• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.763-771
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• 2007

As software is widely used on various environments today, there is an increasing need for adaptive software. Adaptive software is robust and flexible software that modifies its own behavior in response to the changes in its environment. Due to time constraints, high complexity and so on, it is hard to acquire context information from environment. So, when implementing software, it is common to think easily acquired data to be the environments. This research proposes an adaptive software framework that assumes plane images to be environments. Plane images are easy to acquire and have enough complexity. From this, our framework is able to acquire context information, reasons with action rule, and acts on the result of reasoning. Stand on this framework, implements software that plays a simple game automatically.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-36
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• 1999

The case of four classrooms analyzed in this study point to many commonalities in the challenges of reforming mathematics teaching in Korea and the U. S. In both national contexts we have seen the need fur a clear distinction between implementing new student-centered social practices in the classroom, and providing significant new loaming opportunities for students. In particular, there is an important need to distinguish between attending to the social practices of the classroom and attending to students conceptual development within those social practices. In both countries, teachers in the less successful student-centered classes tended to abdicate responsibility fur sense making to the students. They were more inclined to attend to the literal statements of their students without analyzing their conceptual understanding (Episodes KA5 and UP 2). This is easy to do when the rhetoric of reform emphasizes student-centered social practices without sufficient attention to psychological correlates of those social practices. The more successful teachers tended to monitor the understanding of the students and to take proactive measures to ensure the development of that understanding (Episodes KO5 and UN3). This suggests the usefulness of constructivism as a model (or successful student-centered instruction. As Simon(1995) observed, constructivist teachers envision a hypothetical learning trajectory that constitutes their plan and expectation for students learning from the particular if the trajectory is being followed. If not, the teacher adjusts or supplements the task to obtain a more satisfactory result, or reconsider her or his assumptions concerning the hypothetical learning trajectory. In this way, the teacher acts proactively to try to ensure that students are progressing in their understanding in particular ways. Thus the more successful student-centered teacher of this study can be seen as constructivist in their orientation to student conceptual development, in comparison to the less successful student-centered teachers. It is encumbant on the authors of reform in Korea and the U. S. to make sure that reform is not trivialized, or evaluated only on the surface of classroom practices. The commonalities of the two reform endeavores suggest that Korea and the U. S. have much to share with each other in the challenges of reforming mathematics teaching for the new millennium.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.287-303
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• 2018

Applications of energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations is becoming popular but the full potential of such applications is yet to be explored. This paper addresses this issue by considering an application of energy harvesting for the dual objective of serving as an indicator of structural health monitoring (SHM) and extent of control. Variation of harvested energy from an undamaged baseline is employed for this purpose and the concept is illustrated by implementing it for active vibrations of a pipe structure. Theoretical and experimental analyses are carried out to determine the energy harvesting potential from undamaged and damaged conditions. The use of energy harvesting as indicator for control is subsequently investigated, considering the effect of the introduction of a tuned mass damper (TMD). It is found that energy harvesting can be used for the detection and monitoring of the location and magnitude of damage occurring within a pipe structure. Additionally, the harvested energy acts as an indicator of the extent of reduction of vibration of pipes when a TMD is attached. This paper extends the range of applications of energy harvesting devices for the monitoring of built infrastructure and illustrates the vast potential of energy harvesters as smart sensors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.201-221
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• 2021

The National Assembly's archives management policy is deliberated by the National Assembly Archives Committee before it is implemented. This study tried to identify the agenda of the committee, which acts as a basis for establishing and implementing the archives management policies, and confirm whether various policies dealt with all fields of archives management. Accordingly, the committee meeting data, minutes, and related laws were checked. Focusing on the agenda, the continuity and diversity of the overall policy, whether there is a bias toward specific policy issues, and the main discussion subject of the committee about the archives management policy were analyzed. As a result of confirming the entire agenda, the agenda related to the archives management policy has been made up of reporting agendas, and as a result, it has emerged that various and in-depth discussions related to policies have not been conducted well. However, it was confirmed that the overall archives management policy was carried out with continuity for many years without focusing on a specific sector.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.201-248
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• 2015

In Korea the number of unlawful interference act on board aircrafts has been increased continuously according to the growth of aviation demand, and there were 55 incidents in 2000, followed by 354 incidents in 2014, and an average of 211 incidents a year over the past five years. In 1963, a number of states adopted the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (the Tokyo Convention 1963) as the first worldwide international legal instrument on aviation security. The Tokyo Convention took effect in 1969 and, shortly afterward, in 1970 the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft(the Hague Convention 1970) was adopted, and the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation(the Montreal Convention 1971) was adopted in 1971. After 9/11 incidents in 2001, to amend and supplement the Montreal Convention 1971, the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation(the Beijing Convention 2010) was adopted in 2010, and to supplement the Hague Convention 1970, the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft(the Beijing Protocol 2010) was adopted in 2010. Since then, in response to increased cases of unruly behavior on board aircrafts which escalated in both severity and frequency,, the Montreal Protocol which is seen as an amendment to the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft(the Tokyo Convention 1963) was adopted in 2014. Korea ratified the Tokyo Convention 1963, the Hague Convention 1970, the Montreal Convention 1971, the Montreal Supplementary Protocol 1988, and the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosive 1991 which have proven to be effective. Under the Tokyo Convention ratified in 1970, Korea further enacted the Aircraft Navigation Safety Act in 1974, as well as the Aviation Safety and Security Act that replaced the Aircraft Navigation Safety Act in August 2002. Meanwhile, the title of the Aviation Safety and Security Act was changed to the Aviation Security Act in April 2014. The Aviation Security Act is essentially an implementing legislation of the Tokyo Convention and Hague Convention. Also the language of the Aviation Security Act is generally broader than the unruly and disruptive behavior in Sections 1-3 of the model legislation in ICAO Circular 288. The Aviation Security Act has reflected the considerable parts of the implementation of national legislation under the Beijing Convention and Beijing Protocol 2010, and the Montreal Protocol 2014 that are the modernized international conventions relating to aviation security. However, in future, when these international conventions would come into effect and Korea would ratify them, the national legislation that should be amended or provided newly in the Aviation Security Act are as followings : The jurisdiction, the definition of 'in flight', the immunity from the actions against the aircraft commander, etc., the compulsory delivery of the offender by the aircraft commander, etc., the strengthening of penalty on the person breaking the law, the enlargement of application to the accomplice, and the observance of international convention. Among them, particularly the Korean legislation is silent on the scope of the jurisdiction. Therefore, in order for jurisdiction to be extended to the extra-territorial cases of unruly and disruptive offences, it is desirable that either the Aviation Security Act or the general Crime Codes should be revised. In conclusion, in order to meet the intelligent and diverse aviation threats, the Korean government should review closely the contents of international conventions relating to aviation security and the current ratification status of international conventions by each state, and make effort to improve the legislation relating to aviation security and the aviation security system for the ratification of international conventions and the implementation of national legislation under international conventions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.50-55
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• 2000

The United States has had the superiority in the global trading market, and focused on the deregulation, decentralization, and often competitiveness. Also, it has adhered to pluralistic and uncoordinated systems for its various standard related activities. But with the WTO TBT entering into force late in 1990s, international standards have become more important in the global telecommunication market. So it has been recognized that the progressive standard activity would lead to keep the superiority of the nation in global telecommunication market. Specially, as the EU has been most active in building an agreed-upon technical standards among Its members, the US has faced with a serious problem that it has lack of agreed-upon infrastructure for standards. Hence, to keep the leadership in international telecommunications market, now it has been focusing on the national approach to standardization activities through the governmental support. For the implementation of above purposes, it amended 2 Acts. One is the Telecommunication Act of 1996. The other is NTTAA(National Technology Transfer and Advancement Art) of 1996, which was enacted according to the 1995 report "Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade into the 21 Century" by )TRC(National Research Council). In this paper, we analyse the US legal system in telecommunication standardization field including above arts and their Implementing plans. And we suggest the need for the active system of government in our telecommunication standardization.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2008

Trusted Computing is a hardware-based technology that aims to guarantee security for machines beyond their users' control by providing security on computing hardware and software. TPM(Trusted Platform Module), the trusted platform specified by the Trusted Computing Group, acts as the roots for the trusted data storage and the trusted reporting of platform configuration. Data sealing encrypts secret data with a key and the platform's configuration at the time of encryption. In contrast to the traditional data sealing based on binary hash values of the platform configuration, a new approach called property-based data sealing was recently suggested. In this paper, we propose and analyze a new property-based data sealing protocol using the weakest precondition concept by Dijkstra. The proposed protocol resolves the problem of system updates by allowing sealed data to be unsealed at any configuration providing the required property. It assumes practically implementable trusted third parties only and protects platform's privacy when communicating. We demonstrate the proposed protocol's operability with any TPM chip by implementing and running the protocol on a software TPM emulator by Strasser. The proposed scheme can be deployed in PDAs and smart phones over wireless mobile networks as well as desktop PCs.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.129-133
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• 2008

Over the last $15{\sim}20$years, many countries have adopted policies of railway privatization to keep up with increasing competition from road and air transport. Although each country and case has its own history, market characteristics, political context as well as administrative process, railway privatizations (including railway restructure, concession etc.) in the west usually are accompanied with the establishment of new regulatory regimes. Therefore, railway governance has been innovating towards an interaction of government, regulator, industry bodies, user groups, trade unions and other interested groups within the regulatory framework. However, it is not the case in China. Although China had seen a partial privatization in some branch lines and is experiencing a much larger-scale privatization by establishing joint-ventures to build and operate high-speed passenger lines and implementing an asset-based securitization program, administrative control still occupies absolutely dominant position in the railway governance in China. Ministry of Railway (MOR) acts as the administrator, operator as well as regulator. There is no national policy that clearly positions railway in the transportation network and clarifies the role of government in railway development. There is also little participation from interested groups in the railway policy making, pricing, service standard or safety matter. Railway in China is solely governed by the mere executive agency. Efficiency-focused economic perspective explanation is far from satisfaction. A wider research perspective from political and social regime is of great potential to better explain and solve the problem. In the west, separation and constrains of power had long been established as a fundamental rule. In addition to internal separation of political power(legislation, execution and jurisdiction), rise of corporation in the 19th century and association revolution in the 20th century greatly fostered the growth of economic and social power. Therefore, political, social and economic organizations cooperate and compete with each other, which leads to a balanced and resonable power structure. While in China, political power, mainly party-controlled administrative power has been keeping a dominated position since the time of plan economy. Although the economic reform promoted the growth of economic power of enterprises, it is still not strong enough to compete with political power. Furthermore, under rigid political control, social organizations usually are affiliated to government, independent social power is still too weak to function. So, duo to the limited and slow reform in political and social regime in China, there is an unbalanced power structure within which political power is dominant, economic power expanding while social power still absent. Totally different power structure in China determines the fundamental institutional environment of her railway privatization and governance. It is expected that the exploration of who act behind railway governance and their acting strength (a power theory) will present us a better picture of railway governance as a relevant transportation mode. The paper first examines the railway governance in China and preliminarily establishes a linkage between railway governance and its fundamental institutional environment, i.e. power structure in a specific country. Secondly, the reason why there is no national policy in China is explored in the view of political power. In China, legislative power is more symbolic while party-controlled administrative power dominates political process and plays a fundamental role in Chinese railway governance. And then, in the part three railway finance reform is analyzed in the view of economic power, esp. the relationship of political power and economic power.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2022

Digital transformation refers to the economic and social effects of digitisation and digitalisation. Although digital transformation acts as a useful tool for economic/social development and enhancing the convenience of life, it can have negative effects (misuse of personal information, ethical problems, deepening social gaps, etc.). The government is actively establishing policies to promote digital transformation to secure competitiveness and technological hegemony, however, understanding of digital transformation-related risk issues and implementing policies to prevent them are relatively slow. Thus, this study systematically identifies risk issues of the future society that can be caused by digital transformation based on quantitative analysis of media articles big data through the Embedded Topic Modeling method. Specifically, first, detailed issues of negative effects of digital transformation in major countries were identified. Then detailed issues of negative effects of artificial intelligence in major countries and Korea were identified. Further, by synthesizing the results, future direction of the government's digital transformation policies for responding the negative effects was proposed. The policy implications are as follows. First, since the negative effects of digital transformation does not only affect technological fields but also affect the overall society, such as national security, social issues, and fairness issues. Therefore, the government should not only promote the positive functions of digital transformation, but also prepare policies to counter the negative functions of digital transformation. Second, the detailed issues of future social risks of digital transformation appear differently depending on contexts, so the government should establish a policy to respond to the negative effects of digital transformation in consideration of the national and social context. Third, the government should set a major direction for responding negative effects of digital transformation to minimize confusion among stakeholders, and prepare effective policy measures.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.273-314
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• 2004

There is a belief in the construction industry that the traditional court system may not be an ideal forum to effectively and efficiently resolve construction disputes due to the protracted proceedings and the three tier appeal system resulting in a long delay in the final and conclusive settlement of the dispute, relatively high costs involved, the lack of requisite knowledge and experience in the relevant industry, etc. Hence, they assert that certain alternative dispute resolution ('ADR') methods, such as mediation, conciliation, arbitration or a new system for dispute settlement in the form of any combination thereof should be developed and employed for construction disputes so as to resolve them more promptly and efficiently to the satisfaction of all the disputants concerned. This paper discusses certain merits of such assertions and the need for additional considerations for effective resolution of the construction disputes in light of the complexity of the case, importance of expert witnesses, parties' relationship and non-level playing field of the construction industry and so on. At the same time, however, given the inherent nature of disputes rendering the parties involved in an adversarial position, it would rather be difficult, if not practically impossible, to satisfy all the parties concerned in the dispute. Accordingly, in this study, it is also purported to address the demerits of such assertions by studying the situation from a more balanced perspective, in particular, in relation to the operation of such ADRs. In fact, most of such ADRs as stipulated by special acts, such as the Construction Industry Basic Act of Korea, in the form of mediation or conciliation, have failed to get support from the industry, and as a result, such ADRs are seldom used in practice. Tn contrast, the court system has been greatly improved by implementing a new concentrated review system and establishing several tribunals designed to specialize in the review and resolution of specific types of disputes, including the construction disputes. These improvements of the court system have been warmly received by the industry. Arbitration is another forum for settlement of construction disputes, which has grown and is expected to grow as the most effective ADR with the support from the construction industry. In this regard, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board ('KCAB') has established a set of internal rules end procedures in operation to efficiently handle construction disputes. Considering the foregoing, this paper addresses the most important elements of the arbitration, i.e., arbitration agreement and arbitral award, primarily focusing on the domestic arbitrations before the KCAB. However, since this parer is prepared for presentation at the construction disputes seminar for the public audience, it is not intended for academic purposes, nor does it delve into any specific acadcmic issues. Likewise, although this paper addresses certain controversial issues by way of introduction, it mainly purports to facilitate the understanding of the general public, including the prospective arbitrators on the KCAB roster without the relevant legal education and background, concerning the importance of the integrity of the arbitration agreement and the arbitral award. In sum, what is purported in this study is simply to note that there are still many outstanding issues with mediation, conciliation and arbitration, as a matter of system, institutional operation or otherwise, for further study and consideration so as to enhance them as effective means for settlement of construction disputes, in replacement of or in conjunction with the court proceeding. For this purpose, it is essential for all the relevant parties, including lawyers, engineers, owners, contractors and social activists aiming to protect consumers' and subcontractors' interests, to conduct joint efforts to study the complicated nature of construction works and to develop effective means for examination and handling of the disputes of a technical nature, including the accumulation of the relevant industrial data. Based on the foregoing, the parties may be in a better position to select the appropriate dispute resolution mechanism, a court proceeding or in its stead, an effective ADR, considering the relevant factors of the subject construction works or the contract structure, such as the bargaining position of the parties, their financial status, confidentiality requirements, technical or commercial complexity of the case at hand, urgency for settlements, etc.