• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2002

The problem of disjunctive causal factors is generalized as follows. Suppose that there are no factors of the kind considered so far that need to be held fixed in background contexts. Nevertheless, it is still possible that within the background contexts, each disjunct of a disjunctive causal factor X v W confers a different probability on an effect factor in Question. So a problem arises of how we identify a single causally significant probability of the effect factor in the presence of the disjunctive causal factor, assuming that each disjunct of the disjunctive causal factor confers a different probability on the effect factor. In this paper, I first introduce an experiment in which disjunctive causal factors seem to pose a problem for the theory of probabilistic causation. Second, I show how Eells' solution to the problem of disjunctive causal factors meets the problem that arises in the experiment. Third, I examine Hitchcock's arguments against Eells' solution, arguing that Hitchcock misconstrues Eells' solution, and disregards the feature of the theory of probabilistic causation such that a factor is a causal factor for another factor relative to a population P of a population type Q.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1010-1029
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to survey middle school students' preference for science and its causal factors, so as to analyze the causal relationships between them. Preference for science and its causal factors were defined theoretically, and a theoretical model was constructed to measure them and analyze the causal relationship by structural equation modeling. According to the theoretical model and a pilot test, a questionnaire was developed with three parts; the background information of a respondent, the preference for science, and the causal factors of preference. The questionnaire was administered to one class per grade of randomly selected 8 middle schools from 4 areas across the country, and 819 students' data were collected. Preference for science was defined as a state of mind. It revealed to what extent, and how, one likes science. It consisted of 3 categories - 'emotional response', 'behavioral volition', 'valuational comprehension', and each category was divided into two subcategories. Causal factors affecting the preference for science consisted of three categories - personal, educational and social factors, and each was divided into 2 or 3 subcategories. Middle school students' preference for science was middling as a total. Curiosity about contents of science and valuation of science were high, comparatively, but behavioral volition about science was especially low. Students' responses to the causal factors were relatively high in every educational factor and sociocultural valuation of social factors, but relatively low in socioeconomic rewards of social factors, and especially low in personal factors. The causal relationship about the preference for science was investigated by multiple regression analysis and path analysis, using the structural equation model. Multiple regression analysis about the preference for science and its causal factors revealed important factors. The important factors were personal ability, the personal traits, rewards in school science, and contents of school science in order of magnitude of standardized regression coefficient ${\beta}$. Stepwise regression analysis with each of the subcategories of the preference for science as dependent variables showed what factors were important in each subcategory. According to the result of structural equation modeling, personal factors affected 'emotional response' and 'behavioral volition' directly, and social factors affected 'valuational comprehension' directly. Educational factors affected all categories of the preference for science by influencing not only 'emotional response' and 'valuational comprehension' directly, but also 'behavioral volition' indirectly. The way to promote middle school students' preference for science was suggested, based on the analysis result.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.147-166
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship, in the perspective of Total Quality Management, among the education quality factors, which were suggested in the previous researches. Lee et al. [16] had tried to analyze the relationship among education factors, but they did not estimate the education factor using latent variable concept, which is very reasonable and efficient to represent the constructed concepts. So this study attempts to analyze the causal relationship among education quality factors, represented as latent variables used in structural equation modeling (SEM), and compared with each other. In this study, education quality factors were measured by several measures, constructed as several latent variables, and then processed with AMOS, the most efficient statistical package in the SEM area. In order to analyze the causal relationship among the education quality factors constructed as latent variables, this study designed the structural equation model with suggested factors and established several research hypotheses. This study discovered a prominent causality among the education quality factors, such as education leadership, student scholastic performance and satisfaction of education quality, which is similar to that of previous research. This outcome is really a unique Korean syndrome manifest within our educational career orientation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.127-140
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• 1991

The Primary purpose of this study is to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on user satisfaction with recreational facilities in Taejong-Dae recreational complex, thereby establishing indices of planning and development of urban parks and open space. To test the causal models of this research, the date were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from 967 households in Pusan City which were selected by the multi-stage probability sampling methood. The analysis of the multi-stage primarily consists of two phase : The first analysis dealt exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities in Taejong-Dae recreational complex and the second analysis tested the fit of the causal models of this research by employing LISREL methodology. There are three advantages of using LISREL over other multivariate analysis methods : First, measurement error is allowed and calculated in LISREL, otherwise there is a risk of seriously misleading estimates of coefficients ; Second, LISREL deals with latent variables or unmeasured variables ; Third, it enables to test causal relations among variables. The factors analysis identified that five factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational facilities. The five factors of satisfaction with recreational facilities are space for repose and relaxation, active recreation facilities such as pool and zoo, physical exercise facility, convenience and maintenance facility, and linear facility, and linear facility for walking. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational facilities to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with Taejong-Dae recreational complex, other endogenous factors and exogenous variables. Overall fits of both causal models were very good. Among endogenous factors, facility for repose and relaxation. linear facility for walking, active recreation facility, facility for convenience and maintenance were identified as having significant effects on overall satisfaction. Exogenous variables which have significant effects on endogenous variables wer also identified. These significant relationships indicate important factors and variables that should be considered in planning and development of the recreational complex. On the basis of these significant causal relationships, implications for planning and the delovepment of Taejong-Dae recreational complex were suggested.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

The purpose of this study are suggest to performance measurement model of Electronic Medical Record(EMR) and Key Performance Index(KPI). For data collection, 665 questionnaires were distributed to medical record administrators and insurance reviewers at 31 hospitals, and 580 questionnaires were collected(collection rate: 87.2%). Regarding methodology, Critical Success Factor(CSF) and index of the information system were derived based on previous studies, and these were set as performance measurement factors of EMR system. The performance measurement factors were constructed by perspective using BSC, and analysis on causal relationship between factors was conducted. A model of causal relationship was established, and performance measurement model of EMR system was proposed through model validation. Analysis on causal relationship between performance management factors revealed that utility cognition of the learning & growth perspective factor had causal relationship with job efficiency(${\beta}=0.20$) and decision support(${\beta}=0.66$) of the internal process perspective factors, and security had causal relationship with system satisfaction(${\beta}=0.31$) of the customer perspective factor. System quality had causal relationship with job efficiency(${\beta}=0.66$) and decision support(${\beta}=0.76$) of the internal process perspective factors, all of which were statistically significant(P<0.01). Job efficiency of the internal process perspective had causal relationship with system satisfaction(${\beta}=0.43$), and decision support had causal relationship with decision support satisfaction(${\beta}=0.91$) and job satisfaction (${\beta}=0.74$), all of which were statistically significant(P<0.01). System satisfaction of the customer perspective had causal relationship with job satisfaction(${\beta}=0.12$), job satisfaction had causal relationship with cost reduction(${\beta}=0.53$) of the financial perspective, and decision support satisfaction had causal relationship with productivity improvement(${\beta}=0.40$)of the financial perspective(P<0.01). Also, cost reduction of the financial perspective had causal relationship with productivity improvement(${\beta}=0.37$), all which were statistically significant(P<0.05). Suitability index verification of the performance measurement model whose causal relationship was found to be statistically significant revealed that $X^2/df=2.875$, RMR=0.036, GFI=0.831, AGFI=0.810, CFI=0.887, NFI=0.838, IFI=0.888, RMSEA=0.057, PNFI=0.781, and PCFI=0.827, all of which were in suitable levels. In conclusion, the performance measurement indices of EMR system include utility cognition, security, and system quality of the learning & growth perspective, decision support and job efficiency of the internal process perspective, system satisfaction, decision support satisfaction, and job satisfaction of the customer perspective, and productivity improvement and cost reduction of the financial perspective. In this study, it is expected that the performance measurement indices and model of EMR system which are suggested by the author, will be a measurement tool available for system performance measurement of EMR system in medical institutions.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

In general, causal relationship for theoretical concepts is hypothesized based on precedent studies and tested by a structural equation model. However, when theoretical backgrounds are scarce or absent, the causal relationship is hypothesized operatively by the purpose and scope of research and tested by overall goodness-of-fit indices such as GFI and RMR. Such a causal relationship can't be most appropriate statistically because it is selected as specific relationship from researcher's view among possible causal relationships. Therefore, this study is to propose a procedure for identifying the causal relationship that produces the best GFI among possible causal relationships for theoretical concepts.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.465-476
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• 2021

This study considers both causal and control factors for explaining both contact and distribution of sexually explicit material and tests their interaction effects for examining buffering effects of control factors in causal process. This study examines the effect of low self-control, differential association with peers and patriarchy family environmental factor as causal factors. It also considers three control factors such as morality. legal punishment, and lack of opportunity and test interaction effect between causal and control factors in both contact and distribution cases. Using data from college students in Seoul, results show that the effects of all causal factors are significant in both contact and distribution of sexually explicit material and the effect of differential association is the most significant. However, their interaction effects between causal and control factors are different across contact and distribution cases. In the contact case, all interaction effects are not significant. It means that causal factors have independent effects and control factors have no buffering effects. However, in the distribution case, the interaction effects between low self-control and morality, between differential association and morality, between patriarchy family and punishment, and between patriarchy family and lack of opportunity are significant. Empirical implications are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.3 s.39
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• pp.143-154
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• 1990

This study aims at identifying factors and variables which have significant effects on users satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities in Apsan city natural park and therby establishing indicies of planning and / or development of urban forest. To test the causal models of this research, The data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from 1,147 households in Taegu city which were selected by the multi-stage probabiling sampling method. The analysis of the data primarily consist of two phases : The first analysis dealt with exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities in Apasn city natural park and the second analysis tested the fit of causal models of this research to the data using LISREL methodology. The factor analysis identified that three significant factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational activities and five significant factors are inherent in satisfaction with recreational facilities. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with the park, other indogenous factors and exogenous variables. These significant relationships represent important factors and variables that should be considered in planning and/of development of the city natural park. On the basis of there significant causal relationships implications for planning and/or development of the city natural park were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 1992

The primary objective of this study is to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on user satisfaction with recreational facilities in Children's Grand Park in Pusan City, theregby to establish the developmental way of urban park and open space. To test the causal models of this research, the data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from 1085 households in Pusan City which were selected by the multi-stage probability sampling method. The analysis of the data primarily consists of two phase : The fist analysis dealt exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational facilities in Children's Grand Park and the second analysis tested the fit of the causal models of this research by employing LISREL methodology. The factor analysis identified that five factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational facilities. The five factors of satisfaction with recreational facilities are convenience and maintanance facilities, learnded recreational facilities, spaces for repose and relaxation, spaces for active recreation failities, and facilities for health and physical facilities. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational facilities to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with Children's Grand Park, other endogenous factors and exogenous variables. Overall fits of both causal models were very good. Among endogenous factors, facilities for repose and relaxation, facilities for convenience and maintenance, learnded recreational facilities were identified as having significant effects on overall satisfaction. Exogenous variables which have significant effects on endogenous variables were also identified. These significant relationships indicate important factors and variables that should be considered in planning and development of urban park and open space. On the basis of these significant causal relationships, way for delovepment of urban park and open space were suggested.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2024

Background: Learning from incidents for accident prevention is a two-stage process, involving the investigation of past accidents to identify the causal factors, followed by the identification and implementation of remedial measures to address the identified causal factors. The focus of past research has been on the identification of causal factors, with limited focus on the identification and implementation of remedial measures. This research begins to contribute to this gap. The motivation for the research is twofold. First, previous analyses show the recurring nature of accidents within the Ghanaian mining industry, and the causal factors also remain the same. This raises questions on the nature and effectiveness of remedial measures identified to address the causes of past accidents. Secondly, without identifying and implementing remedial measures, the full benefits of accident investigations will not be achieved. Hence, this study aims to assess the nature of remedial measures proposed to address investigation causal factors. Method: The study adopted SMARTER from business studies with the addition of HMW (H - Hierarchical, M - Mapping, and W - Weighting of causal factors) to analyse the recommendations from 500 individual investigation reports across seven different mines in Ghana. Results: The individual and the work environment (79%) were mostly the focused during the search for causes, with limited focus on organisational factors (21%). Forty eight percentage of the recommendations were administrative, focussing on fixing the problem in the immediate affected area or department of the victim(s). Most recommendations (70.4%) were support activities that only enhance the effectiveness of control but do not prevent/mitigate the failure directly. Across all the mines, there was no focus on evaluating the performance of remedial measures after their implementation. Conclusion: Identifying sharp-end causes leads to proposing weak recommendations which fail to address latent organisational conditions. The study proposed a guide for effective planning and implementation of remedial actions.