• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2000

Tunnelling has been created as a great extent in view of less land space available because the growth of population in metropolitan has been accelerated at a faster pace than the development of the cities. In tunnelling, it is often faced that measures are obliged to be taken without confirmation for such abnormality as diverged movement of surrounding rock mass, growing crack of shotcrete and yielding of rockbolts. In this case, it is usually said that the judgments of experienced engineers for the selection of measure are importance and allowed us to get over the situations in many construction sites. But decrease of such experienced engineers need us to develop the new system to assist the selection of measures for the abnormality without any experiences of similar tunnelling sites. In this study, After a lot of tunnelling reinforcement methods were surveyed and the detail application were studied, an expert system was developed to predict the safety of tunnel and choose proper tunnel reinforcement system using fuzzy quantification theory and fuzzy inference rule based on tunnel information database. The expert system developed in this study have two main parts named pre-module and post-module. Pre-module decides tunnel information imput items based on the tunnel face mapping information which can be easily obtained in-situ site. Then, using fuzzy quantification theory II, fuzzy membership function is composed and tunnel safety level is inferred through this membership function. The comparison result between the predicted reinforcement system level and measured ones was very similar. In-situ data were obtained in three tunnel sites including subway tunnel under Han river. This system will be very helpful to make the most of in-situ data and suggest proper applicability of tunnel reinforcement system developing more resonable tunnel support method from dependance of some experienced experts for the absent of guide.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.341-353
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of pollutants overflow on storm events and the first flush analysis in industrial complex. Eight sub-basins in the Chongju industrial complex were selected for sampling and study with different characteristics during the period from June 1997 to August 1998. Water quality parameters of stormwater runoff such as $BOD_5$, COD, SS, TKN, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, TP, n-Hexane extracts, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe were analyzed. During the storm events, measured concentration ranges of $BOD_5$, COD, SS, $NO_3-N$, TKN, $PO_4-P$, TP, r-Hexane extracts, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe were 2~324 mg/L, 5~810 mg/L, 1~1,110 mg/L, 0.01~10.89 mg/L, 0.1~59.8 mg/L, 0.08~7.02 mg/L, 0.1~7.8 mg/L, 0.1~1,723.6 mg/L, 0.001~0.363 mg/L, 0.001~0.488 mg/L, 0.001~1.28 mg/L, and 0.26~18.91 mg/L, respectively in the industrial complex watersheds. And a quantitative of first flush has been presented. First flush occurs more frequently as the ratio of impervious area increases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.360-371
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• 1996

In order to manage forest recreation resources effectively, it is necessary to establish objective and quantifiable evaluative standards. They can be used to evaluate the present management conditions of recreation resources and to monitor the conditions continuously on the basis of the established evaluative standards. Normative approach is one of alternatives to help establish evaluative standards. Researchers and forest managers have been interested in the approach, and its usefulness in managing recreation resources has been emphasized. This paper evaluated the present conditions of the campgrounds on the basis of users' normative evaluative standards using the data collected by on-site survey at two campgrounds (Baemsagol Campground and Second Campground) in Chiri-Mountain National Park in 1.993. This paper established evaluative standards for eight impact indicators using normative approach, and it evaluated the present management conditions of the campgrounds on the basis of them. The present management conditions for noise time and littering behavior were worse than the evaluative standards at Baemsagol and Second Campground. Present conditions for inconsiderate behavior, number of tents, number of campers, and waiting time for using water supply were worse than the evaluative standards only at Baemsagol Campground. The present management conditions for distance between tents and waiting time for using restroom were better than the evaluative standards at both campgrounds. This study introduced how normative approach can be used to establish evaluative standards, and based on the study result, some management directions were suggested.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.17-37
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the global spillover effects through the existence of linear and nonlinear causal relationships between the US, European and BRIC financial markets after the period from the introduction of the Euro, the financial crisis and the subsequent EU debt crisis in 2007~2010. Although the global spillover effects of the financial crisis are well described, the nature of the volatility effects and the spread mechanisms between the US, Europe and BRIC stock markets have not been systematically examined. A stepwise filtering methodology was introduced to investigate the dynamic linear and nonlinear causality, which included a vector autoregressive regression model and a multivariate GARCH model. The sample in this paper includes the post-Euro period, and also includes the financial crisis and the Eurozone financial and sovereign crisis. The empirical results can have many implications for the efficiency of the BRIC stock market. These results not only affect the predictability of this market, but can also be useful in future research to quantify the process of financial integration in the market. The interdependence between the United States, Europe and the BRIC can reveal significant implications for financial market regulation, hedging and trading strategies. And the findings show that the BRIC has been integrated internationally since the sub-prime and financial crisis erupted in the United States, and the spillover effects have become more specific and remarkable. Furthermore, there is no consistent evidence supporting the decoupling phenomenon. Some nonlinear causality persists even after filtering during the investigation period. Although the tail distribution dependence and higher moments may be significant factors for the remaining interdependencies, this can be largely explained by the simple volatility spillover effects in nonlinear causality.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2004

In cyberspace based on internet, users constitute communities and interact one another. Avatar means not only the other self but also the 'another being' that describes oneself in the cyberspace. If user's avatar shows expressive faces and behaves according to his thinking and emotion, he will have a feel of reality much more in the cyberspace. If avatar's countenances can be animated by just typing characters in avatar-based chat communication, the user is able to express his emotions more effectively. In this study, emotion-expressing vocabulary is analyzed and classified. Emotion-expressing vocabulary is essential to develop self-reactive avatar system in which avatar's countenances are automatically converted according to the words typed by users at chat. The results are as follows; First, emotion-expressing vocabulary selected out of Korean adjectives and intransitive verbs is made up of 209 words and is classified into 25 groups. Second, there are only 2 groups out of the 25 groups for positive expressions and others are for negative expressions. Therefore, negative expressions are more abundant than positive expressions in Korean vocabulary. Third, avatar's countenances are modelled according to the 25 groups by using the Quantification Method 3. The result shows that the emotion-expressing vocabulary has dose relations with avatar's countenances and is useful to communicate users' emotions. However, this study has some limits, in that Korean linguistical structure - the whole meaning of context - cannot be interpreted quantitatively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.233-239
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• 2014

This study was carried out to propose the criteria for the prediction of landslide occurrence through analysis the influence of each factor by using the quantification theory. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. From a stepwise regression analysis between the landslide area($m^2$) and environmental factors, the factors strongly affecting the landslide sediment($m^2$) were the Parents rock (igneous), cross slope(complex), coniferous forests (forest type) and slope gradient ($21{\sim}30^{\circ}$). According to the range, it was shown in order of Cross slope (0.2922), Parents rock (0.2691), Forest type (0.2631) and Slope gradient (0.2312). The range of prediction score of landslide occurrence has been distributed between score 0 and score 1.0556, the median value was score 0.5278. The prediction for class I was over 0.7818, for class II was 0.5279 to 0.7917, for class III 0.2694 to 0.5278 and for class IV was below 0.2693. The prediction on landslide occurrence appeared relatively high accuracy rate as 72% for class I and II. Therefore, this score table for landslide will be very useful for judgement of dangerous slope.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 1980

Quantitative assessment of edge blunting of saw-teeth was carried out by TALYSURF. 1. Using the following equation, the real shape of a saw-tooth can be traced on the graph of TALYSURF. ${\frac{{\Delta}h}{h}}={\frac{V{\Delta}_x}{V_x}}$ {${\Delta}h$: vertical distance of stylus h: vertical distance in chart $V{\Delta}_x$: Velocity of stylus $V_x$: velocity of chart} 2. As shown on Fig 2, the error from stylus itself can be calculated by following equation. i) 13.8${\mu}{\leqq}$x<20.4${\mu}$ y=-0.2246x+4.59${\mu}$ ii) 0${\leqq}$x<13.8${\mu}$ y=${\sqrt{(-18{\mu})^2-x^2}}-1.42x+32.7{\mu}}$ 3. The relationship between profile of saw-tooth and error from stylus itself can be calculated by following equation. $E(%)=\frac{f(r){\times}{\frac{4}{18{\mu}}}}{f(R){\times}{\frac{R}{18.5{\mu}}}-f(r){\times}{\frac{r}{18{\mu}}}}{\times}100$ {E(%)${\frac{error\;of\;stylus}{dullness\;of\;saw\;tooth}}{\times}100$ r: radius of stylus tip R: radius of tip which is drawn in graph of talysurf f(r) : error of stylus f(R) : dullness of tip which is drawn in graph of talysurf} 4. The graph of maximum error and profile of saw-tooth was parabola.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.326-331
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• 2008

This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics of each factors by using the quantification theory(I) for prediction of landslide hazard area. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; The stepwise regression analysis between landslide sediment ($m^3$ ) and environmental factors, factors affecting landslide sediment ($m^3$ ) were high in order of mixed (forest type), < 15 cm(soil depth), 801~1,200 m (altitude), $31{\sim}40^{\circ}$ (slope gradient), 46 cm < (soil depth), 1,201 m < (altitude) and s(aspect). According to the range, it was shown in order of soil depth (0.3784), altitude (0.2876), forest type (0.2409), slope gradient (0.1728) and aspect (0.1681). The prediction of landslide hazard area was estimated by score table of each category. The extent of prediction score was 0 to 1.2478, and middle score was 0.6239. Class I was over 1.1720, class II was 0.7543 to 0.1719, class III was 0.4989 to 0.7542 and class IV was below 0.4988.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.656-660
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• 2008

This study is carried out to minimize the damage to the forest road when locating strip roads in the future for stability of timberland after afforestation by assessing the factors that affect the damage on the forest road surface and making appropriate constructing standards. Major factors that influence damage to the strip road surface were location, longitudinal gradients, soil types, cross-section shape in order of influence on damage. it is considered that structural road factors like longitudinal gradients, road width, location factors such as construction location, slope gradients and road material like soil types were greatly related to occurrence of road surface damage. Damage occurrences in the forest road were severe at the valley, longitudinal gradients of over 24%, weathered granite soil, concave of road position, road width of over 3.0 m. stability was high at longitudinal gradients of 4~24%, road width of under 3.0 m, ridge of road position, straight slope, soil materials. The evaluation table of damage possibility on forest road was manufactured by discriminant analysis using Quantification theory(II). The results showed that the discriminant ratios was 79.4% and this table was available for forest manager.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2018

The study was carried out to determine the real condition in parking environment improving zone suffering poor supply for demand and then present a solution to it. To this end, the study reviewed the existing data including parking ratio which means percent of the total parking space in the region divided by the number of registered vehicles in the zones and surveyed residents for their awareness of parking lots. The results showed some major findings as follows. Parking ratio is low and illegal parking is serious in the zones, which, as a consequence, it results in lack of parking area in the zones. More than 70% of those who live in the zones had inconvenience during parking. And insufficient space for parking generates illegal parking. Residents in the zones answered that the best way to deal with the parking problems is to create more parking zones. As they had more difficulties having parking spaces, they showed stronger tendency to use newly-built parking lots. The study also gave thought to building private parking lots as a solution to the parking issues in the zones. And it suggested that supporting policies on the private parking lots be strengthened to promote the private parking lots in residential areas. Those policies will gradually improve parking problems in the parking environment improving zone.