• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

This study aims to explore students' epistemic practices and considerations, which are explained as underlying epistemic thoughts that guide their epistemic practices, during argumentation in science classrooms. We also investigated how collaborative reflection facilitated the development of such epistemic considerations. Two seventh-grade classes participated in this study by engaging in argumentation activities and collaborative reflection after classes. A group with students' change in epistemic aspects and the influence of collaborative reflection clearly revealed from their practices was chosen as a focus group. We recorded their class discussions and collaborative reflections with the researchers. Transcriptions of the recordings and checklists we collected during the collaborative reflections were used for analysis. Results showed evident changes in the students' epistemic considerations and practices and four factors facilitating such developments were identified. First, the researcher facilitating the students to recognize each other as collaborators during collaborative reflection led development of epistemic considerations on "audience using the knowledge products." Second, the collaborative reflection facilitated construction of context for peer interactions where the students encouraged each other to participate in the discussion, resulting in the development of other students' epistemic considerations on "justifications in knowledge products." Third, the items provided on the checklists explicitly delineated expectations on their practices in argumentation, also facilitating development of epistemic considerations. Lastly, the students' imitation of the researcher's pattern of discourse facilitated construction of causal explanation and development of epistemic considerations on "nature of the knowledge products." This study will contribute to the construction of strategies that develop students' epistemic considerations and productive epistemic practices in argumentation.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2020

As the importance of software education is emphasized, various educations for improve the computational thinking of elementary school students are being provided. However, there are many limitations that apply to the school at preceding studies. because they were invented for specific environment or students. Therefore, in this study, software education was conducted by constructing teaching-learning activities in consideration of the characteristics of students such as teaching aids and level of computational thinking ability, which can influence students based on the contents of textbooks. Through the comparison about computational thinking improvements, this study tried to suggest the direction of effective software education method. As a result, there are differences in computational thinking improvements according to the student's level and used teaching aids. Specifically, visual programming and unplugged type teaching-learning activities were more effective in teaching aids, and according to the level of students, students with low level of computing thinking in pre-inspection showed relatively high improvement. This tendency suggests that it is necessary to consider various learning factors in designing teaching-learning activities in elementary software education.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.11-26
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• 2008

Objectives: We evaluated the level of psychosocial stresses and fatigue symptoms among clerical public officers and its related factors.Methods: The self-administered questionaires were performed, during the period between Dec. 5th, 2005 Metropolitan City. The survey items included subjects' socio-demographic and job-related characteristics, health-related behavior, degree of job demand, job autonomy, social support in work, type A behavior pattern, locus of control, sense of self-esteem, psychosocial distress and degree of fatigue.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1585-1594
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• 2018

In recent years The importance of information security management for securing information collection and analysis, production and distribution is increasing. Companies are assured of confidence in information security through authentication of information Security Management System. However, level assessment and use of domains that make up the management system is limited. On the other hand, the security maturity model is able to diagnose the level of information protection of the enterprise step by step. It is also possible to judge the area to be improved urgently. It is a tool to support goal setting according to the characteristics and level of company. In this paper, C2M2, which is an example of security maturity model, is compared and analyzed with Korea Information Security Management System certification. Benchmark the model to check the level of information security management and derive the priority among the items that constitute the detailed area of information security measures of ISMS certification. It also look at ways to check the level of information security management step by step.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.27-37
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• 2019

In this study, for the purpose of reflection level analysis of high school students in HW design learning which is based on online simulation, we carried out 5 lessons of HW learning and analyzed there reflection levels for 5 individual time of reflection content. The reflection level analysis results for each time of learning shows that the reflection level of the $3^{rd}$ time learning of D-Flip Flop is the highest score with 1.23. The correlation analysis result between the reflection contents presents that high positive correlation between learning content and task resolving method(r=.781, p<.01), and negative design correlation between task resolving method and alternative resolving method. The HW learning satisfaction survey result shows 4.2, and most of the participant students provided opinions that the HW design learning is required and current learning contents is a bit difficult to follow. We could recognize HW design learning is required to have composition of curriculum with basic and advanced contents, and on-off lines combined.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.169-200
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• 2008

노동계급은 다양한 형태의 내적 이질성을 지니고 있으며, 신자유주의 경제정책과 구조조정 과정에서 고용형태에 따른 이질성은 계급균열로 발달하며 노동계급 내적 이질성 논의의 핵심을 구성하게 되었다. 국내의 선행 연구들도 정규직과 비정규직 사이의 물질적 존재조건의 양극화 추세와 사회적 관계의 위계적 배제적 성격을 확인해 주고 있다. 하지만 정규직과 비정규직 사이의 계급균열이 극복되고 노동계급의 내적 통합과 계급형성 과정을 이룰 수 있는지에 대한 논의로 발전하지는 못했다. 본 연구는 계급균열의 극복과 노동계급 통합의 가능성을 검토하기 위해 계급균열의 핵심인 비정규직 노동자 문제를 둘러싼 정규직 비정규직의 의식 수준의 비교연구를 실시한다. 본 연구는 민주노총 공공운수연맹 노동조합원들에 대한 설문조사와 심층면접 연구를 통해 계급균열의 존재를 확인하고 그 원인과 의미를 분석하였다. 첫째, 정규직과 비정규직 노동자들은 비정규직 문제에 대한 인식을 공유하고 있지만 구체적 해결책에 대해서는 입장 차이를 보임으로써 고용형태에 따른 계급균열은 존재하며, 경제위기 이후에도 해소되지 않고 고착화되고 있음을 확인시켜 주었다. 둘째, 고용형태에 따른 계급내적 균열이 비정규직 문제 인식과 추상적 원칙 수준에서는 유의미한 의식 차이를 보이지 않지만 비정규직 문제 해결을 위한 구체적 해결책에 대해 유의미한 입장 차이를 보이는 것은 정규직과 비정규직 사이의 물질적 이해관계의 차이 때문이다. 정규직 노동자들은 비정규직 노동자들의 고용안정성과 노동조건의 개선을 허용하더라도 자신들의 이해관계가 위협받지 않는 수준에서 이루어져야 한다고 보는 것이다. 셋째, 정규직 노동자들이 추상적 원칙 수준에서는 비정규직 노동자들과 동질성을 보이지만 구체적 대안에서 차별성을 보이는 것은 정규직 노동자들의 의식의 양면성을 표현하는 것이며, 물질적 이해관계에 기초한 개인적 수준의 합리성과 계급적 원칙에 기초한 계급적 수준의 합리성이 갈등하고 있는 것이다. 넷째, 정규직 노동자들의 주관성 속에서 개인적 합리성과 계급적 합리성이 갈등하는 정도는 노동조합 가입 여부 및 소속 노동조합의 정체성, 즉 이익집단 정체성 혹은 계급조직 정체성에 의해 결정된다. 여기에 계급조직 정체성을 지닌 민주노조들이 노동계급 계급균열을 극복하고 계급형성을 이루는데 기여할 수 있다는 실천적 함의가 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.22 no.4 s.58
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• pp.173-195
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to clarify whether readability formulas based on linguistic factors are suitable for secondary and older primary age texts. A comparison among fomulas for primary age texts, some for both primary and secondary age, and some for secondary age revealed that exclusive ones for narrow age range were more effective. A model estimating readability scores from the average number of sentences in paragraphs or a model with two factors, the average number of sentences and paragraphs in texts was found to be good one for secondary age. While a model based on total number of unique syllables or a model from total number of unique syllables and new syllable occurrence ratio was good for primary age.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.181-204
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends of the Korean income packaging, poverty rate, and level of income inequality from 1996 to 2002. In order to do that, this study used the micro-data of "Income and Expenditure Survey of Urban Households" by the National Statistical Office(NSO). Major results were as follows: (1) A ratio of public transfer in family income packaging increased at the DJ administration. (2) Poverty rate and Gini coefficient, which were 7.8% and 0.29 in 1996, rose to $8.8{\sim}10.4%$ and $0.30{\sim}0.34$ respectively during the year of 1998-2002. (3) However, poverty reduction effect and income inequality reduction effect of public income transfer increased preferably at the DJ administration. Those effects increased more since the enactment of National Basic Livelihood Security in 2000. Therefore, government should provide more national welfare programs to reduce the poverty rate and to improve better structure of income distribution.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.27-39
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• 1999

This study examined the relative importance and the most preferred level of factors which were identified through the readability researchs. For this. subjects were given a text constructed in usual letter width with square form letter or non-square form and then. ranked the preference between the text factors. In experiment 1 where a text was printed in square letters. letter size was rated as the most important factor followed by line spacing letter width, line length, letter spacing, line justification, and letter form. But when non-square letters were used in experiment 2. the second most important factor was the letter spacing although letter size still topped the list. These findings indicate the differences in letter designing principles for various types and the unfamiliarity to non-square letter forms for general public. Unlike inYi and Jin(1998) where letter width turned out to be the most sensitive factor, the highest priority should be given to letter size when publishing with usual letter width.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.53-78
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to understand the context of happiness that low-income households have experienced. To achieve this purpose, this study used qualitative panel data collected from in-depth interviews and analysed the data through an inductive approach. Specifically, a researcher analysed the context of individual cases, and visualized the contexts comprised of phenomenon and participants' experiences. The researcher, also, comprised the integrated context by continuous individual and complicated analysis. As results, the researcher found that the level of happiness that low-income households have experienced was more directly related with subjective experiences than objective status. In addition, the participants' subjective experiences were comprised of very complicated components of experience, and the level of happiness could differ depending on how individuals perceived positive experiences and negative ones. Based on these findings, researcher proposed the guidelines for social welfare policy and practice to improve the level of low-income households' happiness.