• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2016

The distribution of seabed rock in the coastal area is relevant to navigation safety and development of ocean resources where it is an essential hydrographic measurement. Currently, the distribution of seabed rock relies on interpretations of water depth data or point based bottom materials survey methods, which have low efficiency. This study uses the airborne bathymetric Lidar data and the hyperspectral image to detect seabed rock in the coastal area of the East Sea. Airborne bathymetric Lidar data detected seabed rocks with texture information that provided 88% accuracy and 24% commission error. Using the airborne hyperspectral image, a classification result of rock and sand gave 79% accuracy, 11% commission error and 7% omission error. The texture data and hyperspectral image were fused to overcome the limitations of individual data. The classification result using fused data showed an improved result with 96% accuracy, 6% commission error and 1% omission error.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2012.06a
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• pp.507-509
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• 2012

IHO has established S-100 Standard profiled from ISO 19100 GIS standards for standardization and improvement of hydrographic data and are developing S-10X Standards. IMO is implementing the e-Navigation strategy for maritime safety and marine environment protection and has established the CMDS as information standard framework which will be developed from the S-100 standard. The development domain of e-Navigation can be divided into onboard, communication network, onshore and VTS is a core actor in onshore system. In this study, we analyzed the effects of S-100 standard development on VTS through e-Navigation strategy of IMO and suggested the cooperation between hydrographic fields and VTS fields under e-Navigation strategy.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.8 s.114
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• pp.623-629
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• 2006

Recently, bemuse of extensive use of hydrographic information, interoperability of Marine Geographic products is very important for efficient use of geographic information systems. Open GIS Consortium(OGC) developed the Open Geodata Interoperability Specification(OpenGIS) to support the interoperability in the distributed environment, especially Geography Markup Language(GML) Implementation Specification. Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the modelling, transporting, and storing of geographic information GML provides a variety of objects for describing geography including features, coordinate reference systems, geometry, topology, time, units of measure and generalized values. S-57 is currently the IHO standard for the exchange of digital hydrographic data. To date, it ms been used almost exclusively for encoding Electronic Navigational Charts(ENCs). Even though, S-57 is intended to support all types of hydrographic data. In order to meet this requirement, a new standard is being developed. GML will be the core encoding rule of IHO's new standard. But there has been no study that tried to develop the GML for ENC that are recognized as base mop in the Marine GIS. This paper presents the process and results on development of application schema for converting ENC into GML.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2012.06a
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• pp.87-88
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• 2012

The IHO developed the S-100 standard for Digital Hydrographic Data in order to assist the proper and efficient use of hydrographic data and information for the safety of navigation and the protection of marine environment. The former model, S-57, was considered outdated to be utilized as the basis for the next-generation Electronic Chart(ENC) product specification. The key feature of the S-100 standard is the use of Registry and its components, Registers. This online-based Registry provides a universal standard that can be implemented in the actual performance of the navigation system with convenience. In the current situation, the only registry is owned by the IHO and it is available to domain experts. However, since S-100 is an international standard operated by an international organization, the process of the changes and updates of the data requires time before immediate implementation when demanded. Therefore, regarding the safety of navigation of the domestic users and mariners, a separate domestic registry is necessary to develop a domestic Information Registry. This study specifically aims to build a Registry based on IHO published S-99 through designing an adequate website dedicated for its purpose to provide collection of definitions and hydrographic data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.183-184
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• 2011

Because voyages of large ship applies electronic chart, electronic chart standardization takes a peak importance in navigation safety. Currently the standard electronic chart follows the form S-57 but is currently establishing S-100 as the new Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data. S-100 was determined by IHO about Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data in 2010 years. Hence as S-100 takes place as the new standard for the safety of ocean vessel activities, the electronic chart, which was previously based on S-57, would be in avail only after it follows the new S-100 form. This paper discusses analyzations of metadata thorugh S-57 record and field, and study a system which creates S-100 Metadata.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.227-232
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• 1998

항해 안전을 위한 최첨단 장비의 개발은 항해업무의 감소와 항해안전에 크게 기여하고 있다. 이러한 장비 중 하나인 ECDIS(Electronic Chart Display & Information System)의 운용을 위해 개발된 ENC는 현재 전 세계적으로 제작되고 있으며 각국의 HO(Hydrographic Office)가 자국의 공인 ENC를 제작하여 종이해도의 경우와 같이 사용자에게 배포할 예정이다. ENC는 해도에 관련된 지형정보와 해당 속성정보를 포함하고 있기 때문에 항해 뿐만 아니라 기타 응용분야에도 사용이 가능하다. 이러한 필요성에 대처하기 위해 ENC 데이터를 분석하고 근간이 되는 S-57데이터의 구조, 또한 캡슐화에 사용된 ISO/IEC 8211에 관하여 소개한다. 또한 결론부에 항해 및 기타 응용분야에서의 ENC데이터 사용 가능성을 검토한다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.211-221
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• 2017

Ellipsodially referenced survey (ERS) is considered as one of the challenging issues in the hydrographic surveys due to the fact that the bathymetric data collected by this technique can be readily transformed either to the geodetic or the chart datum by application of some geoscientific models. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is a preferred technique to determine the ellipsoidal height of a vessel reference point (RP) because it provides cost-effective and unprecedentedly accurate positioning solutions. Especially, the GNSS-derived heights include heave and dynamic draft of a vessel, so as for the reduced bathymetric solutions to be potentially free from these corrections. Although over the last few decades, differential GNSS (DGNSS) has been widely adopted in the bathymetric surveys, it only provides limited accuracy of the vertical component. This technical barrier can be effectively overcome by adopting the so-called GNSS carrier phase (CPH) based techniques, enhancing accuracy of the height solution up to few centimeters. From the positioning algorithm standpoint, the CPH-based techniques are categorized under absolute and relative positioning in post-processing mode; the former is precise point positioning (PPP) correcting errors by the global or regional models, the latter is post-processed kinematic positioning (PPK) that uses the differencing technique to common error sources between two receivers. This study has focused on assessment of achievable accuracy of the ellipsoidal heights obtained from these CPH-based techniques with a view to their applications to hydrographic surveys where project area is, especially, few tens to hundreds kilometers away from the shore. Some field trials have been designed and performed so as to collect GNSS observables on static and kinematic mode. In this paper, details of these tests and processed results are presented and discussed.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1593-1601
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• 2018

The International Hydrographic Organization has developed the S-100 standard as a geospatial standard to express various types of hydrographic information. Product specification describes information of data on ENC such as definition, structure, data model, etc. S-129 PS is for under keel clearance management information. In this paper, to help developers to implement S-129 PS using the technology of S-100, we analyze the process to portray the S-100 based data and then implement a case study. This paper introduces the XSLT processing of portrayal engine to reform the generated data set, and the generation of drawing instructions to display the data set on the electronic chart. A case study is experimented to display the portrayal output of under keel clearance management on an electronic chart.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.158-167
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• 2022

The International Maritime Organization's e-Navigation strategy introduces new technologies to ships to support easier and safer navigation. To implement the e-Navigation strategy, it was necessary to develop a common data model, that could meet various requirements across all aspects of the maritime information service. The International Hydrographic Organization's S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model was selected, as the basis for the standardization of maritime data products. Three S-100 based product specifications for weather information, collectively called "S-41X", are currently under development by the NOAA's Ocean Prediction Center, for use in the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). This paper describes a design of a grid based S-413 data model out of three S-41X product specifications. Other S-100 data products, which support the gridded data format, were considered. To verify the data model, an encoding test was conducted, using the Korean Meteorological Adminstration's numerical prediction model results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.117-118
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• 2012

As the technical standard of hydrographic data was transferred from S-57 to S-101, a standard system was set up for producing the next generation ENCs but also various maritime safety information. ECDIS that display a S-57 ENC and include a navigation support function, should be developed considering new standard. S-10X data and e-Nav information can be used in this system. In this study, an implementation mechanism of S-100 standard was analyzed for design of navigation support system based on S-100. From the results, it was designed as loading module of S-10X data, display module of SENC, navigation supporting module. Also, this study considered a next generation ENC, a bathymetric grid data, an electronic nautical publication as an input information.