• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.45.1-45.13
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• 2021

Many mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis have been identified, but only a limited number are present for axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA). Collagen Ab-induced arthritis (CAIA) is one of the most widely used mouse models of arthritis, and it is complement-dependent. We found that mice developing CAIA also developed spinal lesions similar to those found in AxSpA. To induce CAIA, mice were injected intraperitoneally at day 0 with anti-collagen Abs, followed by LPS injection at day 3. CAIA mice demonstrated a significant kyphosis through the spine, as well as hypertrophic cartilage and osseous damage of the intravertebral joints. Immunohistochemical staining of the kyphotic area revealed increased complement C3 deposition and macrophage infiltration, with localization to the intravertebral joint margins. Near Infrared (NIR) in vivo imaging showed that anti-collagen Abs conjugated with IRDye^® 800CW not only localized to cartilage surface in the joints but also to the spine in arthritic mice. We report here a novel preclinical mouse model in which, associated with the induction of CAIA, mice also exhibited salient features of AxSpA; this new experimental model of AxSpA may allow investigators to shed light on the local causal mechanisms of AxSpA bone and soft tissue changes as well as treatment.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.709-716
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• 1996

Nielsen coincidence theory is concerned with the determinatin of a lower bound of the minimal number MC[f,g] of coincidence points for all maps in the homotopy class of a given map (f,g) : X $\to$ Y. The Nielsen Nielsen number $N_R(f,g)$ (similar to [9]) is introduced in [3], which is a lower bound for the number of coincidence points in the relative homotopy class of (f,g) and $N_R(f,g) \geq N(f,g)$.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 1986

These experiments were carried out to obtain basic information necessary for sexing embryos by chromosomal analysis. To observe metaphase chromosomes, all embryos developed to blastocysts were cultured in Ho, pp. & Pitts' medium containing 0.001% Colcemid under the gas phase of 5% CO2 in air at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The sex chromosome of mouse embryos shown normal development after culture in medium containing H-Y antiserum (10%, v/v) and complement (20%, v/v) also was confimed by chromosomal analysis. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: 1. Among 89 mouse blastocysts, the number of embryos identified to have XX and XY chromosome was 22(25%) and 25(28%), respectively and 42(47%) embryos were not identified. 2. Of total 40 mouse balstocysts cultured in medium containing H-Y antiserum and complement, 23(58%) embryos which were able to be discriminated their sex chromosomes were identified to be XX bearing embryos. 3. Sex chromosomes of a number of embryos subjected to chromosomal analysis were not identified. This result may be due to absence or poor quality of metaphase spreads.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

Let f : (X, A) ${\rightarrow}$ (Y, B) be a map of pairs of compact polyhedra. A surplus Nielsen root number $SN(f;X\;{\backslash}\;A,\;c)$ is defined which is lower bound for the number of roots on X \ A for all maps in the homotopy class of f. It is shown that for many pairs this lower bound is the best possible one, as $SN(f;X\;{\backslash}\;A,\;c)$ can be realized without by-passing condition.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

A Nielsen number $\bar{N}(f:X-A)$ is a homotopy invariant lower bound for the number of fixed points on X-A where X is a compact connected polyhedron and A is a connected subpolyhedron of X. This number is extended to Nielsen type numbers $\bar{NP_{n}}(f:X-A)$ of least period n and $\bar{N{\phi}_{n}}(f:X-A)$ of the nth iterate on X-A where the subpolyhedron A of a compact connected polyhedron X is no longer path connected.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 고속의 곱셈-누적 연산을 수행할 수 있는 새로운 MAC(Multiplier- Accumulator)의 구조를 제안하였다. 부분 곱의 생성을 위해서 1의 보수 기반의 고속 Booth 알고리즘(Modified Booth Algorithm, MBA)를 이용하였고 다수의 부분 곱을 더하기 위해서 CSA(Carry Save Adder)를 이용하였다. 부분 곱을 더하는 과정에서 Booth 인코딩 시 이용한 1의 보수 체계를 2의 보수 체계로 보상하고 이전 합과 캐리를 누적하는 연산을 수행하여 고속의 누적 연산이 가능한 구조를 제안한다. 또한 부분 곱의 덧셈에서 하위 비트들을 2 비트 CLA(Carry Look-ahead Adder)를 이용하여 연산함으로써 최종 덧셈기의 입력 비트수를 줄임으로써 전체적인 임계경로를 감소시켰다. 제안된 MAC을 JPEG2000을 위한 DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) 필터링 연산에 적용하여 고속의 디지털 신호처리가 가능함을 보였고 기존의 연구와 비교하여 향상된 성능을 보이는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제35권3_4호
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• pp.331-347
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• 2017

Soft sets are fantastic mathematical tools to handle imprecise and uncertain information in complicated situations. In this paper, we defined the hybrid structure which is the combination of soft set and complex number representation of intuitionistic fuzzy set. We defined basic set theoretic operations such as complement, union, intersection, restricted union, restricted intersection etc. for this hybrid structure. Moreover, we developed this theory to establish some more set theoretic operations like Disjunctive sum, difference, product, conjugate etc.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.119-139
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• 2022

This paper deals with the λ-labeling and L(2, 1)-coloring of simple graphs. A λ-labeling of a graph G is any labeling of the vertices of G with different labels such that any two adjacent vertices receive labels which differ at least two. Also an L(2, 1)-coloring of G is any labeling of the vertices of G such that any two adjacent vertices receive labels which differ at least two and any two vertices with distance two receive distinct labels. Assume that a partial λ-labeling f is given in a graph G. A general question is whether f can be extended to a λ-labeling of G. We show that the extension is feasible if and only if a Hamiltonian path consistent with some distance constraints exists in the complement of G. Then we consider line graph of bipartite multigraphs and determine the minimum number of labels in L(2, 1)-coloring and λ-labeling of these graphs. In fact we obtain easily computable formulas for the path covering number and the maximum path of the complement of these graphs. We obtain a polynomial time algorithm which generates all Hamiltonian paths in the related graphs. A special case is the Cartesian product graph K_n☐K_n and the generation of λ-squares.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1989

The Results of colchicine and pretreatment time have shown that the cells of Coho Salmon(Oncorhynchus Kisutch) were effectively injected 6 hours prior to the harvest at a final concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g body weight. The cell-density from 8,000 cells/㎣ (=8${\times}$106 ml) was found as ideal. The best effect of hypotonic solution in proportion to the cell is 20 : 1 and 50 minutes. The model number of diploid chromosome in this species was 2n=60. The karyotype analysis proved that the diploid complement consisted of 19 pairs of metacentric-, 4 pairs of submetacentric- and 7 paris of acrocentric-chromosomes. The diagrammatic representation proved that the diploid complement consisted of 7 pairs of metacentric-, 2 pairs of submetacentric- and 1 pair of acrocentric-chromosomes.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제28A권11호
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• pp.915-922
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• 1991

This research paper presents an ALU unit using 1.0$\mu$m CMOS technology capable of doing IEEE standard single and double precision floating poing calculation within 32ns (2 clock) at 60 MHz clock speed. This 32ns speed was achieved by using 9ns 1's complement arithmetic 54 bit carry select adder instead of previous 2's complement adders. On the first cycle, this adder is used for addition or subtraction and the second cycle uses this adder for rounding. This reduces the number of required adders from two to one. Speed improvement is 2 to 5 times compared with previous 40MHz design. Design goal was 60MHz, however, this unit is functioning at 80 MHz at room temperature.