• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.131-145
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• 2014

This study examines the effects of maternal behaviors and children's self-control ability on their subjective well-being. Data were collected from 416 fifth- and sixth-graders residing in Kwangju, Korea. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and the hierarchical regression analysis method were employed for a statistical analysis. According to the results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, children's self-control ability best explained their subjective well-being. For individual factors, motivational self-control had the greatest effect on subjective well-being, followed by behavioral self-control, cognitive self-control, the level of income, gender, and the employment status, in that order. The results for effects of maternal behaviors and children's self-control ability on children's subjective well-being highlight. The important roles played by the mother and the child's self-control ability in improving the child's subjective well-being. The study contributes to the literature by providing fundamental insights into children's higher quality of life.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a reinforcement program for behavioral skills in postpartum care for couples with their first baby. Methods: The study used a non-equivalent control group and pretest-posttest design. It was conducted from January 14 to April 10, 2016 at a postpartum care center in D city. It analyzed 43 couples (22 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group.) For data analysis, descriptive statistics, test of homogeneity in pretest, independent t-tests, and repeated measures ANOVA were used. Results: For maternal fulfillment of postpartum care and postpartum fatigue, there was no significant difference in the interaction between group and time. In terms of parent-newborns attachment, the interaction between group and time showed a significant difference for mothers (F=13.63, p=.001) and fathers (F=6.51, p=.001). In marital intimacy, the interaction between group and time showed a significant difference for mothers (F=14.40, p<.001) and fathers (F=9.46, p=.004). In parenting stress, the interaction between group and time showed a significant difference for mothers (F=31.8, p<.001) and fathers (F=11.69, p=.001). A significant difference was found for the mothers' postpartum sleeping hours (F=0.14 p=.004). Conclusion: This program for behavioral skills in postpartum care, which is based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model, improves postpartum care, parent-newborn attachment, marital intimacy, parenting stress, and maternal postpartum sleeping, by reinforcing behavioral skills required for postpartum care.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2008

This study examined how preschool children's age and mothers' modes of verbal control affect children's lying. A sample of 108 preschool children aged from 3 to 6 participated in a lying experiment. Their mothers answered questionnaires regarding the mothers' modes of verbal control. Preschool children's lying was measured by the Guessing Game Experiment developed by Talwar and Lee(2002). Mothers' modes of verbal control were measured by Jung's(2005) scale for preschool children. To analyze the data, crosstabs and logistic regression analyses were conducted. The results of the experiment showed that three-year-old children are able to lie intentionally. The older preschool children lied more than the younger ones. Mothers' imperative and personal modes of verbal control were positively related to preschool children's lying. The most significant variable on preschool children's lying was mother's imperative modes of verbal control, followed by personal modes of verbal control, which emphasizes the crucial influence of parenting on preschool children's lying.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 1998

This study was designed to develop the scale of paternal parenting attitudes which has become an area of interest in child fostering study recently. Considering various factors extracted from previous Korean and foreign studies, the authors constructed a questionnaire composed of total 57 questions. It was applied to 126 mothers from families with no psychiatric patient in Seoul and Pusan who had at least onechild older than age 12 by random sampling. Then the authors extracted the factors which were able to compose the scale and evaluated the concurrent reliability. Also the authors selected mothers of 47 schizophrenic patients and 29 bipolar I patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-IV who have treated in Seoul National Mental Hospital and 46 controls which consisted of randomly selected mothers from normal families for the discriminative validity test. The results were as follows. The authors extracted 5 subscales of active participation, democratic guidance, warmth, hostility, devotion for education and Cronbach’s ${\alpha}$ value of each subscale which shows its internal consistency was .82, .78, .65, .78, .61 respectively. In the discriminative validity test, all subscales except ‘devotion for education’ subscale significantly discriminated between fathers of schizophrenics and control group. Furthermore ‘active participation’ subscale and ‘warmth’ subscale showed significant difference between fathers of control group and resting both father group of schizophrenics and biopolar I patients.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.133-151
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine how children's self control, mother's addiction to smart devices and parenting behavior influence the way young children used smart devices. Participants were made up of 166 preschoolers and their mothers. Descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. The results were as follows: First, children in their early childhood years used smart devices once or twice a week, for ten to thirty minutes, mainly during weekends. Children in their early childhood stage started to use smart devices before reaching the age of 3, and accessed them through their parents, usually along with their siblings. Parents allowed their children to use smart devices for fun and entertainment, with only 66.3% of them setting rules. Second, the mother's tendency to be immersed in smart devices, overprotection and permission were positively correlated to young children's overusage of smart devices, whereas geniality, encouragement, setting limits, and children's self control were negatively correlated. The study also found that the mother's tendency of being immersed in smart devices was the most influential factor for their children's overusage of smart devices. The value of this study lies in providing practical suggestions for children's smart device usage and parental education programs.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.668-685
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• 2016

When the parents are unable to control anger properly, it can have a negative effect on their children. Therefore, parents need anger control ability very much. The purpose of this study is to develop a parent education program to improve anger control ability of parents of elementary school children so that it could help them to perform their parental role. The development of the program followed the procedure of analysis, design, development, execution, and assesment. In the analysis stage, previous studies were examined to explore in depth the ways to improve anger control ability. In the design stage, the goals were confirmed and learning objective for each session was defined, and according to this, the contents of education were selected. In the development stage, 8 sessions of education activities were formulated with 2 hours for each session and experts were consulted to examine the validity of the contents. In the execution stage, the operating method was proposed and the program was applied with a total of 8 sessions, 1 session for a week. In the final assessment stage, the effect of the program was assessed. Assessment of the program was carried out by both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative method was verified by pre-and-post comparison, and analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. For the qualitative method, questionnaire and interview were used. After the program was implemented, the pre-and-post comparison was carried out. The result shows there was significant improvement in both anger control ability of parents and parenting efficacy. Also, participants reported the program was very helpful for increasing parenting skills in many aspects. Lastly, the researcher of this study proposed the direction for further development of the program.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.15-36
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of parental psychological control, dysfunctional perfectionism, and self-conscious emotions on depression in adolescents. The sample consisted of 471 adolescents (212 boys, 259 girls) attending high schools in Seoul. The results from Structural Equation Modeling indicated that dysfunctional perfectionism and self-conscious emotions mediated the impact of parental psychological control on depression only in the mother-daughter relationship, such that with mothers' greater psychological control, girls experienced higher levels of dysfunctional perfectionism and self-conscious emotions, and reported higher depression scores. Similarly, dysfunctional perfectionism functioned as a mediator in the association between parental psychological control and adolescent depression. This tends to support findings from previous studies emphasizing the importance of same sex parent-adolescent relationships. Dysfunctional perfectionism also had the largest direct effect of all variables analyzed on depression. Parental psychological control did not show statistically significant effects on self-conscious emotions for either boys or girls. These findings suggest that interventions designed to promote adolescents' mental well-being should focus on parenting of the same sex parent as well as adolescent cognitive characteristics.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.101-116
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• 2000

This study integrated mother's control behavior of child's misbehavior within social domain analysis and the framework of attributional models of social cognition. The purpose of this study was to identify, compare and contrast maternal attributions and control responses according to child's age and domains of social behavior, and to investigate that mother's social cognition factors(authoritarian attitude and self competence perception) influence material inference and responses for their child's acts. Then this study was to find out whether mother's attribution would mediate their socialization techniques. For empirical research, 654 mothers with 5.6 year old and 8.9 year old children as subjects answered the structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by frequencies, t-test, oneway ANOVA, and multiple regression. The major findings were as follows: First, according to child's two domains of misbehavior, there were differences in mothers'attribution and control behavior. Also mothers regarded older child's behavior as more dispositional cause and as more deserving of punishment than younger child's. Second, mother's authoritarian altitude of parenting, self-competence perception, and educational level were significantly related to mother's judgment. Third, the more authoritarian attitude mothers had, the more dispositional factor of children they attributed. And the lower self-competence mothers perceived. the more internal factor of child they attributed. Finally, maternal attributions and control responses are interrelated. When they attributed their children's misdeeds to internal dispositions, they respond with more stronger control behavior. The results suggested maternal social cognition mediate socialization behavior.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between mother child-rearing attitude, language control styles and preschool child's social competence, and also, to provide a basis for development of a program to promote preschool child's social competence. Methods: The present study was a descriptive research. Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 300 preschool children and their mothers. For the final analysis 264 questionnaires were used after eliminating questionnaires with incomplete responses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The mean score for mother's child-rearing attitude was $3.31{\pm}0.25$ out of 5 points, for hierarchical language control styles ($2.76{\pm}0.62$), commanding ($1.95{\pm}0.58$), and humanistic ($2.48{\pm}0.62$) out of 5 points, and for child's social competence, $3.50{\pm}0.34$ out of 5 points. Negative correlations were found between commanding language control styles and child's social competence (r=-.34, p<.001), and between commanding language control style and mother's child-rearing attitude (r=-.50, p<.001). Conclusion: The results demonstrate the importance of the quality of mother's child-rearing attitude and language control styles for child's social competence. It is suggested that promotion programs to enhance preschool child's social competence should be developed in conjunction with the parenting related environment.