• 보건행정학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.36-57
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• 2010

The degree of income inequality deepened by health care expenditure was useful in assessing the health security level. This exploratory study was conducted to provide a basic evidence to prove the necessity of reinforcement the benefit coverage of South Korea's health security systems. Data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of Korea and Luxembourg Income Study were used. Income inequality indices before and after deduction of health care expenditure were computed, and the degree of the increase in the indices was compared among 13 countries. The degree of decrease against the effect of income inequality reduction policies by health care expenditure was determined. The relationships between the national characteristics and the increase in income inequality were examined. In South Korea, all income inequality indices increased after deducting health care expenditure, but the difference was not high compared to the mean of 13 countries. However, the degree of decrease against the effect of income inequality reduction policies by health care expenditure was high, compared to the mean of 13 countries. The proportion of public sector spending on health care proved to be statistically significant with the increase of income inequality indices (p<0.05). In the context of the continuous increase in health care expenditure, if benefit coverage of health security systems is not reinforced, income inequality will all the more increase due to health care expenditure. In the establishment of the policies for reinforcement of the benefit coverage, income inequality after deduction of health care expenditure should be continuously monitored.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

본 연구는 소득계층별 노인 가구와 비 노인 가구의 보건의료비 지출의 불평등과 그 특징을 확인함으로써 노인 가구 특성에 맞는 보건의료이용 불평등 해소정책을 제안하기 위해 수행되었다. 분석결과 노인 가구의 보건의료비 지출이 비 노인 가구에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 많았다. 또한, 소득계층별 보건의료비 지출의 불평등을 확인하기 위해 집중지수를 산출한 결과 비 노인 가구, 노인 가구, 전체의 순으로 불평등이 컸다. 보건의료비 지출이 가구소득불평등에 미친 영향을 확인하기 위해 총 소득에서 보건의료비 지출액을 제외한 소득의 집중지수를 산출한 결과 노인 가구, 전체 가구, 비 노인 가구의 순으로 불평등이 컸다. 따라서 노인 가구와 비 노인 가구 각각의 보건의료비 지출의 불평등 차이가 크지 않았다. 또한, 노인 가구의 보건의료비 지출액이 비 노인 가구에 비해서 많고, 노인 가구의 소득계층별 보건의료비 지출의 불평등 정도가 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 노인 가구에 대한 의료비 지원정책으로 필요한 의료서비스를 이용하지 못하는 사례가 없도록 함으로서 불평등을 해소하기 위해 노력하여야 한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.366-375
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• 2016

본 연구는 한국 의료보장제도에 있어서 의료비 부담과 민간의료보험 급여액의 소득계층별 불평등을 평가하고, 가구소득 불평등과의 관계를 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2014년도 한국의료패널조사 자료를 활용하여, 의료비 부담에 따른 가구소득변화 지니계수를 산출하였다. 주요 분석결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 우리나라 가구소득 불평등은 소득1분위 평균가구소득이 629만원인 반면, 10분위 소득은 1억 193만원으로 소득분위별 소득금액차이가 매우 컸고, 지니계수가 0.3756으로 불평등 정도가 컸다. 둘째, 가구소득분위별 건강보험과 의료급여 등 공적지원이 이루어지는 외래 입원진료 관련 의료비 부담 지니계수가 0.0761로 나타났으며, 공적제도의 지원이 없는 의료이용을 위한 교통비와 의료용품구입비 등을 모두 포함한 의료비 부담의 지니계수가 0.0878로 나타나서 의료비 부담의 불평등은 공적지원이 있는 부담과 공적지원이 없는 부담 모두 적었다. 가구소득차이와 관계없이 의료비를 부담하고 있는 것이다. 셋째, 가구소득 불평등과 의료비 부담의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 가구소득에서 의료비 부담을 제외하여 지니계수를 산출한 결과 기존 가구소득 지니계수보다 의료비 부담을 제외한 지니계수가 약간씩 증가하였다. 즉, 우리나라 가구의 의료비 부담은 소득계층별로 불평등하여서 가구소득의 불평등을 악화시키데 기여하고 있는 것이다. 이는 건강보험 의료급여와 같은 공적지원이 있는 의료비부담도 동일해서 공적제도가 가구소득 불평등을 약간 악화시켰다. 넷째, 민간의료보험 급여액 지니계수가 0.0927로 나타나서 민간보험 급여액의 불평등은 적었다. 아울러 가구소득과 민간보험급여를 합산하여 산정한 지니계수가 0.3756에서 0.3672로 감소하여서 민간의료보험을 통한 보험금 수입이 가구소득 불평등을 다소 약화시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.20-31
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore ways to define the concept of health inequality. Methods: The concept analysis process by Walker and Avant was used to clarify the meaning of health inequality. Results: Defining attributes of health inequality included differences in health status between individuals or groups, infringement of fundamental rights to health, unfair use of medical services, and social discrimination. The antecedents of health inequality included differences in demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, occupation, residential location), limitations in accessibility to health care, and social exclusion. Consequences of health inequality were increased costs for medical care, decreased health-related quality of life, and lack of ability to cope with health problems resulting in crisis situations, increases in morbidity and mortality, and shortening of life span. The concept was clarified through presentation of model, borderline, related, and contrary cases. Conclusion: Results of this study can be used to guide the direction of future studies through concept analysis in which conceptual attributes in the context of health inequality are examined. Also, based on the result of this study, development of standardized tools to measure health inequality is recommended as well as development of educational programs to reduce health inequalities.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2006

Federal disability law has evolved from several laws geared to protect people with disabilities since the late 1960s and early 1970s. When U.S. Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, no federal statute prohibited the majority of employers, program administrators, owners and managers of places of public accommodation and others from discriminating against people with disabilities. Toward the ends to assure equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with the disabilities, the ADA pursues three major strategies: Title I addresses inequality in employment, Title II, inequality in public services, and Title III, inequality in services and accommodations offered by private entities. The purposes of the study were to analyze the impact of the ADA on health care for persons with disabilities and to review the ongoing health policy reforms at the federal and state governments. Essential remedies that the ADA contemplates are based on two principles, simple discrimination and reasonable accommodation, which significantly improved access to quality care, especially long-term care, by persons with disabilities. However, the ongoing Medicaid policy reforms to control rising health care costs in the U.S. could threaten the access to care by persons with disabilities in optional groups and to optional care services by persons with disabilities in mandatory groups.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2022

Objectives: Throughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households. Methods: This study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP. Results: Average Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2014

본 연구는 2010년부터 2012년까지의 장애인고용패널조사 자료를 적용하여 구성집단별 보건의료비 불평등을 분석함으로써 장애인 가구의 보건의료 불평등 개선정책 수립에 기초자료를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 이행되었다. 분석결과, 지니계수에서는 여성장애인, 경제활동 미참여, 40대, 신체외부장애, 중증장애인일수록 보건의료비 지출에서 더욱더 불평등하였으며, 경북지역은 불평등이 계속 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 보건의료 소비가 낮은 그룹에서의 격차에 가중치를 부여한 엔트로피지수에서는 여성장애인, 경제활동 미참여, 정신적장애, 중증장애인일수록 보건의료 소비가 더욱더 불평등하였으며, 울산과 경북지역은 불평등이 심해지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 구성집단별 요인분해에서 집단 간보다는 집단 내의 보건의료비 불평등이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 연구의 제한점과 함의를 제안하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.304-314
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• 2017

Background: This study aimed to analyze effects of postpartum care services to women after birth, identify the factors affecting their use, and examine the extent of income-related inequality in the postpartum care services utilization and expenditures using Korean Health Panel data between 2010 and 2013. Methods: The panel data of the year 2010-2013 of the 247 women after birth were used. First, EuroQoL-5D was used to evaluate the effects of postpartum care service to women's quality of life. Second, multinominal logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of the use of the postpartum care services. Finally, concentration index and HIwv (horizontal equity) index were used to find that the concentration index for the inequality in the use of postpartum care services showed negative sign, which implied pro-rich. Results: The estimation results showed that utilization of the postpartum services has a positive effect on women after birth. Also age, area of residence, and number of household members turn out to be the factors of using postpartum services. And there are inequality in the use of postpartum care services whose HIwv index showed positive sign, which implied pro-rich. Conclusion: Therefore, the government's policy of the postpartum care service is necessary to be expanded and diversified considering the personal characteristics and equity of the women after birth.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2019

본 연구는 외환위기 이후 소득계층별 보건의료비 지출이 가구소득 불평등에 미치는 영향과 그 변화를 확인하기 위하여 1996년부터 2016년도 가계소득조사를 활용하여 지니계수를 시계열적으로 산출하였다. 도출된 결과와 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 외환위기 이후 가구 총소득 불평등은 연도별로 다소 변화는 있지만 지속적으로 심화되어 왔다. 둘째, 소득계층별 보건의료비 지출은 고소득층이 더 많이 지출하는 다소 불평등한 수준을 지속적으로 유지하고 있다. 셋째, 가구소득 불평등에 대한 보건의료비 지출의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 보건의료비 지출을 제외한 가구소득에 대한 지니계수를 산출한 결과, 총소득 지니계수 보다 그 값이 커져서 가구의 보건의료비 지출로 인하여 소득불평등이 심화되는 것으로 나타났다. 보건의료비 지출로 인한 가구소득 불평등 심화현상은 외환위기 이후 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 국민의료비 부담을 감소시키기 위한 목적으로 건강보험보장성 강화 등 노력이 지속적으로 이루어지고 있지만 소득불평등 해소에는 기여하지 못하는 것이다. 향후 저소득층의 의료비 지출 감소를 위한 보다 저소득층을 위한 선택적인 의료비 지원제도의 마련이 필요할 것이다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2014

Background: Korea's primary care clinics are seeking increase in consultation fees by expanding supply within the frame of the health insurance system, but inequality of physician income between regions and individuals is exacerbating. The purpose of this study lies in analyzing the distribution of patients of primary care clinics, their specialized field, and the degree of inequality between medical fee income according to region. Data was acquired from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service on charged bills made by clinic-size medical institutions from 2008 to 2011. Methods: By comparing the outpatient number per clinic according to the clinic's specialized field, results showed that ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology, orthopedics, and internal medicine showed high numbers whereas plastic surgery, neuropsychiatry, cardiothoracic surgery had fewer outpatients. The number of outpatients for clinic according to region showed Chuncheonnam-do, Jeju-do, Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Ulsan to have higher numbers of outpatients. For those four years, clinics in the Seoul area had a rather lower number. Results: As a result of comparing the decile hierarchy distribution ratio between specialized fields according to primary care clinics income from National Health Insurance, the inequality degree showed that obstetrics and gynecology and general medicine were each 0.130, 0.280 for the decile distribution ratio, which was the highest degree of inequality within the specialized field. Their Gini coefficient were also relatively high at 0.691, 0.528 respectively. On the other hand, the decile distribution ratio for otolaryngology and orthopedics were 0.510, 0.468, respectively, while their Gini coefficient each at 0.318, 0.314 makes their inequality degree relatively lower than other fields. Conclusion: This study is limited in that the data used was the health insurance charges submitted by clinics, which does not provide total information of the doctors' income. However, because most clinics are largely dependant on their income to come from health insurance reimbursements. Therefore, the results of this study can be used effectively. In the future, research that includes data on non-covered service income should be conducted to closely examine policy plans with a new medical fee policy which can resolve the medical fee income inequality issue between clinics as well as revitalize primary medical care.