• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to compare the division of housework of urban couples in Korea and Japan. The data for 214 Korean couples living in Seoul and 162 Japanese couples in Tokyo were collected using structured questionnaires and time diaries. The division of housework were analyzed according to employed status of wives. The results were as follows; Generally Koreans and Japanese had similar patterns in the division of housework between husbands and wives. Husbands of full-time employed wives spent more time on housework than husbands of part-time employed wives and full-time wives. But the division of housework between spouse of part-time employed wives in Japan was a little different from that of Korean partners. Especially the husbands of full-time employed wives in Japan do housework the most among all types of husbands.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.210-217
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• 2020

This paper analyzes the factors influencing the childbirth intention of married women with the goal of analyzing whether times of spouses' housework, marital satisfaction, values of children and traditional gender role, and social services related to the reduction of low fertility contribute to women's intention to give birth. The respondents of the research were 1,000 married women, and the research was conducted with 482 women of childbirth intention. The findings are as follows. Age of sociodemographic factors has an influence on the childbirth intention. Related to family's character, factors influencing childbirth intention are number of children, times of spouses' housework, and marital satisfaction. In addition, emotional and instrumental values of children, number of recognized public services for reduction of low fertility. In other words, the more women share housework with spouses and satisfy their marital life, the more childbirth intention of women is increased. In order to improve childbirth intention, changes of perception of gender role and sharing housework, reinforcement of social system for work and family compatibility that convert changes of perception into action, advanced marital relationship programs, extensive support for subfertility and a huge build-up of social services related to reduction of low fertility need to be provided.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.361-374
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• 2015

This study explores the relationships between the division of housework, perceived marital fairness, communication, and marital satisfaction in elderly households. Although the marital relationship is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life, few studies have focused on marital quality, particularly in the context of older adults. Data were obtained from the 2nd National Korean Family Survey in 2010. The results based on a total of 410 elderly households with couples aged 60 and over indicate significant differences in housework participation between men and women. Women were responsible for most of the housework. According to the regression analysis, the division of housework, perceived marital fairness, and communication independently predicted marital satisfaction, but there were no significant relationships between sociodemographic factors and marital satisfaction. There were significant interactions between the division of housework, perceived marital fairness, and marital satisfaction through communication as a moderator of effects of the division of housework and perceived marital fairness on marital satisfaction. The higher the satisfaction with communication, the stronger the relationship between marital satisfaction and satisfaction with the division of housework was. On the other hand, the lower the satisfaction with communication, the greater the effect of perceived marital fairness on marital satisfaction was. These results suggest that the way in which elderly couples perceive their marital relationships and the level of their satisfaction in interacting with each other play important roles in enhancing their marital quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.183-196
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• 1986

This study was designed to be link in the chain of the investigation on daily life and consciousness of longevous people in Korea, and to investigate the social life and daily life habit in the past of longevous people. The social life and daily life habit were surveyed on 379 subjects (male 121, female 258) of the aged who were above 80 years of age, from June to November in 1985. 1. 'Generally regular' in the rising time and bedtime between 40 and 60 years of longevous people had the highest figures of 81.8% and 63.1%, respectively. The longevous peoples of 59.4% got up by before 6 a.m., and 61.3% of these aged went to bed from 9 to 11 p.m. But there was no significant difference between male and female. 2. Of the occupation engaged in the longest term of longevous people, the self-management (86.3%) included farming, fishing and household affairs was the highest, whereas administrative position, small-scale management and white-collar worker were only 0.8%, 0.8% and 1.8%, respectively. Therefore, their work involved mainly physical labor (heavy 48.5%, light 47.2%), and mental work was only 2.8% of longevous people. It is believed that this fact was deeply related to the educational degree of them. 3. The longevous people of 58.3% retired from the occupation and household affairs abover 70 years of age, and especially 24.3% of them is including the aged above 80 years of age. 4. The longevous people of 57.2% were shared the role in the home after retirement from the occupation and household affairs, whereas 35.9% of them didn't share. Of the way in killing time in case having no role in the home, 'at home'(50.0%) was the highest, and decreased in the order of 'old people's home' (30.9%), 'ill in bed' (10.3%) and 'asylum for the aged' (8.8%). 5. The acquaintance frequency before retirement from the occupation and household affairs of longevous people showed in the order of 'wide' (38.5%), 'common' (38.0%) and 'narrow' (19.0%), and 56.5% of them had the acquaintance after retirement. 6. Only the longevous people of 38.5% had the hobby and recreation activities of 'more than once' after retirement from the occupation and household affairs, but 53.0% of them was none. Of the kinds of hobby and/or recreation, 'TV-watching' (79.2%) was the highest, and decreased in the order of 'talking with grandchild' (54.2 %), 'working at home' (35.4%), 'religion' (25.0%) and 'chess etc.' (18.1%).

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.5-44
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• 1996

Wornen's lahor market participation as well as the policy concern for wider utilization of married women, have continuously grown up. However, research efforts on the determinants of women's labor market participation, in the context of the relationship hetween life courses and active entry into lahor market, has been far behind the growing interest in this field. This study has conducted an event histoiry analysis of women's labor market transition utilizing personal occupational history data collected by the Korea Institute for Women's Development in 1991. The analysis is divided into tow parts: First part introduces logit regression to analyze the determinants of women's labor market participation and exit. The second part employs Cox regression to see the variation of transition rate between employment and non-employment. The result shows that there is a wide variation in women's labor market participation according to age, cohort, and family formation. Special note is needed for the significantly negative effect of marriage and child birth on labor market participation. The transition pattern of lower class women with less education fits well to the prediction of neo-classical economics; but the tendency of highly educated women's regression to non-employment reveals the strong influence of the unfavorable labor market structure, which can be better explained by the neo-structuralist perspective. There is a strong trade-off between productive and reproductive labor of women, which can only be corrected by strong policy implementation, such as extended child care facilities, abolition of discriminatory employment practices, and expansion of flexible part-time employment.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.52
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• pp.201-221
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• 2003

This paper aims to examine whether there are significant differences in various aspects of a household's arrangements by type of employment of married woman; 1) the extent of the division of labor, 2) the authority of decision making, and 3) financial and expenditure responsibilities. It also investigates the determinants of gender equality in the family. Based on data collected in the fall of 2002 from a representative sample of the Korean population, this study finds that nonstandard employment of married woman including temporary work and daily basis work does not contribute to gender equality within the household, although most of nonstandard employees are full-time workers. However, standard employment of married woman contribute to gender equality in the family. The results of this study show that husbands whose wives are standard-employed are more likely to take part in housework chores that are female-dominated, and standardly employed wives are more likely than non-standardly employed or housewives to take part in the household's financial and expenditure responsibilities. Standardly employed wives also have more power in decision making process within households. On the contrary, non-standardly employed wives gain no advantage over housewives within their families, due to lack of bargaining resources that enable them to affect the household's arrangements. Thus, they have confronted additional burdens, which stem from carrying the dual role of doing house work as well as paid work. Such increasing work-family conflict may bring about disruption of family. Therefore, this study maintains that it is high time that government-level efforts should be made in order to improve the status of irregularly employed wives in the workplace.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.55-73
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• 2008

This research explores the relationship between gender equity within family and second birth in Korea. For a factor analysis on the intention of having additional children for women with one child, I have used the data from the 2005 National Survey on Marriage and Fertility Trend" of the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Among 516 samples(year of 20-44), women planning to have second birth are 54.7%, and others have answered that they have no intention to have second birth. As a result, main causes affecting progressing to second birth seemed to be family planning on family cycle, such as controlling age gaps between first and second child, composing children genders as they wish etc. The variable of "gender equity between couples" in progressing to second birth are of significant only with married working women group. In case of married working women, more the husband's houseworking hours increase, the more prone to progress to second birth. However, in case of housewives, gender equity level, such as husband's housework hours or share of housework are not of significant influence in progressing to second birth. Not only working mothers but also housewives need the realization of gender equity within the family and the expansion of social support system for work-family life balance.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.223-231
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• 1998

결혼한 여성의 우울과 관련된 주 요인의 하나는 그들의 다양한 역할이 정신적인 건강에 부정적인 영향을 심리적으로 미친다고 발표되어 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 한국 이민 주부에 대한 이러한 영역에서의 연구가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 중서부의 주요 도시인 시키고의 도심지에 위치한 11곳의 한국인 교회에서 편의 표출 방법으로 다음과 같은 기준에 맞는 대상자를 선택하였다. 나이는 25-55세 사이, 결혼하여 남편과 함께 살고 있으며, 매주 20시간 이상씩 일하고 있는 여성 등의 기준을 충족시키는 응답자의 수는 282명이었다 대상자들에게는 5가지의 설문 즉 인구통계학적, 우울에 대한 역학 연구, 성 역할 지향성의 지수, 역할 분담 및 대처 전략 등에 관한 질문이었다. 중다회귀분석 (Multiple Regression Analysis)에서 통계학적으로 유의한 관계를 보인 것은 다음과 같았다. 주부의 자녀가 적을수록 우울의 수준은 높았고, 가족의 수입이 많을수록 우울의 수준은 낮았으며, 주부가 일하는 것이 경제적 필요를 충족시키기 위함이라고 스스로 지각(주부들은 일하는 역할이 합법적으로 판단되어지기를 원했고 또 지각했는데 이와 대조하여 일의 역할을 비합법적으로 지각하는 것)할수록 우울의 수준은 더 높았다. 비록 일하는 것이 저녁 늦게 자고 아침 일찍 일어남을 의미할지라도 모든 가사를 완수하기 위하여 열심히 일한다고 하면 할수록 우울의 수준은 더 높았다. 주부가 일의 역할을 합법적으로 지각하면 할수록 남편과 다른 가족의 구성원들에게 도움을 요청하거나 도움을 받는 것을 원하지 않았으며, 일을 더 열심히 하기 위해 대처전략과 우선순위(주부가 일을 전혀 완수 할 수 없을지라도 가정의 어떤 일이 중요하고 어느 것이 두 번째로 중요한지를 결정하는)를 더 잘 설정하고 더 잘 수용하는 것 같았다. 식품 등을 쇼핑하는데에 많은 시간을 소모할수록 우울의 수준은 더 높았다. 이 자료는 스트레스와 대처이론을 지지하고 있다.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.343-356
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• 2020

This paper examines the associations of having a helper for domestic work or childcare and time spent on it by couples in South Korea. We use five waves of panel survey data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF), which allows longitudinal changes within couples over time that account for potential selection effects and unobserved heterogeneity among individuals. With fixed effects, we find outsourcing is associated with a decrease in wife's time spent on domestic work or childcare by 1 hour per week. However, the decrease is concentrated on the unemployed wife's time, but not employed wife's time. In addition, outsourcing is not a significant factor for husband's time and the husband's share of total contribution. This may be because wives are the main provider of domestic work and childcare in Korea regardless of employment status or having any helper. Due to unequal contributions between husband and wife, using outsourcing also neither alleviates the employed wife's contribution nor changes the husband's contribution. However, the results may be underestimated because there are more common and diverse types of outsourcing in a broad sense, such as going out for dinner, buying prepared food, and using dry cleaning services. We expect future studies to consider more broad types of outsourcing and examine how relations with the couple's time use at home are different by type.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.115-135
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the complementary gender division of housework in the Yangban ruling class of the Choson period. During the Choson period, genders were distinctly divided. It was generally regarded that women had to stay indoors and take care of household matters, while men, on the other hand, did not need to be concerned with housework because of the Confucian practice of "Naeoe". But homes in traditional society were considered as being at the center of production, so the study explores if women and men complemented each other through reviewed literature. As the results indicate, women and men in the Choson period complemented each other in some housework, even in the Yangban ruling class who maintained their authority by following the Confucian practice. From the findings, it can be concluded that the complementary relations between women and men in the Choson period should be emphasized as the origin of shared housework.