• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 1994

This paper proposes a new four node degenerated shell element. In the formulation of the new element, the assumed covariant shear strains are used to avoid the shear locking problem, and the assumed covariant membrane strains are applied to alleviate the membrane locking problem and also to improve the membrane bending performance. The assumed covariant strains are obtained from the covariant strain field defined with respect to the element natural coordinate system. This formulation enables us to obtain a shell element, which does not produce spurious singular modes, avoids locking phenomena, and excels in calculation efficiency. Several examples in this paper indicate that, despite its simplicity, the achieved accuracy and convergence are satisfactory.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.387-396
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• 2017

Our aim is to study covariant derivative with respect to complete and vertical lifts of generalized almost r-contact structure in tangent bundle.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.627-647
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• 2015

In this paper, we construct the Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger-Weil representation of the Jacobi group associated with a positive definite symmetric real matrix of degree m and find covariant maps for the Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger-Weil representation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2012

Based on the Hilbert $C^*$-module structure we study the reconstruction theorem for stationary monotone quantum Markov processes from quantum dynamical semigroups. We prove that the quantum stochastic monotone process constructed from a covariant quantum dynamical semigroup is again covariant in the strong sense.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

Let P ⋊ ℕ^x be a semidirect product of an additive semigroup P = {0, 2, 3, ⋯ } by a multiplicative positive natural numbers semigroup ℕ^x. We consider a covariant semigroup C^∗-algebra 𝓣(P ⋊ ℕ^x) of the semigroup P ⋊ ℕ^x. We obtain the condition that a state on 𝓣(P ⋊ ℕ^x) can be a ground state of the natural C^∗-dynamical system (𝓣(P ⋊ ℕ^x), ℝ, σ).

• Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.295-309
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• 2023

In this paper, we introduce the notion of α-Geraghty contractive type covariant and contravariant mappings in the bipolar metric spaces. In addition, we prove some fixed point theorems, which give existence and uniqueness of fixed point, for α-Geraghty contractive type covariant and contravariant mappings in complete bipolar metric spaces. Finally, we show some examples to support our main results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.1690-1704
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• 2013

An affine invariant descriptor is proposed, which is able to well represent the affine covariant regions. Estimating main orientation is still problematic in many existing method, such as SIFT (scale invariant feature transform) and SURF (speeded up robust features). Instead of aligning the estimated main orientation, in this paper ellipse orientation is directly used. According to ellipse orientation, affine covariant regions are firstly divided into 4 sub-regions with equal angles. Since affine covariant regions are divided from the ellipse orientation, the divided sub-regions are rotation invariant regardless the rotation, if any, of ellipse. Meanwhile, the affine covariant regions are normalized into a circular region. In the end, the gradients of pixels in the circular region are calculated and the partition-based descriptor is created by using the gradients. Compared with the existing descriptors including MROGH, SIFT, GLOH, PCA-SIFT and spin images, the proposed descriptor demonstrates superior performance according to extensive experiments.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.198-209
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• 1999

This study reports the selection of dependent variables for momentum equations in general curvilinear coordinates. Catesian, covariant and contravariant velocity components were examined for the dependent variable. The focus of present study is confined to staggered grid system Each dependent variable selected for momentum equations are tested for several flow fields. Results show that the selection of Cartesian and covariant velocity components intrinsically can not satisfy mass conservation of control volume unless additional converting processes ore used. Also, Cartesian component can only be used for the flow field in which main-flow direction does not change significantly. Convergence rate for the selection of covariant velocity component decreases quickly as with the increase of non-orthogonality of grid system. But the selection of contravariant velocity component reduces the total mass residual of discretized equations rapidly to the limit of machine accuracy and the solutions are insensitive to the main-flow direction.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1E
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• pp.26-32
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• 2003

We propose new time-frequency (TF) tools for analyzing linear time-varying (LTV) systems and nonstationary random processes showing hyperbolic TF structure. Obtained through hyperbolic warping the narrowband Weyl symbol (WS) and spreading function (SF) in frequency, the new TF tools are useful for analyzing LTV systems and random processes characterized by hyperbolic time shifts. This new TF symbol, called the hyperbolic WS, satisfies the hyperbolic time-shift covariance and scale covariance properties, and is useful in wideband signal analysis. Using the new, hyperbolic time-shift covariant WS and 2-D TF kernels, we provide a formulation for the hyperbolic time-shift covariant TF symbols, which are 2-D smoothed versions of the hyperbolic WS. We also propose a new interpretation of linear signal transformations as weighted superposition of hyperbolic time shifted and scale changed versions of the signal. Application examples in signal analysis and detection demonstrate the advantages of our new results.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 2015

Contemporary differential geometry owes much to the theory of connections on the bundles over manifolds. In this paper, following the work of Gauss on surfaces in 3 dimensional space and the work of Riemann on the curvature tensors on general n dimensional Riemannian manifolds, we will investigate how differential geometry had been developed from mid 19th century to early 20th century through lives and mathematical works of Christoffel, Ricci-Curbastro and Levi-Civita. Christoffel coined the Christoffel symbol and Ricci used the Christoffel symbol to define the notion of covariant derivative. Levi-Civita completed the theory of absolute differential calculus with Ricci and discovered geometric meaning of covariant derivative as parallel transport.