• Archives of design research
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• v.14
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• pp.181-191
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• 1996

The '10 Productivity' -a combined term of 'ID'

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2000

Ultrasonic technique which is one of the most common and reliable nondestructive evaluation techniques has been applied to evaluate the integrity of structures by analyzing the characteristics of signal scattered from internal defects. Therefore, the numerical analysis of the ultrasonic scattered field is absolutely necessary for the accurate and quantitative estimation of internal defects. Various modeling techniques now play an important role in nondestructive evaluation and have been employed to solve elastic wave scattering problems. Because the elastodynamic boundary element method is useful to analyze the scattered field in infinite media. it has been used to calculate the ultrasonic wavefields scattered from internal defects. In this study, a review of the boundary element method used for elastic wave scattering problems is presented and, as examples of the boundary element method, the scattered fields due to a circular cavity subjected to incident SH-wave and due to a surface-breaking crack subjected to incident Rayleigh wave are illustrated.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

Quantitative analyses of naturally occurring methanol were performed for the alcoholic beverages commonly consumed in Jecheon, Chungbuk province, South Korea. The headspace analysis method was optimized for the low and high alcoholic beverages. The external standard method was applied due to the overlapping of 2-propanol and 2-butanol (the internal standard candidates) with target sample matrix peaks. The target samples were selected based on the retail sales amounts of alcoholic beverages in the largest retailer food-mart chain, Jecheon, Chungbuk province, South Korea. There was no sample containing methanol over 0.5 $mg/m{\ell}$, the Korean maximum level of methanol in alcoholic beverages (1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$ for fruit originated liquor etc). The total exposure amount of methanol via alcoholic beverages was estimated based on the daily alcohol consumption of 40 g. The hazard indices calculated by methanol RfD 0.5 mg/kg bw day (US EPA) and ADI 20 mg/kg bw day (proposed by Lachenmeier etc.) were 0.301 and 0.008, respectively. As with the hazard index, aggregate exposures below a HI of 1.0 will likely not result in adverse noncancer health effects over a lifetime of exposure. Then the methanol exposure via the alcoholic liquours might not hazard to Jecheon citizen.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.209-231
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• 2007

This paper suggested an approach to characterize travel choice behaviors using the implicit price instead of the indirect utility. The choice criterion to compare the implicit prices of available trip options was developed from the utility maximization problem of a trip maker which is supposed to choose the best option from the available ones differentiated by only by the quantitative attributes such as travel cost and time but also by qualitative attributes such as comfort and safety. The utility maximization problem is constructed under household production theory, and is incorporated with a special kind of joint homogeneous production functions. The implicit price of a certain trip option is the sum of the monetary price and the multiple of travel time and the value-of-travel-time, and the value-of-travel-time refers to the portion of wage, which can be assignable to the trip-making activity. This choice criterion is statistically identifiable, and behaviorally plausible. Moreover, this criterion has the expression simpler than the indirect utility, and therefore could be an effective target of the statistical estimation for travel choice behaviors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.117-127
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• 2009

This study analyzed the uncertainty of the forecasted link traffic flow, and estimated of the interval link flow using Korea Transport Data Base (KTDB) to consider those risks into the feasibility study. In the paper, the uncertainty was analyzed according to the stochastic variation of the KTDB origin-destination traffic. It was found that the uncertainty of the entire network traffic forecasts was 15.4% in average,. when the stochastic variation of the KTDB was considered. The results showed that the more congested the roads were, the bigger the uncertainty of forecasted link traffic flow were found. In particular, we estimated the variance of the forecasted traffic flow, and suggested interval estimates of the forecasted traffic flow instead of point estimates which were presented in the common feasibility studies. These results are expected to contribute the quantitative evaluation of uncertain road investment projects and to provide valuable information to the decision makers for the transport investment.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.291-306
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• 2011

It is important to evaluate the environmental effect before performing the project and it should be tried to minimize the negative effects through the project planning based on the evaluation. This study aimed to determine environmental criteria and suggest the procedure for evaluating and scoring the environmental change through water resources projects. In evaluation criteria it was involved in water quality, landscape and ecosystem. And we suggested a valuation indicator and utility functions using MAUT in each criteria determined. In assessment procedure, it is involved in quantitative or qualitative estimation at before and after of project. Meanwhile, we suggested that it is desirable to determine the relative weighting of criteria whenever individual project's assessment performed for considering characteristics of the project. To this end, we verified the applicability of the procedure suggested on case. From this study, it will be used in decision making process of water resource project involved in environmental attributes.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.759-770
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• 1995

By extensive studies with the quantitative status of the mineral constituents of thousands of water samples, it was found that almost in all natural waters irrespective of the surface or sub-surface sources, minimum 99.5% of the total amount of the cationic constituents are generally the contributions of 3 commonly present parameters viz. Ca, Mg and Na and that of the anionic species are same and contributed by $HCO_3$, Cl and $SO_4$ only. In the field of water works, all these major mineral substances are conventionally measured as their individual ions. But till now, no reliable and generalised methods or rules have been developed for the determination of the exact kinds of the individual salt components and their amounts from these ionic constituents normally present in water. As salt content, only the TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) parameter is frequently measured by evaporation of the water sample. But TDS can tell nothing about the kinds and amounts of the individual salts present in it. Considering the analytical importance of the estimation of the mineral substances as their individual salts, some generalised mathematical models have been developed by this research which are based on the 'hypothetical order of chemical combinations' as may occur among the ionic constituents. With the help of these models, one can easily assume the most probable salts with approximate quantities derived from the ionic constituents. In addition, approximate amount of Na content can also be estimated mathematically with simultaneous verification of the correctness of the water analysis results. The models are stated in this paper with practical illustrations and descriptions of the method of applications.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2009

All organisms are being exposed to harmful factors present in the environmental. The combined action of various factors is a distinguishing feature of modern life. An interaction between two chemicals is considered as synergistic when the effect produced is greater than the sum of the two single responses. The biological effects due to the combined action of ionizing radiation with the other factor are hard to estimate and predict in advance. In the current study, we investigated the synergistic effects between ionizing and $HgCl_2$ using fish hepatoma cells (PLHC-1 cells). The results showed a dramatic decrease of cell viability after simultaneous treatment of PLHC-1 cells with ionizing radiation and $HgCl_2$. Neiither of the two had any cytotoxic effect when treated alone. The cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation was enhanced in the presence of $HgCl_2$. The synergistic effects were observed after exposure of the PLHC-1 cells to ionizing radiation combined with $HgCl_2$. The synergistic interaction was due to an increase of irreversibly damaged cells after the combined exposure. Analysis of the extent of synergistic interaction enables to make quantitative estimation of irreversibly damaged cells after the combined exposure. The present study suggests that PLHC-1 cells can serve as rapid screening tools for detecting the toxicity of harmful factors.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.281-291
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• 2009

In Total Water Pollutant Load Management System of Korea, unit load approach based on land register data is currently used for the estimation of non-point pollutant load. However, a problem raised that land register data could not always reflect the actual land surface coverages which determine runoff characteristics of non-point pollution sources. As a way to overcome this, we tried to establish quantitative relationships between the aerial images (0.4m resolution) which reflect actual land surface coverages and the land registration maps according to the 19 major designated land-use categories in Kyeongan watershed. Analyses showed different relationships according to the land-use categories. Only a few land-use categories including forestry, road and river showed essentially identical and some categories such as orchard, parking lot and sport utility site showed no relationships at all between image data and land register data. Except for the two cases, all the other categories showed statistically significant linear relationships between image data and land register data. The analyses indicate that using high resolution aerial maps is a better way to estimate non-point pollutant load. If the aerial maps are not available, application of the linear relationships as conversion factors of land register data to image data could be an possible option to estimate non-point pollutant loads for the specific land-use categories in Kyeongan watershed.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2013

Local governments are establishing their own greenhouse gas reduction goal and are playing a important role to respond to climatic changes. However, there are difficulties in quantitative analyses such as estimation of future greenhouse gas emission and computation of reduction potential, which are procedures required to establish mid to long term strategies to realize of low carbon society by each local governments. Also, reduction measures must reflect characteristics of each local government, since the reduction power of each local government can differ according to characteristics of each. In order to establish strategies that reflect characteristics of local governments, types of greenhouse gas emission from cities were classified largely into residential city, commercial city, residential commercial city, agriculture and fishery city, convergence city, and industrial city. As a result of analyzing basic unit of greenhouse gas emission by local government during 2007 in terms of per population, household and GRDP based on the type classification, significant results were deduced for each type. To manage the amount of the national greenhouse gas, reduction measures should be focused on the local governments that emits more than the average of each type's GHG emission.