• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.417-444
• /
• 2007

Canonical idioms are in general syntactically opaque and semantically non-compositional. However, there also exist many idioms whose component parts are rather morpho-syntactically transparent and semantically decomposable. This paper identifies two types of Korean idioms and review their basic properties. Based on these empirical studies, the paper then proposes a constraint-based approach that can allow us to process these two different types of idioms.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.29-51
• /
• 1994

This paper presents a new approach to describing the meanings of English relative clauses with the theoretical framework of Conceptual Structure Theory (henceforth CST)which builds on the pionerring work of Sowa.And this paper aims at proposing some extensions to his work. CST describes the conceptual structrures of sentences with conceptual graphs(henceforth CG). which have begun to be used as an intermediate language in natural language processing and machine translation of computer.CGs are composed of concept types and conceptual relation types. They are a system of logic for semantic representation of sentences. This paper focuses on showing the differences of the CGs according to the functions of English relative clauses. English relative clauses are divided into restrictive and nonrestrictive uses.And this paper describes a restrictive clause with a CG including a expression.which derives from the viewpoint of Montague-semantics and Nom-S Analysis.This paper deals mainly with the relative clauses of double restroction as an example of restrictive relative clauses.The description of a nonrestrictive relative clause does not need any-expression, for it doesn's involve the meaning of set.And this paper links the CG of an appositive relative clause,which is a kind of nonrestrictive clauses,to the concept of the antecedent in the main clause.The description of a nonrestrictive relative clause with adverbial meaning is strated with two CGs for the main clause and the relative clause.They are linked with an appropriate intersentential conceptual relation type according to the contextual realtions between them.This paper also presents a CG of a sentential relative clause,which gives a comment on the main clause.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2021

This study aims to do in-depth exploration of the meaning of learning village activists' work, focusing on job crafting. A qualitative case study was conducted through participant observation and in-depth interview from March 23, 2020 to March 05, 2021. As a result of the analysis, a task crafting showed 'task performance using one's own strengths and resources', 'executing additional tasks other than the specified tasks', and 'changes in work methods for efficient task performance'. In a cognitive crafting, 'recognition of the importance of work and sense of vocation', 'recognition of happiness and pleasure in work', and 'recognition of roles to expand work expertise' appeared. In a relation crafting, 'building a community of practical learning with colleagues', 'a mediator of the growth and change of village residents', and 'coexistence of conflict and cooperation with business associates' were shown. In conclusion, learning village activists were actively changing their work through the job crafting and this can be used as basic data to improve the satisfaction with their work. A follow-up study was proposed for activists in learning villages in other regions.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.129-159
• /
• 2024

In the process of reading, readers can process information not only within the fixated region, known as the fovea, but also in the parafoveal region to the right of the fovea. While the parafoveal semantic preview effect has been confirmed in eye-tracking experiments using boundary techniques, research on how the parafoveal preview effects differ depending on the degree of semantic relatedness is still limited. This study investigates the parafoveal preview effects as a function of semantic relatedness with the target word. The experiment utilized Korean-Chinese bilinguals and presented mixed-language sentences as experimental stimuli. Four parafoveal preview conditions were applied to the target words in each sentence: (1) Korean identical condition, where the parafoveal word was the same as the target word (e.g., "나라," meaning "country" in English), (2) Chinese synonymous condition, where the parafoveal word had the same meaning as the target word (e.g., "国家," also meaning "country" in English), (3) Chinese semantically related condition, where the parafoveal word was semantically related to the target word (e.g., "政权," meaning "political power" in English), and (4) Chinese unrelated condition, where the parafoveal word was semantically unrelated to the target word (e.g., "围裙," meaning "apron" in English). The study explored the parafoveal preview effect in terms of the degree of semantic association with the target word. We found the most pronounced preview effect in conditions where the preview and the target word shared the same meaning, and we also observed preview effects in conditions where the semantic relatedness with the target word was relatively weak. This study suggests that the degree of semantic relatedness between the parafoveal preview word and the target word can influence readers' reading processes. It contributes to a better understanding of readers' eye movements and comprehension processes, with potential implications for the development of effective reading strategies and educational methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
• /
• 2000.06a
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2000

동사의 애매성 해소는 언어학의 여러 부문 중에서도 가장 실체가 불명확한 의미를 다루는 것이기 때문에 언어학뿐만 아니라 자연언어처리에 있어서도 가장 해결하기 어려운 문제 중에 하나이다. 애매성은 언어학에서 말하는 동음이의어와 다의어를 동시에 포괄하는 개념으로 정의된다. 단일어를 대상으로 한 이와 같은 분류는 비교적 명확한 반면 두 개의 언어 이상의 다국어를 대상으로 하는 기계번역용 사전과 같은 대역사전에 있어서는 동음이의어와 다의어의 구별은 경계가 불명확하여 의미에 기반한 대역어의 작성에 도움이 되지 않는다. 그 원인은 의미를 구성하는 세 가지 요소인 [실체], [개념], [표현]의 관점에서 [실체]와 [개념]은 어느 언어를 막론하고 보편적인 반면 [실체]와 [개념]을 최종적으로 실현하는 형태인 [표현]의 경우 각각의 언어에 따라 그 형태가 다르게 표출된다고 하는 사실 때문이다. [나무]라는 [실체]가 있다고 할 때 [나무]에 대한 [실체]와 [개념]은 언어를 초월해서 공통적이라고 할 수 있다. 한편 [개념]을 표현하는 실체인 [표현]은 언어에 따라 [namu](한국어_, [ki](일본어),[tree](영어) 등과 같이 언어에 따라 자의적으로 [개념]을 표현하고 있다. [namu], [ki], [tree]가 같은 뜻을 나타낸다고 인식할 수 있는 것은 [개념]이 같기 때문이지 이들 각각의 [표현]이 의미적 연관성을 갖고 있기 때문은 아니다. 지금까지 의미를 다루는 연구에서는 이와 같은 관점이 결여됨으로 인해 의미의 다양성을 정확히 파악하는 데 한계가 있었으며 애매성 해소에 관한 연구도 부분적 시도에 그친 면이 적지 않다. 본고에서는 다국어를 대상으로 한 대역사전의 구축에 있어서 다의어와 동음이의어에 대한 종래의 분류의 문제점을 지적하고 나아가 애매성 해소의 한 방법론으로 활발히 이용되고 있는 시소러스의 분류체계의 한계를 지적한다. 나아가 이의 해결책을 한국어와 일본어의 대역사전의 구축에서 얻어진 경험을 바탕으로 제시한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
• /
• 2000.05a
• /
• pp.164-170
• /
• 2000

본 논문은 과거 많은 학자들에 의해 제기된 주구조와 부구조, 하위구조 등의 담화 내 계층적 구조에 대한 증거로 일탈을 중심으로 부구조를 분석하였다. 먼저 주제 일탈의 구조와 정의에 관해 분석하고 중단과 화제 전환 등과의 차이를 설명하였다. 지식 표현 언어인 Sowa의 개념구조론의 체계 내에서 담화의 계층적 구조와 그 구조를 나타내는 언어적 표시인 담화 표지의 예를 기술하는 방법을 제시한다. 개념 관계로 일탈, 화제 전환, 틀의 관계를 설정하여 담화 내 계층구조와 담화 부분과의 화용적인 관계를 규명하였다. 기존의 개념구조론은 선택적 제약, 조응 등의 의미론적인 개념들을 간결하고 정확하게 기술할 수 있었는데 화용론적인 측면의 기술도 가능함을 보여준다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.111-123
• /
• 2013

Semantic similarity/relatedness measure between two concepts plays an important role in research on system integration and database integration. Moreover, current research on keyword recommendation or tag clustering strongly depends on this kind of semantic measure. For this reason, many researchers in various fields including computer science and computational linguistics have tried to improve methods to calculating semantic similarity/relatedness measure. This study of similarity between concepts is meant to discover how a computational process can model the action of a human to determine the relationship between two concepts. Most research on calculating semantic similarity usually uses ready-made reference knowledge such as semantic network and dictionary to measure concept similarity. The topological method is used to calculated relatedness or similarity between concepts based on various forms of a semantic network including a hierarchical taxonomy. This approach assumes that the semantic network reflects the human knowledge well. The nodes in a network represent concepts, and way to measure the conceptual similarity between two nodes are also regarded as ways to determine the conceptual similarity of two words(i.e,. two nodes in a network). Topological method can be categorized as node-based or edge-based, which are also called the information content approach and the conceptual distance approach, respectively. The node-based approach is used to calculate similarity between concepts based on how much information the two concepts share in terms of a semantic network or taxonomy while edge-based approach estimates the distance between the nodes that correspond to the concepts being compared. Both of two approaches have assumed that the semantic network is static. That means topological approach has not considered the change of semantic relation between concepts in semantic network. However, as information communication technologies make advantage in sharing knowledge among people, semantic relation between concepts in semantic network may change. To explain the change in semantic relation, we adopt the cognitive semantics. The basic assumption of cognitive semantics is that humans judge the semantic relation based on their cognition and understanding of concepts. This cognition and understanding is called 'World Knowledge.' World knowledge can be categorized as personal knowledge and cultural knowledge. Personal knowledge means the knowledge from personal experience. Everyone can have different Personal Knowledge of same concept. Cultural Knowledge is the knowledge shared by people who are living in the same culture or using the same language. People in the same culture have common understanding of specific concepts. Cultural knowledge can be the starting point of discussion about the change of semantic relation. If the culture shared by people changes for some reasons, the human's cultural knowledge may also change. Today's society and culture are changing at a past face, and the change of cultural knowledge is not negligible issues in the research on semantic relationship between concepts. In this paper, we propose the future directions of research on semantic similarity. In other words, we discuss that how the research on semantic similarity can reflect the change of semantic relation caused by the change of cultural knowledge. We suggest three direction of future research on semantic similarity. First, the research should include the versioning and update methodology for semantic network. Second, semantic network which is dynamically generated can be used for the calculation of semantic similarity between concepts. If the researcher can develop the methodology to extract the semantic network from given knowledge base in real time, this approach can solve many problems related to the change of semantic relation. Third, the statistical approach based on corpus analysis can be an alternative for the method using semantic network. We believe that these proposed research direction can be the milestone of the research on semantic relation.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.251-272
• /
• 2005

Given that cognitive demands of mathematical tasks can be changed during instruction, this study attempts to provide a detailed description to explore how tasks are set up and implemented in the classroom and what are the classroom-based factors. As an exploratory and qualitative case study, 4 of six-grade classrooms where high-level tasks on ratio and proportion were used were videotaped and analyzed with regard to the patterns emerged during the task setup and implementation. With regard to 16 tasks, four kinds of Patterns emerged: (a) maintenance of high-level cognitive demands (7 tasks), (b) decline into the procedure without connection to the meaning (1 task), (c) decline into unsystematic exploration (2 tasks), and (d) decline into not-sufficient exploration (6 tasks), which means that the only partial meaning of a given task is addressed. The 4th pattern is particularly significant, mainly because previous studies have not identified. Contributing factors to this pattern include private-learning without reasonable explanation, well-performed model presented at the beginning of a lesson, and mathematical concepts which are not clear in the textbook. On the one hand, factors associated with the maintenance of high-level cognitive demands include Improvising a task based on students' for knowledge, scaffolding of students' thinking, encouraging students to justify and explain their reasoning, using group-activity appropriately, and rethinking the solution processes. On the other hand, factors associated with the decline of high-level cognitive demands include too much or too little time, inappropriateness of a task for given students, little interest in high-level thinking process, and emphasis on the correct answer in place of its meaning. These factors may urge teachers to be sensitive of what should be focused during their teaching practices to keep the high-level cognitive demands. To emphasize, cognitive demands are fixed neither by the task nor by the teacher. So, we need to study them in the process of teaching and learning.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.19 no.2 s.22
• /
• pp.327-344
• /
• 2005

솔리테르(solitaire) 중 간단한 게임인 자리바꾸기 문제에 대해 학습자로 하여금 다양한 해결방법을 산출 하도록 한 후, 그 과정에서 학생들의 수학적 창의성의 발현 과정을 추적해 본다. 제시한 문제 해결 과제에 대한 학습자들의 반응과 해답을 분석함으로써 수학적 창의성에서의 인지적 구성요소인 확산성, 유창성, 논리성, 유연성, 독창성과 정의적 구성요소에 해당하는 적극성, 독자성, 집중성, 정밀성 등이 어떻게 나타나고 있는가를 살펴본다. 또한 그렇게 함으로써 각 구성요소의 의미와 특성을 규명하고자 하며, 나아가 이들 구성요소를 판별할 수 있는 방안에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.13-29
• /
• 1998

This literature review explores the possibilities for the automatic processing to account for the people's responses to emotional stimuli. The most fundamental question is if some parts of emotions are experienced without any intrusion of cognitions. In other words. can emotions be processed completely implicitly$\ulcorner$ Some studies advocate emotion related processes are much more immediate and primary than semantic processes. The phenomena to catch up the emotive values of stimuli even subliminally suggest that the implicit knowledge structure takes charge of this automatic processes of emotional information. This study summarizes the explanatory scheme of emotional processing by means of applying implicit memory principle and physiological evidences related to e emotional memories.