• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.387-393
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• 2012

Objectives: Even though several epidemiological studies have observed positive associations between blood lead levels and homocysteine, no study has examined whether this association differs by the levels of micronutrients, such as folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, which are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine. In this study, we examined the interactions between micronutrients and blood lead on homocysteine levels. Methods: This study was performed with 4089 adults aged ${\geq}20$ years old in the US general population using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Results: There were significant or marginally significant interactions between micronutrients and blood lead levels on mean homocysteine levels. Positive associations between blood lead and homocysteine were clearly observed among subjects with low levels of folate or low vitamin B6 (p-trend <0.01, respectively). However, in the case of vitamin B12, there was a stronger positive association between blood lead and homocysteine among subjects with high levels of vitamin B12, compared to those with low levels of vitamin B12. In fact, the levels of homocysteine were already high among subjects low in vitamin B12, irrespective of blood lead levels. When we used hyperhomocysteinemia (homocysteine>15 ${\mu}mol/L$) as the outcome, there were similar patterns of interaction, though p-values for each interaction failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In the current study, the association between blood lead and homocysteine differed based on the levels of folate, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 present in the blood. It may be important to keep sufficient levels of these micronutrients to prevent the possible harmful effects of lead exposure on homocysteine levels.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1269-1276
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• 2003

In order to know the effect of atuoclaving on the heavy metal removal using chitosan, lead removal capacities and removal rates by various chitosans in aqueous solution were compared according to the various autoclaving time. The lead removal efficiencies and removal rates by the autoclaved chitosan were found to be on the order of 15 min(98％) ＞ 10 min(95％) ＞ 30 min(83％) ＞ 5 min(53％) ＞ 60 min(47％) ＞ 0 min(22％) chitosan. The molecular weight of chitosan was decreased by the increase of autoclaving time. Therefore, the heavy metal removal capacity was not well correlated to the molecular weight. Langmuir isotherm was well fitted to experimental results of equilibrium adsorption on chitosan. In order to examine the process of lead removal by the autoclaved chitosan, TEMs, SEMs and FT-IR analyses were used. The surface of autoclaved chitosan was much more porous and the lead removal was mainly occurred on the surface of chitosan. The structure of autoclaved chitosan was same as that of controlled chitosan.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.455-464
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• 2012

This study investigates a 12 month-lead predictability of PNU Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) V1.1 hindcast, for which an oceanic data assimilated initialization is used to generate ocean initial condition. The CGCM, a participant model of APEC Climate Center (APCC) long-lead multi-model ensemble system, has been initialized at each and every month and performed 12-month-lead hindcast for each month during 1980 to 2011. The 12-month-lead hindcast consisted of 2-5 ensembles and this study verified the ensemble averaged hindcast. As for the sea-surface temperature concerns, it remained high level of confidence especially over the tropical Pacific and the mid-latitude central Pacific with slight declining of temporal correlation coefficients (TCC) as lead month increased. The CGCM revealed trustworthy ENSO prediction skills in most of hindcasts, in particular. For atmospheric variables, like air temperature, precipitation, and geopotential height at 500hPa, reliable prediction results have been shown during entire lead time in most of domain, particularly over the equatorial region. Though the TCCs of hindcasted precipitation are lower than other variables, a skillful precipitation forecasts is also shown over highly variable regions such as ITCZ. This study also revealed that there are seasonal and regional dependencies on predictability for each variable and lead.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2011

Electrocardiography (ECG) is a widely accepted approach for monitoring of cardiac activity and clinical diagnosis of heart diseases. Since cardiologists have been well-trained to accept 12-lead ECG information, a huge number of ECG systems are using such number of electrodes and placement configuration to facilitate fast interpretation. Our goal is to design a wireless ECG system which renders conventional 12-lead ECG information.We propose the three-pad ECG system (W3ECG). W3ECG furthers the pad design idea of the single-pad approach. Signals obtained from these three pads, plus their placement information, make it possible to synthesize conventional 12-lead ECG signals.We provide one example of pad placement and evaluate its performance by examining ECG data of four patients available from online database. Feasibility test of our selected pad placement positions show comparable results with respect to the EASI lead system. Experimental results also exhibit high correlations between synthesized and directly observed 12-lead signals (9 out of 12 cross-correlation coefficients higher than 0.75).

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.243-249
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• 2021

A decrease in coronary blood flow leads to an imbalance between the supply of oxygen to the myocardium and its demand, and reversible or irreversible damage to the myocardium could occur depending on the severity of the resultant ischemia and the duration of the imbalance. This imbalance results in a cascade of ischemic reactions in the following order: metabolic abnormalities, diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, and electrocardiogram changes. Variant angina is caused by the closure of the coronary artery due to reversible coronary artery spasm, resulting in myocardial ischemia and subsequent chest pain as a clinical symptom. Variant angina may be observed as ST segment elevation in electrocardiogram measured when present in chest pain. However, 12-lead electrocardiogram performed after the patient's chest pain resolves does not help in the diagnosis. Since the duration of chest pain appears to be <15 minutes, it is important to perform the 12-lead electrocardiogram when clinical symptoms are present. If nitroglycerin is administered without performing 12-lead electrocardiogram by 119 pre-hospital paramedics, the chest pain would be resolved, making it impossible to identify changes in the ST segment. Before administration of nitroglycerin, changes in the ST segment must be recorded by performing 12-lead electrocardiogram.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 1986

Lead tolerance of $Pt/Al_2O_3$ catalysts was evaluated for CO oxidation depending on the properties of the alumina supports and base metals added as promoter. Among the four different alumina supports, the support with a large macropore volume (0.45 cc/g) and 5% Ce has shown the best resistence to lead poisoning. Most of the base metals added to the Pt-catalysts were found to be ineffective for improving lead resistence, but boron has shown an excellent lead tolerence, although it decreases the initial catalytic activity.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.235-241
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• 2021

Cardiogenic syncope occurs due to arrhythmia (bradycardia and tachycardia) or decreased cardiac output, and if proper treatment is not provided, it can lead to acute sudden death. A detailed medical history and physical examinations are required to determine the cause of syncope, and clinical approaches, including 12-lead ECG, are important. The 12-lead ECG does not have a chest lead in the posterior wall of the left ventricle; therefore, ECG of the isolated posterior wall myocardial infarction caused by left circumflex artery occlusion is not observed with ST elevation. Therefore, the significantly higher appearance of ST depression and R waves than S waves from V1 to V3 of the chest lead must be interpreted meaningfully. Isolated posterior wall myocardial infarction is small in the area of myocardial necrosis, and tension is increased in the necrotic area due to the contraction of the normal myocardial muscle, which can cause ventricular wall rupture. Therefore, it is necessary to additionally check Beck's triad, such as jugular venous distension and decreased heart sound, in patients with low blood pressure with an isolated posterior wall myocardial infarction on 12-lead ECG in patients with syncope.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1986

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lead on the incidence of anemia and to find cases with lead poisoning early among female workers who have been exposed to lead occupationally, for one year from August, 1985. The level of blood lead and hemoglobin concentration were observed for 284 female lead workers and 123 female non-lead workers of industries in the Gumi industrial complex in Kyungpook Province. The average age was $20.3{\pm}2.9$years and $21.1{\pm}3.5$ years in lead workers and non-lead workers, respectively. The average working duration was $26.46{\pm}19.26$ months in lead workers. The mean value of blood lead was $30.11{\pm}6.61{\mu}g/100ml$ and $21.86{\pm}3.75{\mu}g/100ml$ in lead workers and non-lead workers, respectively. There were significant differences between two groups. The mean value of hemoglobin concentration was $14.00{\pm}0.57g/100ml$ and $14.03{\pm}0.64g/100ml$ in lead workers and non-lead workers, respectively. Anemia cases were not observed at Hb concentration below 12g/100ml. The percentages of lead workers at Hb concentration ranged 12.0~13.0g/100ml were 4.5%. There was no dose-response relationship between blood lead level and the incidence of anemia. There were no remarkable differences between age and blood lead level as well as Hb concentration, and between working duration and the level of blood lead and hemoglobin.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

Fixation of lead contaminants in the solidification/stabilization using Portland cement has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and compressive strength. The presence of lead was observed to produce lead carbonate sulfate hydroxide ($Pb_4SO_4(CO_3)_2(OH)_2$), lead carbonate hydroxide hydrate ($3PbCO_3{\cdot}2Pb(OH)_2{\cdot}H_2O$) and two other unidentified lead salts in cavity areas and was observed to significantly retard the hydration of cement. By 28 days, howevere, the XRD peaks of most of the lead precipitates have essentially disappeared with only residual traces of lead carbonate sulfate hydroxide and lead carbonate hydroxide hydrate evident. After 28 days of curing, hydration appears well advanced with a strong portlandite peak present though C-S-H gel peaks are not particularly evident. Lead species produced with the dissolution of lead precipitates are fixed into the cement matrix to be calcium lead silicate hydrate (C-Pb-S-H) during cement-based solidification.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.12
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• pp.2019-2022
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• 2016

In the presence of an electrically conducting medical lead, radio frequency (RF) coils in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems may concentrate the RF energy and cause tissue heating near the lead. A novel design for a medical lead to reduce this heating by introducing pins in the lead is presented. Peak 10 g specific absorption rate (SAR) in heart tissue, an indicator of heating, was calculated and compared for both conventional (Medtronic) lead design and our proposed design. Remcom XFdtd software was used to calculate the peak SAR distribution in a realistic model of the human body. The model contained a medical lead that was exposed to RF magnetic fields at 64 MHz (1.5 T), 128 MHz (3 T) and 300 MHz (7 T) using a model of an MR birdcage body coil. The proposed design of adding pins to the medical lead can significantly reduce the heating from different MRI systems.