5 in THP-1 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and which transcription factors are involved in regulating the TLR-5 promoter in RAW264.7 cells using a reporter assay system. Western blot analysis was used to determine which signal pathway is involved in the expression of TLR-5 in atRA-treated THP-1 cells. Results: atRA at a concentration of 10 nM greatly induced the expression of TLR-5 in THP-1 cells. Human TLR-5 promoter contains three Sp-1/GC binding sites around -50 bp and two NF-kB binding sites at -380 bp and -160 bp from the transcriptional start site of the TLR-5 gene. Sp-1/GC is primarily responsible for the constitutive TLR-5 expression, and may also contribute to NF-kB at -160 bp to induce TLR-5 after atRA stimulation in THP-1 cells. The role of NF-kB in TLR-5 expression was further confirmed by inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) experiments, which greatly reduced the TLR-5 transcription by 70-80%. Conclusion: atRA induces the expression of the human TLR-5 gene and NF-kB is a critical transcription factor for the atRA-induced expression of TLR-5. Accordingly, it is conceivable that retinoids are required for adequate innate and adaptive immune responses to agents of infectious diseases. atRA and various synthetic retinoids have been used therapeutically in human diseases, such as leukemia and other cancers due to the antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing effects of retinoids. Therefore, understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of TLR-5 may assist in the design of alternative strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases, leukemia and cancers.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-93
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• 2007

Social area of children moves to school from family. Attachment to parents of children influences Adaptation of new environment. Development and adaptation of whole life are based on attachment that was formed the early days period of life. This study aims at finding out how are the factors like Relationship between Attachment to parents and Adaptation to school life of children. The targets of the study are 260 kids of the 1st grade and the 2nd grade that are collected at primary school of K city in Jeonlabuk-Do. As for measurement tool that was used for this study, it used the questionnaire for parents Attachment which OK Jeong(1997) adopted from IPPA-R that was manufactured by Armsden & Greenberg(1987), and the questionnaire on adaptation to the school life made by Byung soo, Min(1991), and it found means(M), standard deviation(SD) as for the collected data, and it practiced three way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and Multiple regression. The result of this study was as follows. First, the girls were more attached to father than Boys. According to the contents, alienation to father of boys is higher than that of girls. Also, grade of children and employment or unemployment of mothers factors mutuality effect had significant differences in the area of alienation. Second, the children's attachment to mother that the Kids perceived in total has significant differences statistically according to gender of children and employment or unemployment of mothers factors mutuality effect. Boys of unemployment of mothers and girls of employment of mothers are more attached to mother. Third, the children's attachment to parents showed significant positive correlation in the area of the adaptation to school life. The dimension of communicate, by fathers were shown to affect largely to the adaptation to school life of the kids and among the sub-areas of attachment to fathers, the dimension of confidence by parents were shown to affect largely to the adaptation to school life of the kids. As we saw the study result above, we could confirm that children's attachment to parents had significant relations with the adaptation to school life of the kid, and furthermore, those were affecting importantly to the adaptation to school life the kid. So, we could know that it is important for parents and children to attach mighty so that can be increased adaptation to school life of the kids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.704-711
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• 2020

Objective: Muscle fiber types, numbers and area are crucial aspects associated with meat production and quality. However, there are few studies of pig muscle fibre traits in terms of the detection power, false discovery rate and confidence interval precision of whole-genome quantitative trait loci (QTL). We had previously performed genome scanning for muscle fibre traits using 183 microsatellites and detected 8 significant QTLs in a White Duroc×Erhualian F₂ population. The confidence intervals of these QTLs ranged between 11 and 127 centimorgan (cM), which contained hundreds of genes and hampered the identification of QTLs. A whole-genome sequence imputation of the population was used for fine mapping in this study. Methods: A whole-genome sequences association study was performed in the F₂ population. Genotyping was performed for 1,020 individuals (19 F₀, 68 F₁, and 933 F₂). The whole-genome variants were imputed and 21,624,800 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and examined for associations to 11 longissimus dorsi muscle fiber traits. Results: A total of 3,201 significant SNPs comprising 7 novel QTLs showing associations with the relative area of fiber type I (I_RA), the fiber number per square centimeter (FN) and the total fiber number (TFN). Moreover, one QTL on pig chromosome 14 was found to affect both FN and TFN. Furthermore, four plausible candidate genes associated with FN (kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain containing [KNDC1]), TFN (KNDC1), and I_RA (solute carrier family 36 member 4, contactin associated protein like 5, and glutamate metabotropic receptor 8) were identified. Conclusion: An efficient and powerful imputation-based association approach was utilized to identify genes potentially associated with muscle fiber traits. These identified genes and SNPs could be explored to improve meat production and quality via marker-assisted selection in pigs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.490-502
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• 2014

This study investigates the cultivation processes of major nuts and fruits such as Ginkgo biloba L., Vitis coignetiae, Actinidia arguta Planch, Rubus coreanus Miq., and Rubus crataegifolius and analyzes standard income in order to provide foundational data necessary to make reasonable policies related with the criteria of compensating the loss of forest products or diagnosis of forestry management. According to the research results, the types of cultivation by items can be largely divided into open field culture and mountainous culture. Regarding the average annual income per unit area (3.3) by items, the open field culture of Ginkgo biloba L. was 1,060 Won, mountainous culture of Ginkgo biloba L. was 618 Won, open field culture of Vitis coignetiae was 5,891 Won, mountainous culture of Actinidia arguta Planch was 8,113 Won, open field culture of Rubus coreanus Miq. was 14,701 Won, and open field culture of Rubus crataegifolius was 17,482 Won or so; thus, the average annual income of Rubus coreanus Miq. and Rubus crataegifolius was very higher than that of the other items. In particular, because the production of Rubus crataegifolius starts two years after the planting and they rely on family labor mainly for the cultivation, the expenses for employment and labor were analyzed to be low. In addition, the analysis shows that at most of the nuts and fruits cultivation, initial investment costs for facilities or seedlings occupy a great part as about 30% averagely out of the management cost, so it is thought that the government should provide proper support to vitalize the cultivation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2018

IFIT1 (also known as ISG56) is a member of the interferon-inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) family. IFITs are strongly induced by type I interferon (IFN), double-stranded RNA and virus infection. Here, we investigated IFIT1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in human bronchus epithelial cells (BEAS-2Bs) induced by the H9N2 virus and inactivated viral particle at different time points. We also investigated the effect of H9N2 virus and viral particle infection on $IFN-{\alpha}/{\beta}$ production, and assessed whether hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein induced IFIT1 expression. Results showed that both H9N2 virus infection and viral particle inoculation induced the expression of IFIT1 at mRNA and protein levels in the two cell lines. Hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein binding alone is not sufficient to induce IFIT1 expression. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of IFIT1 in response to H9N2 virus and viral particles in the two cell lines were opposite, and production kinetics of $IFN-{\alpha}/{\beta}$ also differed. An additional finding was that induction of IFIT1 in response to H9N2 virus infection or viral particle inoculation was more sensitive in HUVECs than in BEAS-2Bs. Our data offers new insight into the innate immune response of endothelial cells to H9N2 virus infection.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.125-130
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• 2011

Objectives: The microRNA (miRNA) miR-196a2 may play an important role in lung cancer development and survival by altering binding activity of target mRNA. In this study, we evaluated their associations with the susceptibility of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) by case-control study in a Korean population. Methods: We performed genotyping analyses for miR-196a2 rs11614913 T/C at miRNA regions in a case-control study using blood samples of 406 NSCLC patient and 428 cancer-free control groups. Results: The total C allele frequencies for miR-196a2 were 48.8% for the patients and 45.6% for the controls; and the genotype frequencies of TT, TC, and CC were 23.7%, 55.2%, and 21.1% for the patients and 31.1%, 46.35%, and 22.4% for the controls (p<0.05). Participants who possesses TC/CC genotypes showed high risk for NSCLC compared to those possessed TT genotypes (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.96). The association was persisted in 60 and older age group, male, smokers, those without family history for cancer. However, no significant association of CC genotypes in recessive genetic model was observed. Conclusions: In conclusion, this case-control study provides evidence that miR-196a2 rs11614913 C/T polymorphisms are associated with a significantly increased risk of NSCLC in a dominant model, indicating that common genetic polymorphisms in miR-196a2 rs11614913 are associated with NSCLC. The association of miR196a2 rs11614913 polymorphisms and NSCLC risk require confirmation through additional larger studies.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.345-348
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• 2004

Pink rot of Palm was occurred at Yeuju area in 2001 and 2003. Infected plants showed rotting at the leaf-stock bases and killing of the terminal bud. The first symptoms are dark brown necrotic areas on the stem. Bases of infected frond may be covered with pink spores and the spots produced oozing gum pockets. Oozing lesions occur on the stems, and leaves turn brown and droop. The causal agent were isolated from salmon-pink spores sporulating on the leaf sheaths and necrotic stem tissues. Pathogen were isolated from freshly infected tissues were identified as Gliocladium vermoseni based on mycological characteristics. Fungus were grown plenty on PDA culture. Temperature for mycelial grown was tested at 5 to $40^{\circ}C$ and optimal temperature was $25^{\circ}C$ and was not nearly grew at temperature above $35^{\circ}C$. Artificial pathogenicity were tested on 9 species of Palm family in the wound inoculation and symptoms showed similar to those observed in the field. This is the first report on pink rot of palm in Korea.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.252-259
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• 2016

Neuropathic pain is a complex state showing increased pain response with dysfunctional inhibitory neurotransmission. The TREK family, one of the two pore domain $K^+$ (K2P) channel subgroups were focused among various mechanisms of neuropathic pain. These channels influence neuronal excitability and are thought to be related in mechano/thermosensation. However, only a little is known about the expression and role of TREK-1 and TREK-2, in neuropathic pain. It is performed to know whether TREK-1 and/or 2 are positively related in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of a mouse neuropathic pain model, the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Following this purpose, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses were performed using mouse DRG of CCI model and compared to the sham surgery group. Immunofluorescence staining of isolectin-B4 (IB4) and TREK were performed. Electrophysiological recordings of single channel currents were analyzed to obtain the information about the channel. Interactions with known TREK activators were tested to confirm the expression. While both TREK-1 and TREK-2 mRNA were significantly overexpressed in DRG of CCI mice, only TREK-1 showed significant increase (~9 fold) in western blot analysis. The TREK-1-like channel recorded in DRG neurons of the CCI mouse showed similar current-voltage relationship and conductance to TREK-1. It was easily activated by low pH solution (pH 6.3), negative pressure, and riluzole. Immunofluorescence images showed the expression of TREK-1 was stronger compared to TREK-2 on IB4 positive neurons. These results suggest that modulation of the TREK-1 channel may have beneficial analgesic effects in neuropathic pain patients.