• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g $AlCl_3\;(AlCl_36H_2O)/100g$ litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum$(Al_2(SO_4){_3}\;14H_2O)$, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, respectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.379-383
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) contents from hanwoo manure using probiotics to feed and manure additives during 5 weeks. A total of 45 hanwoo(24 months old) with averaging $580{\pm}20$ kg in weight were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 3 replicates per treatment(5 hanwoo per pen, $5{\times}8m$). The treatment were supplemented, control, T1(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis)), and T2(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis) + 7 kg probiotics on the surface of hanwoo manure (top-dressing)). During the experimental period, there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05) in pH values at 3 and 5 weeks; TN contents at 5 weeks; and SRP contents at 5 weeks in all treatments. Adding probiotics to feed or feed and manure increased manure pH in comparison with controls. As time increased, changes in TN contents decreased in the order: T2 > Control > T1. Especially, the reduction in SRP contents in all treatments at 5 weeks was in following order: T1 > T2 > Control. This result suggests that it is possible to make efficient use of probiotics as feed and manure additives for reducing environmental pollution or to provide fundamental information on livestock managements to producers.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.819-824
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2009

The goals of this study were conducted to investigate the effects of applying liquid aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) to rice hulls on pH and soluble reactive P (SRP). A total of 800 broiler chicks (4 treatments $\times$ 4 replicates $\times$ 50 birds) were housed into 16 floor pens in a single house for 5 weeks. The treatments were divided into 4 groups: control, 100 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls, 200 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls, and 300 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls. Liquid $AlCl_3$ was sprayed on the rice hulls surface at a rate of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid $AlCl_3$ per kg rice hull. pH values and SRP contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the increased liquid $AlCl_3$ levels in comparison with control. However, no significant differences in SRP contents were observed among all treatments at 3 and 4 weeks. Applying 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid $AlCl_3$ to rice hulls reduced SRP contents by 18, 25, and 52% for 5 weeks, respectively, compared with the controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that using liquid $AlCl_3$ on rice hulls should be promising for reducing water contamination and resulted in a reduction in SRP contents, which reduced pH.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2014

Weirs are conventional structures that control water level and velocity in streams to facilitate water resource management. Despite many weirs built in streams, there is little information how weirs change hydrology regime and how that translates to sediment and phosphorus (P) responses. This study evaluated the influence of weirs on P retention and mobilization in an urban tributary of the Han River in Korea. Total P concentrations in sediments upstream of weirs were higher than the downstream site, mainly due to the increase of potentially available fractions (labile P and aluminum- and iron-bound P) (p < 0.05). Equilibrium phosphorus concentrations ($EPC_o$) were lower than soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations of stream waters, but there was an increasing trend of sediment $EPC_o$ upstream of weirs compared to the downstream site (p < 0.001) indicating a greater potential for P release upstream of weirs. Sediment core incubation showed that SRP release rates upstream of weirs were higher than the downstream site under anoxic conditions of the water column (p < 0.01), but not under oxic conditions. SRP release rates under anoxic conditions were greater than that measured under oxic conditions. Un-neutral pH and increased temperature could also enhance SRP release rates upstream of weirs. We conclude that weirs can increase P retention within stream sediments and potentially promote significant P releases into waters, which in turn cause eutrophication.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2005

Wetlands often function as a nutrient sink. It is well known that increased input of nutrient increases the primary productivity but it is not well understood what is the fate of produced biomass in wetland ecosystem. Water and sediment quality, decomposition rate of cellulose, and sediment accumulation rate in 11 montane marshes in northern Sierra Nevada, California were analyzed to trace the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus content in water on nutrient dynamics. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water were in the range of 27 to 607, 8 to 73, and 6 to 109 ppb, respectively. Concentrations of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in water were the highest in Markleeville, which has been impacted by animal farming. Nitrate and SRP concentrations in water were the highest in Snow Creek, which has been impacted by human residence and a golf course. Cellulose decomposition rates ranged from 4 to 75 % per 90 days and the highest values were measured in Snow Creek. Concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in sediment ranged from 8.0 to 42.8, 0.5 to 3.0, and 0.076 to 0.162 %, respectively. Accumulation rates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fluctuated between 32.7 to 97.1, 2.4 to 9.0, and 0.08 to $1.14gm^{-2}yr{-1}$, respectively. Accumulation rates of carbon and nitrogen were highest in Markleeville and that of phosphorus was highest in Lake Van Norden. Correlation analysis showed that decay rate is correlated with ammonium, nitrate, and SRP in water. There was no correlation between element content in sediment and water quality. Nitrogen accumulation rate was correlated with ammonium in water. These results showed that element accumulation rates in montane wetland ecosystems are determined by decomposition rate rather than nutrient input. This study stresses a need for eco-physiological researches on the response of microbial community to increased nutrient input and environmental change because the microbial community is responsible for the decomposition process.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1999

In this study small glass columns with 2.5cm inner diameter and 24.5cm length were used as many as the sample numbers to study the effects of initial pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and sediment depth on the release of phosphorus from lake sediment. No phosphorus release occurred at $10^{\circ}C$ with all pHs, and release rate at $25^{\circ}C$ was higher than that at $35^{\circ}C$ with pH 4 and reverse trends were observed at pH 7 and 10. Under all conditions, DO concentrations were decreased and equilibrium was obtained after 4-8 days when phosphorus release started and the Do concentrations were less than 1 mg/l. Sediment depth had little effect on phosphorus release rate. It was found that relation between released SRP(Soluble Reactive Phosphorus) concentration and time was zero order reaction and reaction rate coefficients were obtained. The amount of phosphorus release from lake sediment can be predicted by considering these k values.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 두 화학제재($FeSO_4$와 Alum)를 처리한 영향이 깔짚 위에서 육계를 42일간 사육한 후 깔짚내 질소와 수용성 인 함량에 어떤 차이가 있는지 대조구와 비교시험을 하였다. 2가지 실험은 처리구에서 깔짚 kg당 화학제재를 $FeSO_4$ $7H_2O$ 200 g이나 $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ $\cdot$ $14H_2O$ 200 g을 top dressing 한 후 그 각각을 대조구와 비교하였다. 사양시험에서는 총 64수(4처리$\times$4반복$\times$4수)의 육계를 배치하였다. 두 화학제재 처리구($FeSO_4$와 Alum)는 두 대조구와 비교할 때 pH는 통계적 유의성이 없었지만, 수용성 인 함량은 고도의 유의성이 인정되었다(P<0.01). 두 화학제재 처리구($FeSO_4$와 Alum)의 SRP 함량은 대조구 각각보다 $79\%$와 $60\%$의 감소를 보였다 $FeSO_4$ 처리구와 대조구간에는 EC, TC, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N 및 IN 함량은 유의성이 없었지만, 수분, TN, ON, AN, PAN C:N 및 C:ON은 통계적 유의성이 인정되었다(P<0.01). Alum 처리구와 대조구의 결과는 EC, $NO_3$,-N, ON 및 C:ON을 제외한 수분, TC, TN, $NH_4$-N, IN, AN, PAN 및 C:N은 통계적 유의성이 인정되었다(P<0.05와0.01). 본 연구 결과를 다시 종합하면 깔짚에 두 화학제재를 각각 처리할 경우 깔짚내의 질소 함량은 높았으며 SRP함량을 감소시켰다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to characterize the wastewater flow through the VFS, and relate this to the P removal in the VFS. A total of 68 subsurface wells (20∼40 cm below the soil surface) and 35 surface wells (0~5 cm), and the application of chloride tracer were used to investigate flow paths and soluble reactive P (SRP) removal from the 21 m wide and 33 m long VFS receiving dairy milkhouse waste. The early chloride breakthroughs in wells in the center of the VFS showed that the milkhouse waste flows preferentially down in the center of the hillslope. The locally saturated area created near the discharge pipe in the center of the VFS accelerates surface flow that contributed to rapid transport of P to the down slope area. Although VFS of 33m long eventually reduced SRP to lower than 0.2 mg/L in most cases, SRP is less effectively removed in the areas where soil saturation occurred. It is suggested that the effort to distribute the wastewater uniformly to avoid soil saturation and reduce the flow velocity need to be considered in new designs.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.943-951
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• 2006

Spatial distribution of water pollution in the Gap Stream was investigated from October to November, 2005. Sampling was conducted three times including effluents discharged from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a dam reservoir during the low-flow period. As a typical urban stream, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen concentrations increased toward downstream. Ammonia concentration was the highest in the treated water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lowest nitrate concentration was found in the effluent of the dam reservoir. A part of soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP) in total phosphorous was 22~54% in the upstream reach of WWTP in the Gap Stream whereas 68~73% in the downstream reach. Mean chlorophyll-a concentration ranged from 1.6 to $11.0{\mu}g/L$ and it tends to increase toward downstream except for WWTP effluent. As expected, untreated wastewater and WWTP effluent were suggested as the major sources of water pollution in the Gap Stream. In this study, the water pollution of the Gap Stream is a significant undergoing typical eutrophication, caused by excessive phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients from WWTP located in the watershed. As a result, the critical factor for the water pollution was evaluated to dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Particularly, SRP is a most important for the eutrophication. It suggest that may occur in the most urban streams of Korean peninsula. Therefore, because the necessity of water pollution management in the urban stream, inorganic N and P nutrients should be included as an essential component of water quality criteria in the advanced water quality project of Korean Government by enforcing of water quality assessment and total maximum daily loads (TMDLs).