• 대한수학회보
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.1531-1548
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• 2016

Let C[0, t] denote the space of real-valued continuous functions on [0, t] and define a random vector $Z_n:C[0,t]{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}^n$ by $Z_n(x)=(\int_{0}^{t_1}h(s)dx(s),{\ldots},\int_{0}^{t_n}h(s)dx(s))$, where 0 < $t_1$ < ${\cdots}$ < $ t_n=t$ is a partition of [0, t] and $h{\in}L_2[0,t]$ with $h{\neq}0$ a.e. Using a simple formula for a conditional expectation on C[0, t] with $Z_n$, we evaluate a generalized analytic conditional Wiener integral of the function $G_r(x)=F(x){\Psi}(\int_{0}^{t}v_1(s)dx(s),{\ldots},\int_{0}^{t}v_r(s)dx(s))$ for F in a Banach algebra and for ${\Psi}=f+{\phi}$ which need not be bounded or continuous, where $f{\in}L_p(\mathbb{R}^r)(1{\leq}p{\leq}{\infty})$, {$v_1,{\ldots},v_r$} is an orthonormal subset of $L_2[0,t]$ and ${\phi}$ is the Fourier transform of a measure of bounded variation over $\mathbb{R}^r$. Finally we establish various change of scale transformations for the generalized analytic conditional Wiener integrals of $G_r$ with the conditioning function $Z_n$.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.1025-1050
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• 2007

Let $X_k(x)=({\int}^T_o{\alpha}_1(s)dx(s),...,{\int}^T_o{\alpha}_k(s)dx(s))\;and\;X_{\tau}(x)=(x(t_1),...,x(t_k))$ on the classical Wiener space, where ${{\alpha}_1,...,{\alpha}_k}$ is an orthonormal subset of $L_2$ [0, T] and ${\tau}:0 is a partition of [0, T]. In this paper, we establish a change of scale formula for conditional Wiener integrals $E[G_{\gamma}|X_k]$ of functions on classical Wiener space having the form $$G_{\gamma}(x)=F(x){\Psi}({\int}^T_ov_1(s)dx(s),...,{\int}^T_o\;v_{\gamma}(s)dx(s))$$, for $F{\in}S\;and\;{\Psi}={\psi}+{\phi}({\psi}{\in}L_p(\mathbb{R}^{\gamma}),\;{\phi}{\in}\hat{M}(\mathbb{R}^{\gamma}))$, which need not be bounded or continuous. Here S is a Banach algebra on classical Wiener space and $\hat{M}(\mathbb{R}^{\gamma})$ is the space of Fourier transforms of measures of bounded variation over $\mathbb{R}^{\gamma}$. As results of the formula, we derive a change of scale formula for the conditional Wiener integrals $E[G_{\gamma}|X_{\tau}]\;and\;E[F|X_{\tau}]$. Finally, we show that the analytic Feynman integral of F can be expressed as a limit of a change of scale transformation of the conditional Wiener integral of F using an inversion formula which changes the conditional Wiener integral of F to an ordinary Wiener integral of F, and then we obtain another type of change of scale formula for Wiener integrals of F.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

For a finite poset $P=(X,{\preceq})$ the fractional weak discrepancy of P, denoted $wd_F(P)$, is the minimum value t for which there is a function $f:X{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{R}}$ satisfying (1) $f(x)+1{\leq}f(y)$ whenever $x{\prec}y$ and (2) ${\mid}f(x)-f(y){\mid}{\leq}t$ whenever $x{\parallel}y$. In this paper, we determine the range of the fractional weak discrepancy of (M, 2)-free posets for $M{\geq}5$, which is a problem asked in [9]. More precisely, we showed that (1) the range of the fractional weak discrepancy of (M, 2)-free interval orders is $W=\{{\frac{r}{r+1}}:r{\in}{\mathbb{N}}{\cup}\{0\}\}{\cup}\{t{\in}{\mathbb{Q}}:1{\leq}t<M-3\}$ and (2) the range of the fractional weak discrepancy of (M, 2)-free non-interval orders is $\{t{\in}{\mathbb{Q}}:1{\leq}t<M-3\}$. The result is a generalization of a well-known result for semiorders and the main result for split semiorders of [9] since the family of semiorders is the family of (4, 2)-free posets.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1141-1158
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• 2018

Hahn difference operator $D_{q,{\omega}}$ which is defined by $$D_{q,{\omega}}g(t)=\{{\frac{g(gt+{\omega})-g(t)}{t(g-1)+{\omega}}},{\hfill{20}}\text{if }t{\neq}{\theta}:={\frac{\omega}{1-q}},\\g^{\prime}({\theta}),{\hfill{83}}\text{if }t={\theta}$$ received a lot of interest from many researchers due to its applications in constructing families of orthogonal polynomials and in some approximation problems. In this paper, we investigate sufficient conditions for stability of the abstract linear Hahn difference equations of the form $$D_{q,{\omega}}x(t)=A(t)x(t)+f(t),\;t{\in}I$$, and $$D^2{q,{\omega}}x(t)+A(t)D_{q,{\omega}}x(t)+R(t)x(t)=f(t),\;t{\in}I$$, where $A,R:I{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{X}}$, and $f:I{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{X}}$. Here ${\mathbb{X}}$ is a Banach algebra with a unit element e and I is an interval of ${\mathbb{R}}$ containing ${\theta}$.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.380-389
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• 2005

부동소수점 나눗셈에서 많이 사용하는 골드스미트 나눗셈 알고리즘은 일정한 횟수의 곱셈을 반복한다. 본 논문에서는 오차가 정해진 값보다 작아질 때까지 곱셈을 반복하여 나눗셈을 수행하는 가변 시간 골드스미트 부동소수점 나눗셈 알고리즘을 제안한다. 부동소수점 나눗셈 ‘$\frac{N}{F}$'는 'T=$\frac{1}{F}+e_t$'를 분모와 분자에 곱하면 ’$\frac{TN}{TF}=\frac{N_0}{F_0}$'가 된다. ’$R_i=(2-e_r-F_i),\;N_{i+1}=N_i{\ast}R_i,\;F_{i+1}=F_i{\ast}R_i$, i$\in${0,1,...n-1}'를 반복한다. 중간 곱셈 결과는 소수점이하 p 비트 미만을 절삭하며, 절삭 오차는 ‘$e_r=2^{-p}$', 보다 작다. p는 단정도실수에서 29, 배정도실수에서 59이다. ’$F_i=1+e_i$'이라고 하면 ‘$F_{i+1}=1-e_{i+1},\;e_{i+1},\;e_{i+1}'이 된다. '$[F_i-1]<2^{\frac{-p+3}{2}}$'이면, ’$e_{i+1}<16e_r$'이 부동소수점으로 표현 가능한 최소값보다 작아지며, ‘$N_{i+1}\risingdotseq\frac{N}{F}$이다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 입력 값에 따라서 곱셈 횟수가 다르므로, 평균 곱셈 횟수를 계산하는 방식을 도출하고, 여러 크기의 근사 역수 테이블($T=\frac{1}{F}+e_t$)에서 단정도실수 및 배정도실수의 나눗셈 계산에 필요한 평균 곱셈 횟수를 계산한다. 이들 평균 곱셈 횟수를 종래 알고리즘과 비교하여 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘의 우수성을 증명한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 오차가 일정한 값보다 작아질 때까지만 반복 연산을 수행하므로 나눗셈기의 성능을 높일 수 있다. 또한 최적의 근사 역수 테이블을 구성할 수 있다. 본 논문의 연구 결과는 디지털 신호처리, 컴퓨터 그라픽스,, 멀티미디어, 과학 기술 연산 등 부동소수점 계산기가 사용되는 분야에서 폭 넓게 사용될 수 있다.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-34
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• 2011

A bounded linear operator T on a complex Banach space X is said to have property (I) provided that T has Bishop's property (${\beta}$) and there exists an integer p > 0 such that for a closed subset F of ${\mathbb{C}}$ ${X_T}(F)={E_T}(F)=\bigcap_{{\lambda}{\in}{\mathbb{C}}{\backslash}F}(T-{\lambda})^PX$ for all closed sets $F{\subseteq}{\mathbb{C}}$, where $X_T$(F) denote the analytic spectral subspace and $E_T$(F) denote the algebraic spectral subspace of T. Easy examples are provided by normal operators and hyponormal operators in Hilbert spaces, and more generally, generalized scalar operators and subscalar operators in Banach spaces. In this paper, we prove that if T has property (I), then the quasi-nilpotent part $H_0$(T) of T is given by $$KerT^P=\{x{\in}X:r_T(x)=0\}={\bigcap_{{\lambda}{\neq}0}(T-{\lambda})^PX$$ for all sufficiently large integers p, where ${r_T(x)}=lim\;sup_{n{\rightarrow}{\infty}}{\parallel}T^nx{\parallel}^{\frac{1}{n}}$. We also prove that if T has property (I) and the spectrum ${\sigma}$(T) is finite, then T is algebraic. Finally, we prove that if $T{\in}L$(X) has property (I) and has decomposition property (${\delta}$) then T has a non-trivial invariant closed linear subspace.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.1733-1757
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• 2017

Let $R={\oplus}_{{\alpha}{\in}{\Gamma}}R_{\alpha}$ be an integral domain graded by an arbitrary torsionless grading monoid ${\Gamma}$, ${\bar{R}}$ be the integral closure of R, H be the set of nonzero homogeneous elements of R, C(f) be the fractional ideal of R generated by the homogeneous components of $f{\in}R_H$, and $N(H)=\{f{\in}R{\mid}C(f)_v=R\}$. Let $R_H$ be a UFD. We say that a nonzero prime ideal Q of R is an upper to zero in R if $Q=fR_H{\cap}R$ for some $f{\in}R$ and that R is a graded UMT-domain if each upper to zero in R is a maximal t-ideal. In this paper, we study several ring-theoretic properties of graded UMT-domains. Among other things, we prove that if R has a unit of nonzero degree, then R is a graded UMT-domain if and only if every prime ideal of $R_{N(H)}$ is extended from a homogeneous ideal of R, if and only if ${\bar{R}}_{H{\backslash}Q}$ is a graded-$Pr{\ddot{u}}fer$ domain for all homogeneous maximal t-ideals Q of R, if and only if ${\bar{R}}_{N(H)}$ is a $Pr{\ddot{u}}fer$ domain, if and only if R is a UMT-domain.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

We have introduced two new notions of convexity and closedness in functional analysis. Let X be a real normed space, then $C({\subseteq}X)$ is functionally convex (briefly, F-convex), if $T(C){\subseteq}{\mathbb{R}}$ is convex for all bounded linear transformations $T{\in}B$(X, R); and $K({\subseteq}X)$ is functionally closed (briefly, F-closed), if $T(K){\subseteq}{\mathbb{R}}$ is closed for all bounded linear transformations $T{\in}B$(X, R). By using these new notions, the Alaoglu-Bourbaki-Eberlein-${\check{S}}muljan$ theorem has been generalized. Moreover, we show that X is reflexive if and only if the closed unit ball of X is F-closed. James showed that for every closed convex subset C of a Banach space X, C is weakly compact if and only if every $f{\in}X^{\ast}$ attains its supremum over C at some point of C. Now, we show that if A is an F-convex subset of a Banach space X, then A is bounded and F-closed if and only if every element of $X^{\ast}$ attains its supremum over A at some point of A.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.581-598
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• 1997

This paper is concerned with the impulsive control problem $$ \dot{x}(t) = f(t, x) + g(t, x)\dot{u}(t), t \in [0, T], x(0) = \overline{x}, $$ where u is a possibly discontinuous control function of bounded variation, $f : R \times R^n \mapsto R^n$ is a bounded and Lipschitz continuous function, and $g : R \times R^n \mapsto R^n$ is continuously differentiable w.r.t. the variable x and satisfies $\mid$g(t,\cdot) - g(s,\cdot)$\mid$ \leq \phi(t) - \phi(s)$, for some increasing function $\phi$ and every s < t. We show that the map $u \mapsto x_u$ is Lipschitz continuous when u ranges in the set of step functions whose total variations are uniformly bounded, where $x_u$ is the solution of the impulsive control system corresponding to u. We also define the generalized solution of the impulsive control system corresponding to a measurable control functin of bounded variation.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.307-316
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• 2009

크리핑벤트그래스는 골프코스의 퍼팅그린에서 주로 사용하고 있는 한지형잔디 초종이다. 크리핑벤트그래스 품종들은 형태적인 특성이나 유전적인 다양성이 협소하여 품종간 구분이 매우 어렵다. 따라서 이들 품종간 유전적인 다양성이나 골프코스 그린의 인터씨딩율에 대한 조사를 위해 SCAR marker를 개발하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. penncross, penn A-4, crenshaw, L-93, CY-2, T-1 공시품종들에 대한 SCAR marker 개발을 위해 5개 RAPD primer에 대한 품종 간 구분이 가능한 특이적 band를 선발하였다. 선발한 특이적 band의 염기서열을 분석하여 품종별 SCAR primer를 제작하였다. 각 품종의 SCAR primer별로 특이적 band가 나타나는지에 대한 여부를 검정한 결과, penncross, penn A-4, crenshaw 품종의 SCAR primer는 6개 공시품종에서 동일한 크기의 band가 나타나 SCAR marker로써 활용이 어려웠다. 하지만 CY-2의 CY850F/R primer는 850bp, T-1의 T700F/R primer는 700bp, L-93의 L2900F/R는 2.9kb에서 특이적 band가 나타나 3개 품종별 SCAR marker로서 활용이 가능하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 3개 품종별 SCAR marker를 활용하여 크리핑벤트그래스의 품종별 유전적 다양 및 골프코스 그린의 인터씨딩율 조사에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.