• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

The mushroom production is rapidly growing worldwide and mushroom present a great potential in agricultural promotion in Korea. Many researches have been done on the cultivation, disease control and breeding of mushrooms over last 20 years. The researches, on the other hand, on the utilization and processing of mushrooms and comparatively poor. A survey on consumer behavior of Korean, Chinese and Japanese consumers on mushrooms procurement and consumption was carried out. The main purchasing place for mushrooms by Korean and Japanese consumers was mart while the conventional market was the main purchasing place for Chinese consumers. Chinese and Japanese consumers had better recognition on processed mushroom products compared to Korean consumers. Chinese and Japanese consumers bought pickled mushrooms while Korean consumers were experienced in tea products made of mushrooms. The most popular method for cooking mushrooms by all the three country's consumers is saute.

• Strategy21
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• s.37
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• pp.193-241
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• 2015

China, Japan and Korea are the world's top 10 energy consumers, and so very interested in the development of seabed hydrocarbon resources in order to meet their energy demands. The East China Sea is the tri-junction area where three countries' entitlements on the maritime boundaries are overlapped. There are abundant oil reserves in the East China Sea, and therefore competitions among countries are growing to get control of them. Although these countries have concluded the bilateral agreements to jointly develop resources in the East China Sea, they do not function as well. Because joint development and management of seabed petroleum resources can lead to stable development system, and to lower possibility of legal and political disputes, the needs for joint development agreement among three countries are urgent. Meanwhile, Northeast Asian seas are semi-closed seas, which are geographically closed and vulnerable to marine pollution. Moreover there are a lot of nuclear power plants in coastal area, and seabed petroleum resources are being developed. So it is likely to occur nuclear and oil spill accidents. Fukushima nuclear disaster and Bohai Bay oil spill accident in 2011 are the cases to exhibit the potential of major marine pollution accidents in this area. It is anticipated that the risks become higher because power plants and offshore oil platforms are extending gradually. Therefore, the ways to seek the joint marine environmental protection agreement focused on regulation of nuclear power plant and offshore oil platform have to be considered. In this paper, we try to find the way to make joint development and joint environmental protection agreement in Northeast Asian seas. We concentrate on the measure to drive joint development of seabed petroleum deposits in East China Sea's overlap area, despite of maritime delimitation and territorial disputes, and we try to drive joint marine environmental protection system to respond to marine pollution and accidents due to offshore oil platform and nuclear power plants. Through these consideration, we seek solutions to deal with lack of energy, disputes of maritime territorial and boundary delimitation, and marine pollution in Northeast Asia.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.47-54
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• 2018

Purpose - The main purpose of the study is to investigate the antecedents of repurchase intention on foreign brand products by Chinese and Indian millennial customers. In addition to this, this study also examines mediating effect of 'CSR' on the relationship between the antecedents and repurchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology - Responses from 202 Chinese university students and 209 Indian university students were finally analyzed. To test the proposed relationships, path analyses, mediation analyses and multi-group analysis were conducted. Results - In China, only brand image had positive effects on repurchase intention. CSR played mediating role between manufacturer's country image and repurchase intention. In India, comparatively, economic factor, manufacturer's country image and brand image had positive effects on repurchase intention. CSR played mediating role between all four antecedents and repurchase intention. Conclusion - This study showed different results of repurchase intentions of Millennial consumers in China and India because cultural and political systems of two countries were so different. So foreign firms should apply customized and differentiated marketing strategies to each country.

• CRM연구
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.69-88
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• 2010

This comparative study conducted to examine the differences between Korean and Chinese consumers. The specific goals of the study were as follows; First, It was to investigate the influences of COO(Country of Origin) image on the customer…s buying intention through the brand association knowledge. It is also aimed at analyzing the moderating effects of consumer's ethnocentrism on the influence of brand association knowledge on the buying intention. To test the hypotheses, 117 questionnaires were collected from university students in Korea and 119 questionnaires did from China and put to the test with SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 7.0. The results indicated the followings: For consumers in both countries, the COO image had not influences on the buying intention. For Korean consumers the COO image had positive impacts on the brand association knowledge, which in turn had positive impacts on the buying intention. For Chinese consumer, COO image did not have influences on the brand association knowledge, but the brand association knowledge had positive impact on the buying intention. In addition, the consumer's ethnocentrism had moderating effects on the influences of the brand association knowledge on the buying intention.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.97-106
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• 2016

Purpose - Social commerce is a certain way of how people buy some products together with others through the internet sites with mutual interactions among customers with the benefits of SNS when buying some products. At present, China market has some problems due to its rapid growing. However, empirical research or academic approach to social commerce has not been made enough. So, it is important for Chinese social market to develop and enlarge the customers with stability under the reliability and satisfaction. Also it is important for them to have repurchase intention. Nowadays, it is necessary to find the factors on customer satisfaction and trust, whereas consumers' dissatisfaction and unreliability are increasing on social commerce recently. In addition, researches on social commerce have been actively pursued by a variety of domestic and foreign scholars. However, researches on social commerce and Chinese market are short of, and they have some limitations because of the rapid growth of the market even though it is the early stage. The current situation requires researches on consumers' repurchase intention for continuing growth in the future according to the growth of Chinese social commerce. Research design, data, and methodology - The literature and the empirical studies are combined in order to achieve the purpose of the study. Deriving social commerce features and consumer properties as factors affecting the repurchase intention through the literature, and these factors have modeled a series of assumptions about the impact on satisfaction and trust, and have established hypotheses to verify them. The survey which is conducted to test the hypothesis and questionnaires are derived based on the variables discussed in the previous study. Appropriate measures were developed and tested on 227 respondents in China with a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The path relationships of the research model were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 and Amos 23.0. Results - Research results about social commerce characteristics and factors affecting the repurchase intention are presented to Chinese market companies that adopt business models and consumer characteristics. In addition, this study focuses on the characteristics of social commerce, from two-dimensional characteristics of the consumer satisfaction, trust and the impact on the repurchase. Therefore, social commerce features and consumer properties based on the results of this study may lead the strategic implications that may increase the repurchase intention. Conclusions - The classification reviewing the previous findings related to social commerce and social commerce features affects social commerce repurchase (price discount, interactivity) and consumer characteristics (impulsivity, innovation, collectivism). It affects repurchase on factors and analyzes empirically. The empirical results identify major characteristics (social commerce characteristics, attributes) that affect the repurchase intention, and give the practical implications as well as the business strategies that are able to enhance social commerce repurchase consumers. Social commerce is a certain way of how people buy some products together with others through the internet sites with mutual interactions among customers with the benefits of SNS when buying some products.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.239-255
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• 2021

To review the theoretical background of regulatory approaches to cross-border transfer of personal data, this paper divides major digital trade participating countries into four types according to the OECD - non-regulatory, post-intervention, pre-supervision, and national control. It then analyzes the US, Japan, the EU, and China respectively that belong to each type. South Korea, which is currently about to pass the amendment by the National Assembly, has identified that it is in the middle of post-intervention and pre-supervision, and needs to evolve into pre-supervision norms like the EU while it has to participate more actively in the process of establishing international digital trade rules. Korea first needs to sign digital trade agreements and promote mutual certification projects more actively from the standpoint of a medium-sized open country with growing digital companies and digitally-open consumers. Second, the government should fully consider the interests of not only companies but also various trade stakeholders including domestic consumers, when drafting and implementing trade policies. To this end, 'a single window approach' is needed not only at the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, but also at the level of the entire government which require an integrated form of digital trade policy governance.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.33-48
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• 2018

The purposes of this study were to investigate the social instrumentality of appearance, appearance orientation, and cosmetics purchasing behaviors of Chinese male consumers, and to find differences in the cosmetics purchasing behaviors of the male consumer groups, which were segmented by the social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation. The subjects were 400 adult males in their 20s to 30s from Gillim province in China. The measurements consisted of the social instrumentality of appearance, appearance orientation, cosmetics purchasing behavior, and the subject' demographic attributes. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, $x^2$ test, multiple response analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test, using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, young Chinese male consumers had a high sense of the social instrumentality of appearance, but the tendency to invest time and effort to enhance their looks was still low. Second, on the basis of the social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation, young Chinese male consumers were classified into four groups (high involvement group, instrumentality group, orientation group, and low involvement group). Third, the four male consumer groups revealed many significant differences in various cosmetic purchasing behaviors (purchasing items, information sources, product selection criteria, purchasing motives, purchasing locations, store selection criteria, purchasing price, purchasing frequency, and cosmetics improvements). Therefore, the social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation are seen as significant variables to effectively segment the Chinese male consumer market. The cosmetics companies targeting young Chinese men need to establish differentiated marketing strategies, considering the characteristics of each segment of the consumer market.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.723-733
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• 2004

This study was designed to find out the effects of country-of-origin and price on the perceived quality, perceived value and purchase willingness of t-shirt products. This study will allow marketers to find the target consumers and to choose both the suitable country -of -origin and the reasonable selling price. This study was based on theoretical and empirical methods. For the empirical methodology, 3${\times}$3 between subjects factorial design with country-of-origin (U.S.A. vs. Korea vs. China) and price(high price vs. middle price vs. low price) was used. The nine types surveys by country-of-origin and price were transmitted to 960 undergraduate and graduate school students in Seoul. A total of 912 questionnaires were used in the final statistical analyses using factor analysis, MANOVA, Duncan test, and Tukey test. The results of this study were as follows: First, in the case of the perceived quality, participants evaluated t-shirt products better when the origin is U.S.A. followed by Korea and China in the order. Second, price affected the perceived value and purchase willingness. In the perceived value and purchase willingness, low priced t-shirt products were evaluated higher than the middle and high priced ones. Third, in the perceived quality, high priced Korean t-shirt products were evaluated lower than high and middle priced American t-shin products. In the perceived value, low priced Chinese t-shirt products were evaluated lower than middle priced Korean t-shirt products. In the purchase willingness, low priced American and low priced Korean t-shirt products and middle priced Korean t-shirt products were evaluated higher than all priced Chinese t-shirt products.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 2014

This study examines how preference clarity and customer participation levels affect evaluation of fit toward customized services and also analyzes the effects of cultural difference between Korea and China that may cause variance in the evaluation of fit in the course of interaction with the prior two factors, preference clarity and customer participation level. It conducted a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ between-subjects factorial design adopting preference clarity, customer participation level, and difference of culture. The subjects were composed of 200 Korean and 200 Chinese. According to the analysis results, it is revealed that Korean consumers highly perceived fit toward customized services when their preference is clear and participation level is high, and they evaluate fit more favorably as participation level increased, while Chinese consumers' evaluation for fit deteriorated as participation level increased. The result shows that fit evaluation became more positive through participation when preference clarity is high in Koreans but not in Chinese.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

The purposes of this study was to investigate the effects of materialism value on the clothing shopping orientation and impulse buying behaviors of Chinese female consumers. The subjects were 417 female millennials in Gillim-province, China. The research method was a survey, and the questionnaire consisted of questions to ascertain materialism value, clothing shopping orientation, impulse buying behaviors, and the subjects' demographic characteristics. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α, factor analysis, and regression analysis were performed. The results of this study were as follows: First, materialism value was derived with 3 factors (happiness pursuit, possession-oriented, and success judgement). Second, the clothing shopping orientation was derived with 5 factors (trend pursuit, pleasure pursuit, brand pursuit, economic pursuit, and convenience pursuit). Third, the impulse buying behavior was derived with 4 factors (pure, planned, reminder, and implicit impulse buying). Forth, materialism value had significant effects on clothing shopping orientation. The higher the value of materialism, the more the brand pursuit, pleasure pursuit, and trend pursuit shopping orientation increased, while the economic pursuit and convenience pursuit shopping orientation decreased. Fifth, materialism value had significant effect on pure and planned impulse buying behaviors. As the value of materialism increased, pure and planned impulsive buying behaviors increased. This study suggested that materialism value is an effective variable to understand the clothing shopping orientation and clothing impulse buying behavior.