This paper presents the cutting simulation system for prediction and regulation of cutting force in CNC machining. The cutting simulation system includes geometric model, cutting force model, and off-line fred rate scheduling model. ME Z-map(Moving Edge node Z-map) is constructed for cutting configuration calculation. The cutting force models using cutting-condition-independent coefficients are developed for flat-end milling and ball-end milling. The off-line feed rate scheduling model is derived from the developed cutting force model. The scheduled feed rates are automatically added to a given set of NC code, which regulates the maximum resultant cutting force to the reference force preset by an operator. The cutting simulation system can be used as an effective tool for improvement of productivity in CNC machining.

The diagnosis of faults of machine tool, which is controlled by CNC and PLC, is generally based on ladder diagram of PLC. Because sequential controls for CNC and servo motor are mostly processed in PLC. However, when fault is occurred, a searching for logical relation to fault reasons is required a lot of fault experiences and times, because PLC program has step structure. In this paper, FDS(Fault Diagnosis System) is developed and implemented to machine tool with open architecture controller in order to find the reason of fault lastly and correctly. The diagnosed reasons for fault are tele-serviced on web through developed RSS(Remote Service System). The operationability and usefulness of developed system are evaluated on specially manufactured machine tool with open architecture CNC. The results of this research can be the model of remote monitoring and fault diagnosis system of machine tool with open architecture CNC.

This paper presents the thermal characteristic analysis of a high-speed HMC with spindle speed of 50,000rpm. The spindle is supported by two radial and axial magnetic bearings. and the built-in motor is located between the axial and rear radial magnetic bearings. The X-axis and Y-axis feeding systems are composed of linear motor and linear motion guides, and the Z-axis feeding system is composed of servo-motor, ballscrew and linear motion guide. The thermal analysis model of high-speed HMC is constructed by the finite element method, and the thermal characteristics in the design stage are estimated based on the temperature distribution and thermal deformation under the conditions related to the heat generation of built-in motor, magnetic bearings, linear motors, servo-motor, ballscrew, and so on.

The high speed machining center(HMC) has been widely applied to manufacture a die and trial product in many machine industry. Because the evaluation fer the HMC is not sufficiently performed and the efficient cutting conditions aren't selected, a great loss has been caused in the cost aspect. In this study, the need of preliminary running time and unstable spindle speed is presented from the analysis of acceleration in idling. The Machinability fur the TiAlN coated flat end mill and STD11( $H_{R}$C60) is evaluated from the trends of tool wear and cutting force according to cutting conditions and slenderness ratio and a low response of tool dynamometer in high speed is proved. The resonance spindle speed is identified through the tool wear and natural frequency test.t.

The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of clearance angle on cutting performance in high speed endmilling. The tool geometry parameters and cutting process have complex relationship. In order to explain the effect of clearance angle and exist the optimal clearance angle according to the diameter, Using various tool with different clearance angle, numerous cutting tests (cutting force, surface accuracy, too life) was undertaken to show the relationship between clearance angle and cutting process.

본 연구는 초고속 지능형 라인센터 개발에 관한 것으로서 1 차 년도 볼 스크류 방식의 시험모델에 대한 종합 검토 결과를 바탕으로 2 차 연도에는 리니어 모터를 채택한 라인센터의 시제품 설계에 있어서 고속화를 위한 방안을 모색하고 컴팩트한 경량의 구조를 지향하는 라인 센터 구조물을 설계하였고, 3 차 년도에는 라인센터의 제작 및 종합적인 시험 평가를 통하여 상품화 모델을 정립하고자 하였다.

High-speed movement and high-precision machining are the two most important requirements of present machine tool structures to reduce machining time and to increase the precision of products in various industrial fields such as semiconductor, automobile, and mold fabrication. The high speed operation of machine tools tue usually restricted not only by the low stiffness but also by the low damping of machine tool structures, which induces vibration during high speed machining. If the damping of machine tool structures is low, self induced or regenerative vibrations are bound to occur at high speed operation because the natural frequencies of machine tool structures can not be increased indefinitely. Therefore, the high damping capacity of a machine tool structure is an important factor for high speed machine tool structures. Polymer concrete has high potential for machine tool bed due to its good damping characteristics. In this study, a polymer concrete bed combined with welded steel structure i.e., a hybrid structure was desisted and manufactured for a high-speed gantry-type milling machine through static and dynamic analyses using finite element method. Then the dynamic characteristics were tested experimentally.

This study has been focused on the development of an open architecture CNC system and integration of core application technology for machine tool such as a remote monitoring/diagnosis system, NURBS interpolation, and cutting process simulation. To do this, we have developed a comprehensive CNC software including the basic HMI, screen editor, ASF, and visual builder. As a control hardware system for machine tool, the universal I/O module and CNC main unit have been developed. Then the remote monitoring/diagnosis system and NURBS interpolation have been implemented in the CNC software. The cutting simulation software will be used for enhancing the productivity of machine tools. Through a simulator and test bed, the whole technology has been verified.

In this paper, multiphase optimization of machine Tool structure is presented. The final goal is to obtain 1) light weight, 2) statically and dynamically rigid. and 3) thermally stable structure. The entire optimization process is carried out in three phases. In the first phase, multiple static optimization problem with two objective functions is treated using Pareto genetic algorithm. where two objective functions are weight of the structure and static compliance. In the second phase, maximum receptance is minimized using simple genetic algorithm. And the last phase, thermal deflection to moving heat sources is analyzed using Predictor-Corrector Method. The method is applied to a high speed line center design which takes the shape of back-column structure.

In other to evaluate the static and dynamic stiffness of machine tool structure, the accuracy and error from experimental methods are studied in this paper. The F.E.M., impulse tests and exciter tests are performed for the general simple structure whose exact solution can be obtained. So that the parameter and dynamic compliance can be got. From the result, the variation of natural frequency can be verified from the static preload. Further more the relationship of identify and difference for compliance and direction is presented in the exciting direction and measurement direction.

This paper deals with an implementation of NUBS interpolator and presents the process of its integration into PC-NC. For more accurate feed, NURBS algorithm is improved. Also, Evaluation of real time NURBS interpolator is provided to verify fred accuracy and geometrical accuracy of NURBS curve. NURBS machining of fee surface is simulated on the real time NC simulator so that machining time is compared to that of linear path machining.

The high precision spindle is essential fer mass and low cost production of aspherical glass lens. Especially, in the grinding process of micro glass lens the performance of the spindle determine the machined surface quality. For the aspheric micro glass lens grinding, we design and make a high precision spindle. We use air bearings for high speed and low motion errors of the spindle. And the driving mechanism is an air turbine to remove heat generation. In this study, we make basic performance requirements of the spindle through benchmarking. And we confirm the requirements by basic machining test. We test air consumption, static stiffness, run-out and vibration of the spindle.

In this study, It was designed and developed optimal rotary dressing system of centerless grinding using for ferrule machining. Dressing shaft's dropping is calculated by Finite Element Method, and bearing 7206ADB, 7005ADB is selected. Dressing wheel $GC\Box \;200\Box\; G\Box\; m\Box\; V-100^*25^*16$ is selected by pre-research. Also Motor, pulley, belt are selected, 0.4Kw-60Hz, 48.2 mm diameter, 2-5M-730 type, each.

In order to practicalize high precision centerless grinder for machining the ferrule, its feeding system is designed and tested. For satisfying the desired diametric tolerance and cylindricity of the ferrule, the feeding system is designed to have relatively high axial stiffness of 600 N/$\mu\textrm{m}$, high angular motion accuracy of 0.5 arcsec/mm in yaw direction and minimum resolution of 0.05 $\mu\textrm{m}$. A prototype of feeding system is built up with hydrostatic guideway and ballscrew. A linear scale with 0.05 $\mu\textrm{m}$ of resolution is used for position feedback. Experimental results show that the feeding system has the infinity of axial stiffness within the range of 1000 N and 0.3 arcsec/mm of yawing error. Also the feeding system shows obvious step response against 0.05 $\mu\textrm{m}$/step command without the lost motion or backlash. Although the vertical stiffness is reduced to 440 N/$\mu\textrm{m}$ by the elastic deformation of rail, it is good enough to use for machining the ferrule. From above, it is confirmed that the feeding system is applicable to centerless grinder for machining the ferrule.

Using zirconium ceramics makes the ferrule, which is the part of optical communications. The quality of optical communications is directly affected by the concentricity of the optic ferrule. The products of optic ferrule should be meet the following general conditions which are the outer diameter of 2.5mm and the inner diameter of 0.125mm, and high quality conditions which are the concentricity of 0.1~$0.3\mu\textrm{m}$, the form accuracy of $0.2\mu\textrm{m}$, the roundness and the cylindricity of $0.1\mu\textrm{m}$ and the surface roughness of 10nm. Generally, the diamond wheel is used for the high efficiency and precision grinding of the materials. It is good for keeping the shape as it has little wear. Because of the loading phenomena, however, it is difficult to keep the fresh surface of the wheel. In grinding process, grinding fragments resemble fine powders rather than chips. It can easily get attached to the wheel surface and thus cause a loading. The loading takes place, in which the impurities stick to the wheel surface, and the grinding characteristics of wheel is deteriorated. To prevent all of these, a suitable dressing method should be used for the wheel. In this research, the dressing system fur co-axial grinding machine was designed and produced for the machining of ferrule, which is a high performance part. The performance of the developed dressing system was evaluated by measuring the form accuracy of ferrule, which is machined by the dressed wheel in developed dressing system.

Ultra-Precision CNC polishing system including on-machine measurement system, a corrective polishing algorithm is developed. The unit removal profiles for various polishing tools and analyzed and tested and dwell time distributions and residual errors for a target removal shape are calculated. The corrective polishing algorithm is tested with various workpieces. This result will be used for the software development of the CNC polishing system.

With the increasing market dynamics, the concept of agile manufacturing system gets more and more attention. For a manufacturing system to be agile, the supply chain should also have sufficient agility. However, most of the supply chain design methods are based on the human experience or trial-and-errors. In this paper, a systematic methodology is proposed. It takes into account the agility of supply chain, the behavior of which is represented as a beam model in mechanics, composed of supplier, transporter, manufacturer, distributor, and customer.

Until recently, there have been fundamental changes in many fields of industries. Especially, the mass-production is being changed into mass-customization. In order to construct a 3D e-catalog system far the utilization of mass-customization, there are several matters to consider. Setting realistic 3D image should be effective fur providing the customers with the product information with reality and raising their interest. This study explains the whole process to convert CAD data formed from the production activities into VRML data used in virtual reality environment. Examples are given and discussed to validate the proposed activity.

As the use of Internet being generalized, ordering system can be easily achieved on the Web so that the direct sailing system is replaced the various types of Built-To-Order system. It is important to give the up-to-date information to the end-user in order to build the Built-To-Order system. Recently, the way of providing information is updating the product related information continuously. In this study, we provide the method that can be streamlined Product Data Management System which manages a creation and update for product information into the direct BTO system in order to achieve the newest information. This methodology is not only transferring the information but also processing the information in an appropriate form. So this paper is going to cover the various point of view of information processing.

The manufacturing paradigm has shifted dramatically over the past decade from “push” or mass production mode to “pull” or customer-driven, order-based manufacturing mode, as multitudes of customers now demand mass customization of configurable products. As a means to achieve such rapidly responsive manufacturing system, Advanced Planning System (APS) has become an essential software tool for achieving modern “build-to-order” and “configure-to-order” manufacturing environment. APS enables manufacturers to respond to variety of customer demands In real time by instantly configuring manufacturing processes based on specifications described in each purchase orders and providing capable-to-promise information directly to customer by performing rapid “what-if” manufacturing simulated scenarios. This paper discusses the working of such system as well as the business processes that incorporate such systems to enable efficient “build-to-order” environment.

An e-catalog system provides whole product data and services by publishing newly updated information that connects PDM systems in an enterprise. With its capability to connect customers, suppliers, producers, distributors and downstream manufacturing activities, the e-catalog system can be applied to integrate e-business and provide immense business opportunities. In this paper we propose a framework focusing on constructing an efficient e-catalog system that can be used for online mass customization. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated with experimental results.

Leading companies have embraced the new economy with new and innovative BTO models. Instead of conventional company-oriented manufacturing scheduling, customer-oriented scheduling method attracts more and more attention. To evaluate the delivery of customer order in advance, the real production capacity as well as procurement lead time should be taken into account. This paper describes a quasi-real-time order delivery estimation system using TOC(Theory of Constraints) based scheduling method.

In the recent manufacturing industry almost all sorts of activities tends to be digitized and networked to enhance the comprehensive efficiency of the enterprise. In that sense, enterprise informatization system as well as product information sharing system plays an important role, and those application systems are to be integrated in a smooth manner. In this paper, a prototype of an web-based product information sharing system is developed, which integrates information on technical documentation and parts information together. The prototype also integrates information on the implementation strategies for the enterprise informatization.

We propose and fabricate a vertically integrated waveguide thermo-optic switch. It controls the optical path between two vertically stacked waveguide. As a first step, we fabricate polymeric waveguides. The measured propagation loss is ranged from 0.3 db/cm to 0.4 dB/cm at the wavelength of 1.55 $\mu\textrm{m}$. We fabricate the proposed vertically integrated waveguide thermo-optic switch to demonstrate its preliminary feasibility. The measured crosstalk is better than -10 db. The power consumption is about 500 mW. Further effort is necessary to improve its performance.

The purpose of this paper is to design a pick-up for the small form factor optical disk drive and to fabricate a micro-compensatory lens for the pick-up using the micro-compression molding process. At design stage, the optical elements including the objective lens and the compensatory lens are miniaturized. The height of pick-up and free working distance are designed as 2mm and 0.2% respectively. To analyze the fabricated micro-compensatory lens, the system was analyzed using the surface profile of the fabricated micro-compensatory lens and CODE V which is commercial software. The RMS wave front aberration of the system using fabricated micro-compensatory lens is 0.01677λ which is lower than Marechal's criterion, 0.07λ.

Collimators were mostly produced by handwork and semi-automatic system in some companies. Under this situation, automatic manufacturing system for optical collimators is on the rise most essential technique in the development of optical communication components. In this study, automatic manufacturing system was designed and constructed to develop optical collimators with high functionality. Also optical collimators were manufactured using a developed automatic system. We have compared collimators made by automatic system and handwork fer performance test with a measured values of angle alignment, beam size and TIL. As a result, it brought a reduction of the tact time fur manufacturing and improvement of an efficiency of optical collimators, and then it was found that automatic system was indispensable for materialization of optical collimators with high functionality.

In order to set up the design rule of micro optical bench, optical coupling efficiencies of two sets of test benches are calculated. Simple linear connections of incoming and outgoing optical fibers with and without ball lenses are designed. Positional errors that are possible in actual fabrication processes are considered in the calculations and their tolerances are determined from 3dB conditions. For a simple fiber-to-fiber connection, the working distance is limited to $2.7\mu\textrm{m}$ and tilt error $5.8^{\circ}$. When ball lenses are located in front of each fiber, the working distance can be extended over $60\mu\textrm{m}$ , but the positional errors have the strong interaction among position parameters and thus should be considered simultaneously for tolerance design.

Three Dimensional measuring system using optical interference is greatly needed for semiconductor surface or optical surface. The application of this system are : MEMS product, semiconductor surfaces, optical components, precise machined surface, etc. In this paper, Interferometry based measurement system is introduced, which is nondestructive and noncontact inspection system. This system have relatively many advantage, compared with AFM/STM, SEM, Stylus, etc. The developed system can measure the surface topography with high precision and resolution, and with few seconds. And the associated software algorithm is also developed for the ultra precision 3D measuring surface. Various samples that is measured using this system is showed in the latter of this paper.

Optical collimating lenses are play a role as maintenance parallel light and as a kind of optical collimating lens, there is Ball lenses, GRIN-rod lenses, spherical lenses and aspherical lenses etc. but recently GRIN lens has monopolized a market. The performance of optical collimator depended on the coupling efficiency. In this paper, we were compared and analyzed to be measured values of coupling efficiency with respect to optical working distance using GRIN rod lenses and spherical lenses. In the case of GRIN lenses with a beam size of 420 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, the minimum coupling efficiency was obtained to a measured value of 0.15 ㏈ and in the case of spherical lenses was obtained to a measured value of 0.12 ㏈ on the same condition. In results, we found that a performance of spherical lenses be better as compared with a that of GRIN lens.

The main objectives in the first year include selection of the MEMS bonding methods and feasibility study of selected methods. The ultrasonic bonding method is chosen for MEMS packaging, and the processes to provide localized heating are proposed. The ultrasonic bonding process is analyzed using a lumped model. Preliminary experiments using the eutectic solder and copper pin were performed to verify possibility to MEMS packaging. The preliminary results show possibility of the ultrasonic bonding method for MEMS packaging.

Computer code was developed to design waveguide gratings based on coupled-mode equations and the transfer matrix formalism. The experimental set-up has been constructed for inscribing Bragg gratings in planar waveguides with a phase mask and uv laser beam, which enables alignment and packaging of grating devices as well as in-situ performance measurements. Bragg grating has been fabricated on silica planar waveguides with 0.75% Germanium concentration and its transmittance spectrum was measured to have 95% reflectance at the peak wavelength. Optical losses as the function of the misalignment were measured and their usage is described.

A light guide panel is an element of the LCD backlight module that is often used for the display of compact electronic devices. In this study, a laser marking system is proposed to fabricate light guide panel, which can be replaced of other manufacturing methods such as silk printing, stamping, and v-cutting methods. The objectives of this research are the establishment of laser marking system, evaluation of laser marking parameters, understanding marking process, application to PMMA, reliability test and quality inspection. A 50W $CO_2$ laser (CW) was used to perform different experiments in which, the influence of some processing parameters (average power, scanning speed) on the geometry and quality of groove pattern was studied. The width of the etched grooves increases with increasing a laser power and decreasing a scan speed. In order to analyze surface characteristics and optical properties (luminance, uniformity), SEM photography and BM7 (luminance measuring system) were used. As a result, the optimal conditions of the process parameters were determined.

In this paper a mathematical model, the results of computer simulation and exprimental investigations of electrochemical machining with a too-electrode are presented. The experimental investigations were carried out in order to evaluate the influence of working voltage, initial interelectrode gap size, and metal remove rate. Accuracy of computer simulation evaluated by differences between results of experimental test and computer simulation depends on electrochemical machining coefficient, total overpotential of electrode process, current density, electrical conductivity of electrolyte, and etc. Metal removal rate would be predicted by the simulation of ECM process.

This paper has studied to obtain the grinding characteristics and optimal grinding conditions of ceramics in the grinding with diamond wheel by Taguchi method. Feed rate was most important factor to the surface roughness. In the case of 4{Si_3}{N_4}$ and ${A1_2}{O_3}$, surface roughness value were small at 3m/min of feed rate. In the case of $ZrO_2$. surface roughness value was small at 4m/min of feed rate. Surface roughness have much influenced by major load for the :ii3N4 and $ZrO_2$. On the other hand, ${A1_2}{O_3}$ have more influenced by grain shedding of brittle fracture phenomenon. The major factors affecting the surface roughness and the optimum grinding conditions were obtained with minimum experiment using Taguchi method.

Micro via hole Fabrication is studied by means of minimizing method to circuit size as many electric products developed to portable and minimize. Most of currently micro via hole fabrication using laser is that fabricate insulator layer using CO2 Laser after Cu layer by etching, or fabricate insulator layer using IR after trepanning Cu by UV. In this paper, it was performed that a metal layer and insulator layer were worked upon only one UV laser, and increase to processing speed by experiment.

The general dicing process cuts a semiconductor wafer to lengthwise and crosswise direction by using a rotating circular diamond blade. But inferior goods are made under the influence of several parameters in dicing process such as blade, wafer, cutting water and cutting conditions. Moreover we can not applicable this dicing method to GaN wafer, because the GaN wafer is harder than the other wafer such as SiO$_2$, GaAs, CaAsP, and AlCaAs. In order to overcome this problem, development of a new dicing process and determination of dicing parameters are necessary. This paper describes determination of several parameters - scribing depth, scribing force, scriber inclined angle, scribing speed, and factor for scriber replacement - for a new dicing machine using scriber.

A neural network model for predicting the quality or soundness of the injected plastic aspherical lens based on process parameters has been developed. The approach uses a Real Time Recurrent Neural Network 4-5-2 (RTRN) trained based on input/output data that were taken from FE analysis worts carried out through a CAE software. The system has been developed to search an optimum set of process parameters and reduce the time required for planning the conditions of plastic injection molding at the design stage.

High speed machining is one of the most effective technologies to improve productivity. It can give great advantage for manufacture of die and Moulds. However, when machining of micro groove in high speed machining a severely thermal damage was generated on workpiece and cutting tool. Generally, the cutting fluid is used to improve penetration. lubrication. and cooling effect. In order to rise the performance of lubrication. it contains extreme pressure agents (Cl, S, P). But the environment of work room go bad by those additive. Therefore, the compressed chilly air with oil mist system was developed to replace the conventional cutting fluid system. This paper carried out the tests to evaluate the machinability by the cutting environment in high speed micro groove machining of NAK80 (HrC40). Compressed chilly air with oil mist was ejected on the contact area between cutting edge and workpiece. The effect of this developed compressed chilly air with oil mist system was evaluated in terms of tool life. The results showed that the tool lift of carbide tool coated TiAlN with compressed chilly air mist cooling was much longer than that of the dry and flood coolant when cutting the material.

All types of VLM-s process include the linear heat cutting of EPS foam to generate a layer with 3D shape. The dimensional accuracy and part quality of the cut part are dependent on the thermal characteristics in the EPS foam. The thermal characteristics are determined by operating parameters such as an effective heat input and cutting angle. The objective of this study is to investigate into the influence of cutting angle on the kerfwidth and the melted length of the cut part using the numerical analysis and the experiments in generally sloped cutting with two cutting angles. In order to estimate an accurate temperature field, the transient thermal analysis using moving coordinate system, the fully conformed mesh and the heat flux model with two cutting angles is carried out. From the results of the analysis and the experiments, it has been found that the influence of the rotational angle about x-axis in which the rotational axis is normal with hotwire cutting direction is appreciably negligible in comparison with that of the rotational angle about y-axis.

In these day, fabrication technologies for micro parts become more important with the increase of interest on microsystem and developed through the various approaches in the whole world. Among these technologies; micro mechanical machining is one of the most effective methods for the fabrication of micro parts. In this study, we fabricated micro shafts using micro endmill and micromachining system and measured the cutting force at the process. Also, Based on the data, we simulated the deformation of micro shafts due to the cutting force. Through the simulation results, it was verified that the cutting force at the process is enough to cause dimensional error at the micro shafts.

An abrasive vitreous bonded solid mass having a vitrified abrasive structure comprising diamond grains which are held by an in inorganic bonding agent, the vitrified diamond wheel is impregnated with a composition which comprises a thermosetting synthetic resin and a surfactant. The vitrified diamond wheel is manufactured by preparing the composition including the resin and the surfactant, impregnating the abrasive structure with the composition, and curing the composition. The diamond wheel newly developed showed excellent performance in grinding carbide.

Recently, micro-nano system is fabricated by photolithograph method. This method can not have mass production, so this method wastes time and human effort. accordingly, the aim of this paper is to research on injection molding of micro-nano system. For injection molding process, development of micro-nano mold is required. Mold for injection mold process is maintained its shape in high pressure and temperature. So in this paper, we studied the simulation of mold fur injection molding and then we consider a result of injection molding simulation.

In this study, the casting/forging process was applied to the Shift-Fork, a manual transmission part of automobiles. In the casting experiments, the effects of additives, Sr, Ti＋B and Mg, on the mechanical properties and the microstructure of a cast preform were investigated. When 0.03% Sr were added into the molten aluminum alloy, the finest silicon-structure was observed in the cast preform and the highest tensile strength and elongation accomplished. And when 0.2% Ti＋B were added into the molten Al-Si alloy, the highest values of tensile strength were obtained. The maximum hardness was in case of 0.2% Mg. In the forging experiment, it was confirmed that the optimal configuration of the cast preform could be predicted by FE analysis. To minimize the cost as the press size, the compact shape of preform was proposed to reduce the volume of flash. The modification of shape in designing preform was performed to attain a satisfactory performance in the areas where the mechanical strength were more required. By using FVM(Finite Volume Method) software, it was verified that a proposed casting design was available. To identify the relationship between effective strain and mechanical properties of the final forged product, the compression test was performed. As the result, the tensile strength and elongation of a cast preform were much higher than before forging. The minimum forging temperature was found 40$0^{\circ}C$ to save heating time.

An internal finishing process by the application of magnetic abrasive machining has been developed as a new technology to obtain a fine inner surface of pipe. In this paper, a slurry circulation system was designed and manufactured. Its finishing characteristics was experimently investigated by various effective factors such as dry, water flow, oil flow with a slurry. From the experimental results, it was found that the materal removal and surface roughness were good in oil flow with slurry. The slurry circulation system is effective on the internal finishing of non-ferromagnetic pipe(SUS304).

The micro-extruding die is a die for manufacturing of fine-wire by extruding process. The fine-wire made from the micro-extruding can be effectively applied to fields of semiconductor parts and medical parts etc. It is predicted that the demand of fine-wire in industry is more and more increasing. In this study $\Phi$ 50${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ micro-drill which is coated with diamond is used for drilling of super micro-hole sues. For the machining of taper parts of entrance and exit, drill having $\Phi$ 9mm inclination angle 20$^{\circ}$ is used. This is useful for anti tool-breakage in drilling process. After micro-drilling, the polishing process by abrasive is carried out for increasing surface roughness.

The fixed abrasive pad(FAP) has been introduced in chemical mechanical polishing(CMP) field recently. In comparison with the general CMP which uses the slurry including abrasives, FAP takes advantage of planarity. resulting from decreasing pattern selectivity and defects such as dishing due to the reduction of abrasive concentration especially. This paper introduces the manufacturing technique of $Al_2$O$_3$-FAP using hydrophilic polymers with swelling characteristic in water and explains the self.texturing phenomenon. It also focuses on the chemical effects on tungsten film and the FAP is evaluated on the removal rate as a function of chemicals such as oxidizer, catalyst, and acid. The removal rate is achieved up to 1000A1min as about 70 percents of the general one. In the future. the research has a plan of the advanced FAP and chemicals in tungsten CMP considering micro-scratch, life-time, and within wafer non-uniformity.

The Purpose of this study is to know temperature and thermal stress distribution in specimens during processing of WEDM. If it is constant to the cutting speed and the thickness of material, it is very important to the effect of temperature and the thermal stress distribution after cutting processing. This paper show the analysis result of the distribution of temperature and the residual stress along the direction of thickness before processing of WEDM and after when the cooling temperature is$20^{\circ}C$. The maximum temperature of edge of specimens is $1600^{\circ}C$. It has little temperature gradient in the depth which is 5mm away from edge of specimens. Equivalent residual stress is result in 180.7 MPa at maximum temperature.

Micro Surface Electrochemical Machining has traditionally been used in highly specialized fields such as those of the aerospace and defense industries. It is now increasingly being applied in other industries where parts with difficult-to-cut material, complex geometry and tribology such as compute. hard disk drive(HDD) are required. Pulse Electrochemical Micro-machining provides an economical and effective method for machining high strength, high tension, heat-resistant materials into complex shapes such as turbine blades of titanium and aluminum alloys. Usually aluminum alloys are used bearings to hard disk drive in computer. In order to apply aluminum alloys to bearing used in hard disk drive, this paper presents the characteristics of Micro Surface Electrochemical machining for aluminum alloy.

Micro-EDM is generally used far machining micro holes, pockets, and 3-D structures. For micro-EDM, first of all, micro-electrode fabrication is needed and WEDC system is proposed for tool electrode fabrication method. When tool electrode is fabricated using WEDG system, its characteristics are under the control of many EDM parameters. Also relations between the parameters affect electrode fabrication. In this study, experiments are carried out to analyze effects of EDM parameters about electrode surface integrity on micro-electrode fabrication. Experimental method and analysis are used to experimental design method. Factors used in experiments are composed of capacitance, resistance, pause time, wire feed rate, spindle rotating speed. As a result of experiments, capacitance and resistance affect electrode surface.

Appropriate design/manufacturing conditions, to give outstanding material properties to the $Si_3$$N_4$-BN and AIN-BN based composite materials, will be investigated using the experimental design methods. Ultra-precision machinability of the developed ceramics will be systematically studied in the viewpoint of microstructure and material properties. Also, finite element methods will be applied to define basic principles to significantly improve machinability and various properties. Basic experiments will be performed to develop optimum ultra-precision machining technologies for the developed ceramics. For ultra-precision lapping machining, need to develop a ultra-precision lapping system, suitable metal bonded diamond wheel, and appropriate condition of ultra-precision lapping machining.

New polishing technique for small parts has been tried out using the principle of particle electromechanics. Common fine abrasives such as alumina, diamond, silicon carbide are dielectric materials which are polarized under an electric field, and a non-uniform electric field makes abrasive particles translate along the field line. Using this principle, We make abrasive particles aggregate in the vicinity of the micro tool which is fir the surface finishing of a small part without contact with it. The behavior of particles is optically measured, and the machined depth of glass is examined.

Ultrasonic machining technology has been developed over recent years for the manufacture of cost-effective and quality-assured precision parts for several industrial application such as optics, semiconductors, aerospace, and automobile. Ultrasonic machining process is an efficient and economical means of precision machining of ceramic materials. The process is non-thermal, non-chemical and non-electric and hardly creates changes to the mechanical properties of the brittle materials machined. This paper describes the characteristics of the micro-hole of $\textrm{Al}_2\textrm{O}_3$ by ultrasonic machining with tungsten carbide tool. The effects of various parameters of ultrasonic machining, including abrasives, machining force and pressure, on the material removal rate, hole quality, and tool wear presented and discussed. The ultrasonic Machining of micro-holes in ceramics has been under taken and the machining mechanism in the ultrasonic machining of ceramics based on the fracture-mechanics concept has been analyzed.

In micro-EBM, it is well blown that RC circuit is suitable for discharge circuit because of its low pulse width and relatively high peak current. To increase machining speed without changing unit discharge energy, charge resistance should be decreased. But, if very low, continuous (or normal) arc discharge occurs, then increases electrode wear and reduces machining speed remarkably. In this paper, RC circuit with transistor is used to micro-EDM. Experimental results show that RC circuit with transistor can cut off continuous (or normal) arc discharge effectively if duty factor and switching period of transistor are set up optimally. Through experiments with varying charge resistance, it can be known that RC circuit with transistor has about two times faster machining speed than that of RC circuit. Especially, it has prominent rise-effect of machining speed in low unit discharge energy, so that a high-quality and high-speed micro-EDM can be realized through RC circuit with transistor.

Deburring is conducted using MAF(magnetic abrasive finishing) method. Magnetic inductor is designed and manufactured to generate proper magnetic induction far deburring the burr formed in drilling SM45C. Rotational speed, table feed rate, grain size of powder and working gap are changed to investigate the effect on deburring.

Tungsten carbide microshaft is used as various micro-tools in MEMS because it has high hardness and good rigidity. In this study, experiments were performed to produce tungsten carbide microshaft using electrochemical machining. $H_2SO_4$solution was used as electrolyte because it can dissolve tungsten and cobalt simultaneously. Optimal electrolyte concentration and machining voltage satisfying uniform shape and large MRR of workpiece were found. For one-step machining, the immersion depth over 1 mm was selected for avoidance of concentration of electric charge at the tip of the microshaft. The limit diameter with good straightness was shown and an empirical formula for WC-microshaft machining was suggested. By controlling the various machining parameters, a straight microshaft with 30 $\mu\textrm{m}$ diameter, over 1 mm length and under 0.5$^{\circ}$ taper angle was obtained.

The operation of surface and edge finishing is the last and essential process of parts machining, because a product is completed as an assembly. Therefore, the quality of the finished parts has a direct effect upon the performance of the product. Especially, the edge quality depending on the burr control process is very important. A number of deburring processes have been developed for macro burrs such as barreling, brushing, chemical methods, etc. However, micro burr removal when piercing a very thin plate is very difficult, because this badly deteriorates the surface quality of the processed part. When ultrasonic wave is propagated in liquids, it forms an infinitude of micro bubbles. These bubbles generate extremely strong force, which removes micro burrs. In ultrasonic micro deburring, the problem is that burrs are not removed completely, because only components of the explosive force directly act on the burrs, which is not enough. An attempt was made to remove the burrs using ultrasonic vibration in water with SiC as an abrasive agent. Because of the abrasive, smoother edges have been achieved. There are many control parameters in ultrasonic deburring such as abrasive size, ultrasonic frequency and amplitude, distance between tool and workpiece, tilt angle of workpiece etc. This study focuses on how distance and tilt angle influence deburring effect. A number of experiments for these parameters have been carried out, and then the effect of each parameter analyzed.

As the large Coolant amount used of a machine holds mass serious trouble recently, an environment pollution is increased, and a machine is conquering large specific gravity in an empty cost plane. It is the stage that must reexamine the parts washing that processing is later with this current way or a problem of a liquid waste treatment back. The environmental problems by using coolant demanded the new cooling methods. As one of them, the studies on the grinding with compressed cold air and oil mist have been done. The cooling method using compressed cold air was effective through going down the temperature of compressed air supplied below -$25^{\circ}C$ and increasing the amount of compressed cold air, but had not enough cooling effect due to the low performance of lubrication. Therefore, the cooling methods using oil mist newly were suggested. This method can satisfy both cooling effect and lubrication with only small amount of coolant, also have the benefit in the point of decreasing the environmental pollution. This paper focused on analyzing the grinding characteristics of the cooling method using oil mist. The grinding test according to compressed cold air and oil mist supply direction were done.

In this study, micro tools(WC) to produce micro-structure and parts, were fabricated ell a cylindrical grinding machine using ELID(Electrolytic In-process Dressing) technique. The shape of the micro-carbide tool was square, corn. The size of the micro-carbide tool was measured less than 10$\mu\textrm{m}$ respectively by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope). Furthermore, we fabricated micro structure by different processing methods on the desk top cylindrical grinding machine. The manufactured shape was like a tower and the measurement showed that the endpoint of micro structure was $50{\times}50$$\mu{\textrm}{m}$.

Fused deposition modelling(FDM) is a rapid prototyping(RP) process that fabricates part layer by layer by deposition of molten thermoplastic material extrude from a nozzle. RP system has many benefit. One of the benefit would be the ability to experiment wiか physical objects of my complexity in a relatively short period of time. But it has a matter of surface roughness and geometric accuracy. We study on Influence of angle of tangent line and area error on sphere surface roughness at fused deposition.

Research during the past several years has established the effectiveness of acoustic emission (AE)-based sensing methodologies for machine condition analysis and process. AE has been proposed and evaluated for a variety of sensing tasks as well as for use as a technique for quantitative studies of manufacturing process. STD11 has been known as difficult-to-cut materials. For this study, the micro-grooving machine was developed. The experiments were performed using diamond blade and CBN blade f3r machining STD11. Evaluating the machining conditions, frequency spectrum analysis of acoustic emission (AE) signals according to each conditions were applied.

This paper presents an effective cutting force model that enable us to predict the instantaneous cutting force in milling process from a knowledge of the work material properties and cutting conditions. The development of the model is based on the orthogonal machining theory with the effective rake angle which is defined in the plane containing the cutting velocity and chip flow vectors. Face milling tests are performed at different feeds and, a fairly good agreement is shown between the predicted cutting forces and test results.

Surface finishing is still indispensable for most rapid prototyping (RP) processes because of the inherent stair-stepped surface and shrinkage of the parts. These problems can be minimized in the $VLM-_ST$ Process, because it uses expandable polystyrene foam sheets, each of which has a thickness of3.9 mm and a linear-interpolated side slope. The use of thick layers, however, limits the process capability of constructing fine details. This study focuses on the design of post-processing tool for fine details of $VLM-_ST$ parts and investigation of thermal characteristics during EPS foam cutting using the post-processing tool. To calculate the heat flux from the tool into the foam sheet, the tool was modeled as a heat source of radiation for finite element analysis. Results of the analysis agreed well with those of the experiment.

With the development of industrial society, the interest of new material is growing even in machining center. Composite materials in the new materials are superior to the metals In measure stability of strength, modulus and heat, moreover when mould is prepared, it can be done net shape manufacturing so it can be used widely in all sorts of machine parts, interior materials of car structural construct ions, the space aerial industry, ship materials, sports goods and so on. Therefore in this study, the property of processing drill on CFRP in composite materials by experimental study and some problems were examined.

This paper presents the straightness compensation system which is a device for improving the machining accuracy of ultra-precision machines by synchronizing the position of diamond tool tip with machine error motion. Sine it is actuated by piezoelectric actuator with highly nonlinear hysteresis characteristics, the feedback control schemes such as Proportional Integral(PI), are required and realized by measuring the displacements of diamond tool tip. for the better tracking performance, the controller was implemented using TMS320C32 32bit floating-point DSP which is fast so that the real-time control is possible. In addition, stand alone type DSP board was chosen fur the easy assembly into the ultra-precision machines. The experimental results show good command tracking performance and the motion error of the machine is satisfactorily compensated during the machining process.

Stainless steel used widely in various fields of industry have the characteristics of difficulty-to-cut. This difficulty comes from its peculiarity, for example work hardening, vibration, etc. And these peculiarity on the cutting process have an effect on tool wear or life shortness of tools. To solve these problems several method have been developed. Hot-machining is one way of these method. when a material is heated, organization of material is soften. So cutting process becomes easy. When such a hot-machining method applies on drilling process and then heated material is processed, cutting force is less than usual drilling process cutting force. In this paper, cutting force is compared heated SUS 304 with usual SUS 304. And shape of chips is also compared.

Ceramics are very difficult-to-cut materials because of its high strength and hardness. Their machining process can be characterized by cracking and brittle fracture. Generally, ceramics are machined using traditional method such as grinding and polishing. However, such processes are generally costly and have low material removal rate. In this paper, to develop machinable ceramics those have good machinability without losing their material properties, machinability evaluations are performed by applying the experimental design method. In this paper, to evaluate the machinability of the developed ceramics, various workpieces are machined on the CNC machining center, and surface roughness are measured under predefined process parameters obtained using Taguchi method. And the experimental results are investigated to derive optimum cutting parameters for the given materials.

The precision blanking of thin sheet metal is important process on production of precision electronic machine parts such as IC leadframe. In the blanking process, the factors that friction coefficient, tool clearance, material properties are the most important factors in the precision blanking process, because these factors affect the sheared face of product, side forces to punch during blanking process and surface condition after blanking process. So, many investigations have been performed. But, the former studies did not take up the characteristic of material. In this paper, in order to investigate the characteristic of blank, such as K(strength coefficient) and n(strain hardening coefficient), on the sheared face of blank and the side force to punch, FE-simulation has been analyzed by means of DEFORM-2D. To obtain input Parameters on FE-simulation, tensile and friction test has been done.

In recent days the more use of CFRP composite is in the airplane, and sport goods, etc., the mote necessity of research on it in this engineering. In this research, the CFRP composite specimen are fabricated by 48 CFRP plies with 6 orientation angles. and the specimens are drilled with 4tools The results are analyzed with consideration of cutting force, type of tools and fabrication condition. The specimens with each drilling conditions are also investigated with SEM. The optimal drilling conditions such as drill types and cutting force with respect to the fabricating condition are studied.

High speed machining was accomplished. through the technological advances which covers the whole field of mechanical industry. But tapping have many troubles because of its complicate cutting mechanism, for example. tool damage, chip elimination and synchronization between spindle rotation and feed motion. But High speed tapping is so important that it marches in step with the flow of the times and make improvement in the productivity. In this paper we analyze mechanism of high speed synchronized tapping with the signal of tapping torque and spindle speed obtained through the newly developed high speed tapping machine(NTT-30B). We made an experiment with this machine on condition of various speed from 1000rpm to 10000rpm. As one complete thread is performed through the whole chamfer cutting, cutting torque increases highly in chamfer cutting, but smoothly in full thread cutting functioning of the threads guide. And the size of cutting torque according to spindle speed(rpm) was not enough of a difference to be conspicuous.

Removal of gas in a mold has been a big problem in pressing mold or in injection mold. Air vent has been used to solve the problem, but it has weak points such as the Increased cost, the increased number of process. and vent marks on the surface of a product. In this study, the sintering method and rapid tooling method are used for making porous metal mold. Porous metal mold has many open pores, which are very small. When porous metal mold is used for pressing mold or injection mold, all process would be made short, produce cost would be down, and vent marks would be not leaved on the surface of a product. Characteristic of Porous material varies from sintering conditions, which are the length of sintering time, sintering temperature and sintering atmosphere etc. This study will find optimized sintering condition for the porous metal mold.

This paper summarizes the results of a numerical study conducted to analyze the effect of selected process parameters on material flow and thread profile in thread rolling of large diameter blanks. Based on the previous work where a plane strain mode was found to provide a reasonable approximation of the thread rolling process, the effect of varying thread form, friction factor, flow stress, and blank diameter on effective strain and thread height was analyzed using the finite element code DEFORM. This study show that effective strain for flank angle, that blank diameter had important effect on the as-rolled thread while flow stress, friction factor, and crest round of dies had significant impact on effective strain at the thread root and crest and load of thread rolling. While the rate of strain harding was found to have an effect on the crest profile, the results indicate that it is the primary factor responsible for seam formation in rolled threads.

Injection mold is a manufacturing process used to produce parts of complicated shape at a low cost. Many factors affect the quality of injection molded part during injection molding process. A study on the optimization of injection mold is progressed by using a simulation software like Moldflow. Filling, packing and cooling phases of injection molding processes are analyzed according to the mold design considering the shrinkage of molded part, the degree of filling rate and the wearing of a mold. Taguchi method is applied to analyze the significance of processing parameters and the dynamic characteristics according to the variation of processing parameters. From the results, the mold temperature and packing pressure influenced strongly the shrinkage of injection molded part.

This paper discusses process design of cold forging for inner tooth part, drum clutch. In respect to high productivity, low material consumption and low piece production costs, Metal forming has more merits than machining process. Net shape forming is huh technology which satisfies merits of metal forming and achieves high accuracy. Recently, net shape forming method widely applied because of high productivity, low material consumption and low piece production costs using press. In this study, the method which accuracy of drum clutch, automatic transmission pin, can be improved is discussed. First, process variables for process design of drum clutch are selected, and then process design is accomplished using forming analysis method. from forming analysis, forming load, stress, unfiling part is obtained. and comparing these results, optimal process design can be determined.

Semi-Solid Diecasters usually carry out the Semi-Solid diecasting experiments before producing new casts. At the Semi-Solid diecasting stages, the runner-gate part has been always repeatedly corrected, which leads to a tedious processing time and increased processing cost. A large amount of experience is essential in manual assessment and if the design is defective, much time and a great deal of efforts will be wasted in the modification of the die. In this study, design system has been developed based on design database. In addition, gate experiment for gating system design has been carried out to append the database. It is possible for engineers to make efficient gating system design of Semi-Solid diecasting and it will result in the reduction of expenses and time to be required. The detailed contents of the research are described in the followings. An attempt is made to link programs incorporating a number of expert design rules with the process variables obtained by commercial FVM softwares, MAGMAsoft, to form a useful package.

The upper bound analysis by stream function is used to study the torsional forward extrusion. The torsional forward extrusion process not only reduces forming load but also increase optimal die angle. Optimal die angle is determined by the optimization technique. The advantages of this process are that the low capacity of pressing machine can be used and the process with a large die angle can be applied. To verify the theoretical result, we have carried out experiments using model material (plasticine) and FE simulations using DEFORM3D.

In this study, to achieve the optimal conditions for mechanical hyper-fine pattern fabrication process, deformation behavior of the materials during indentation was studied with numberical method by ABAQUS S/W. Polymer (PMMA) and brittle materials (Si, Pyrex glass) were used as specimens, and forming conditions to reduce the elastic restoration and bur was proposed. The indenter was modeled a rigid surface. Minimum mesh sizes of specimens are 1-l0nm. The result of the investigation will be applied to the fabrication of the hyper-fine pattern and mold.

In these day, micro systems have gained attention with development of advance technologies. Researches about the fabrication of micro parts are actively made in the whole world. Among the researches, technology for micro injection molding machine is one of the key issues for fabrication of micro parts. In this study, we developed a micro injection molding machine for micro parts. To achieve this, injection unit was constructed using a screw with diameter of 12 mm. Clamping unit with clamping force of 1.75 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was constructed. Also verification test fur fabrication of micro parts was performed. It was performed that the micro injection molding machine can fabricate micro parts based on the result.

In this study, researchers classifying the artificial flaws in semiconductor packages are performed by pattern recognition technology. For this purposes, image pattern recognition package including the user made software was developed and total procedure including ultrasonic image acquisition, equalization filtration, binary process, edge detection and classifier design is treated by Backpropagation Neural Network. Specially, it is compared with various weights of Backpropagation Neural Network and it is compared with threshold level of edge detection in preprocessing method fur entrance into Multi-Layer Perceptron(Backpropagation Neural network). Also, the pattern recognition techniques is applied to the classification problem of defects in semiconductor packages as normal, crack, delamination. According to this results, it is possible to acquire the recognition rate of 100% for Backpropagation Neural Network.

The new enhanced method of temperature control need not any reference temperature, the system itself can find the melting temperature of gallium as a reference point by dithering input heat flux. If gallium is in melting state, the latent heat of fusion works, so gallium temperature does not change on dithering input heat flux. Also, the control method can determine the state of gallium; solid, liquid, or melting state by investigating the temperature in gallium. We apply this new temperature stabilization method to stabilize a Fabry-Perot cavity, which serves as a ultimate length measurement technique. We achieved 1 mK-temperature stability and 1.5426 nm/ 95 mm-length stability over 10 hours.

To calibrate a non-redundantly actuated parallel mechanism, one can find actual kinematic parameters by means of geometrical constraint of the mechanism's kinematic structure and measurement values. However, the calibration algorithm for a non-redundant case does not apply fur a redundantly actuated parallel mechanism, because the angle error of the actuating joint varies with position and the geometrical constraint fails to be consistent. Such change of joint angle error comes from constraint torque variation with each kinematic pose (meaning position and orientation). To calibrate a redundant parallel mechanism, one therefore has to consider constraint torque equilibrium and the relationship of constraint torque to torsional deflection, in addition to geometric constraint. In this paper, we develop the calibration algorithm fir a redundantly actuated parallel mechanism using these three relationships, and formulate cost functions for an optimization algorithm. As a case study, we executed the calibration of a 2-DOF parallel mechanism using the developed algorithm. Coordinate values of tool plate were measured using a laser ball bar and the actual kinematic parameters were identified with a new cost function of the optimization algorithm. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of the tool plate improved by 82% after kinematic calibration in a redundant actuation case.

In this paper, a magnetic suspension system with inductive sensors fur a high vacuum turbomolecular pump(TMP) is discussed. The performance of designed inductive position sensor is evaluated by static and dynamic test, and the test results show sensitivity of about 6,000 V/m and dynamic bandwidth of 750 ㎐. The protype of magnetic suspension system is designed and constructed with 5-axis magnetic bearing, inductive sensor and BLDC internal motor. With DSP based digital PID control system, the prototype is examined its high damping ratio and stable operation up to 20,000 rpm of rotation.

A kinematic ball bar measurement system can analyze the various errors of a machine tool easily and rapidly in a procedure and can measure many types of equipment such as chip mounter, PCB router, precision stage, etc. In this paper, the thermally induced errors are loused among various errors of a chip mounter because it affects the accuracy of the machine very much. Linear regression technique is adapted for the thermal error modeling. While the measurement and calibration of a chip mounter is difficult in general, this developed system is not only easy to apply for it but also improves the accuracy by 4 times or more.

From reverse-engineering's point of view, the main step is the digitizing or gathering three-dimensional points on the target physical model. As well known, the touch or scanning probe gives higher accuracy, while the non-contact digitizing apparatus by use of laser or structured light can rapidly obtain digitized points of great bulk without contacting onto the part surface of the physical model. We propose a digitizing methodology by use of the LK-031 laser displacement sensor, which was tested with a physical model.

In this paper, the frequency response separation scheme is proposed for high scanning speed and simple structure of non-contact type of AFM. A self-sensing cantilever is attached on the actuator for detect the atomic force between tip and the media surface. VCM or PZT are used for actuator. This paper presents the method to simplify the actuator structure and the performance of each actuator for non-contact type AFM. Based on the frequency response separation scheme, the only one actuator plays roles 1311owing low frequency surface and modulating self-sensing cantilever tip in contrast with convention non-contact type AFM. 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ standard grid sample imaged to verify proposed scheme. This result shows the possibility simplifying the actuator structure and reducing cost of non-contact type AFM.

Among the CMM calibration techniques, the calibration with standard specimen is most accurate way to acquire the required precision. When there is no standard specimen, the calibration of CMM with itself is possible. This calibration method is called "self-calibration". In this paper, we developed self-calibration algorithm for CMM XY plane. It is possible to calculate the in-plane error and out-of-plane error of CMM with 3 different measurement of same artifact. Experimental result shows that the non-orthogonality error is dominant in in-plane error and the self-calibration result and laser interferometer measured result have almost same value.ame value.

It is very important to inspect color of printed texture in the textile process. To distinguish the color of the printed texture, RGB color values obtained from a scanner must be transformed to the standard colorimetric system used in the textile industry. It is XYZ color system that is defined by CIE(Commission Internationale do 1Eclairage). The mapping from RGB to XYZ color values is not simple and the scanner has even a positional deviation of RGB colors. In this paper an automatic color inspection method using a general scanning machine is presented. We used a U(neural network) model to map RGB to XYZ and compensate the positional error. In the real experiments, this inspection system shows to get very exact XYZ values from the traditional scanner regardless of the measuring position.

In this paper, we accomplish uncertainty evaluation and performance test of the volumetric interferometer using two spherical wavefronts emitted from the ends of two single mode fibers. We verify that the volumetric interferometer has the volume uncertainty of 690nm through the error analysis and it has the resolution of 0.1 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$ for x axis which is the same order of repeatability for x axis. Also, we obtain the systematic error of $1\mu\textrm{m}$ for $60\times 60\times 20 mm^3$ working volume using self-calibration with an artifact plate.

This paper described about the ultra-precision profile measurement of aspheric surfaces using contact probing technique. A contact probe has been designed as a sensing device to obtain measuring resolutions in nanometer regime utilizing a leaf spring mechanism and a capacitive-type sensor. The contact probe is attached on the z-axis during measurement while aspheric objects are supported on the single point diamond turning machine(SPDTM). The machine xz-axis motions are monitored by a set of two orthogonal plane mirror type laser interferometers. Experimental results show that the contact probing technique developed of On-machine Measurement System in this investigation is capable of providing a repeatability of 20 nanometers with a $\pm$20 uncertainty of 300 nanometers.

A roughing process is the one of most important shoe manufacturing processes. Especially, it is indispensable to manufacture the leather shoes such as dress shoes, safety shoes, golf shoes, etc. The roughing process relies greatly on the operator's skill and experience. Therefore, the automation of roughing process is necessary to establish the improvement of productivity. We are trying to develop the Automatic Roughing Machine controlled by NC. As pre-study to do this, we need to measure the roughing path for NC, because there is no study on this pan and no reference about this. In this study, we proposed the 3-Dimensional Scanner System to measure the roughing path with new concept. The developed 3-D scanner System generates the roughing path using the 3 images obtained from 3 CCD cameras. The experimental results show that the proposed system can measure accurately the roughing path.

This paper presents a shearographic technique for measuring in-plane strains. During the measurement, the test object is illuminated alternately with two laser beams, symmetrically with respect to the viewing direction. Employing a phase shift technique, the phase distributions due to object deformation for each beam are obtained separately. The difference of the two phase distributions depicts the derivative of in-plane surface displacements. The technique is equivalent to a system of many strain gages.

In this paper, the method of image feature extraction is proposed. This method employ the energy field analysis, outlier removal algorithm and ring projection. Using this algorithm, we achieve rotation-translation-scale invariant feature extraction. The force field are exploited to automatically locate the extrema of a small number of potential energy wells and associated potential channels. The image feature is acquired from relationship of local extrema using the ring projection method.

Triangulation method, conoscopic holography method and interferometry method are analyzed for effective measurement of micro burr geometry, which is formed in micro drilling. To select proper sensor, cylinder with 0.5mm diameter is measured and the result shows that conoscopic holography method is effective for measuring highly inclined surface. Burr with 1.0mm height and 30$\mu\textrm{m}$ height are measured by all methods. The conoscopic holography method is probed to be most proper method for measuring micro burr. A Program for 3D display of measured burr is developed.

In this paper, a mechanical probe for CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) with a three-axis force-sensing unit is proposed, which is capable of measuring an actual contact position without the lobbing effect and the pre-travel error. The force-sensing unit detects the external force, which is act on the stylus of CMM during the measuring process. Thus, the contact point of the stylus of CMM can be estimated ken the direction of measured force components. Based on the structural analysis of the proposed CMM probe, the transformation matrix is derived and calibrated so that it shows linear relationships between the estimated force components from the output voltages and the real input forces. And, the relationships are verified through the computer simulation. The results show that the proposed mechanical probe is very useful fur detecting the contacting force components on measuring process of CMM.

This Paper describes a matched-filter type strain sensor system using optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. Matched-filter type uses another wavelength-matched FBG filter to track wavelength shift in the FBG sensor. Filter FBG is attached on a fiber stretcher and stretched by PZT actuator. To overcome the nonlinearity and hysteresis of the PZT actuator that degrades system accuracy, a string resonator which can measure an absolute strain is employed. And the effect of vibration modes on string resonator is investigated particularly regarding its sensitivity and stability.

The 3-D measurement using a sinusoidal grating pattern projection is very attractive because of its high measuring speed and high sensitivity. When a sinusoidal amplitude grating was projected on an object, the surface-height distribution of the object is translated into a phase distribution of the deformed grating image. The phase-acquisition algorithms are so sufficiently simple that high-resolution phase maps using a CCD camera can be generated in a short time. The PMP technique is discussed, and the analysis of the systematic errors, the calibration procedure designed to determined the optimal setting of the measurement parameters is illustrated. Results of measurements and calibrations on the measurement plane objects are described.

An automatic transmission model using the bond graph techniques is developed for analyzing shift characteristics of vehicles. Bond graph models can be systemically manipulated to yield state space equations of standard form. Bond graph techniques are applied for modeling overall automatic transmission systems and shift models. A fuzzy controller is synthesized for the verification of a shifting model in the ${1^st} gear to the {2^nd}$ gear. Simulation results show the fitness of models by the bond graph techniques.

In this study, the dynamic absorbing system using MR damper for the multiple structure system with high-level-impact force has been investigated. Based on the experiment and analysis of short recoil system, the dynamic absorbing system has been constructed by using MR damper and stroke-dependent variable damper. Through a series of experimental works with the devised test bench, the absorbing system with MR damper using reverse control is effective for reduction of the transmitted force, furthermore, for implementation to the multi-structure impulsive force system.

In this paper, a robust controller is proposed to control a robot manipulator which is governed by highly nonlinear dynamic equations. The controller is computationally efficient since it does not require the dynamic model or parameter values of a robot manipulator. It, however, requires uncertainty bounds which are derived by using properties of serial link robot dynamics. The stability of the robot with the controller is proved by Lyapunov theory. The results of computer simulations show that the robot system is stable, and has excellent trajectory tracking performance.

Powertrain simulation is important far the analysis of a vehicle performance. Automotive powertrain has been considered as the unified system and should be remodeled, whenever a powertrain system is changed. In this study, a new method is proposed far the synthetic modeling for the automotive powertrain. Components are separated from the powertrain system and constructed the matrix through dynamic relationships. The dynamic equation of the total powertrain system can be driven from the combination of each component. In order to combine each component, the superposition method is modified for the powertrain composition.

A vehicle oversteered or cornering at excessive speed leaves tire yaw mark on the road surface. A yaw mark is a sign that the tire was sideslipping and exceeded its frictional limit because of centrifugal force. Problems exist with the traditional equation, “critical speed formula (CSF)”, that limits its practical use in traffic accident reconstruction. A major problem is that the equation dose not account for vehicle dynamics and interface between tire and road. The literature refers to that the accuracy of the critical speed formula varies with several factors. New equations that account for vehicle dynamics are introduced in this paper. A comparison of the accuracy of the new method and the traditional method in the calculation of speed is conducted.

In the surrounding of the electric machinery and equipments occurring of using the electromagnetic fields, other electric machinery or equipments are induced the malfunctions by the radiated and leaked electromagnetic fields. And the human hazardous problems by that effect are being discussed frequently. So efficiently shielding technique of injurious electromagnetic field for high frequency welder is discussed in this paper.

The fiber optic communication technology is considered as a key solution for the future communication. However the assembly of the fiber optic components highly depends on manual or semi-automated alignment process. And the light search algorithm is recognized an important factor to reduce the manufacturing process time. Therefore this paper investigates optimal search algorithm for the automatic alignment of fiber optic components. The experiments show the effectiveness of Hill Climbing Search, Adaptive Hill Climbing Search and Steepest Search algorithms, in a view of process time.

In recent years, precision positioning stage is demanded fur some industrial fields such as semi conductor lithography, ultra precision machining and fabricating of nano structure. In this research, precision multi-axis positioning stage, which consists of pzt actuator, flexure, and capacitance gauge, is designed and developed. The performance of it such as 3-axis positioning, characteristic of motion and resolution is verified.

This paper presents the development or a keypad test system for the improvement or the working environment and productivity improvement using the microprocessor PIC16F877 Chip. In order to detect the fault of keypad products, the design of hardware and software is performed in this system. All controls of the system is implemented by the 8 bit one chip micro-controller PIC. This keypad test system can also recognizes the work process, the work result and the fault position of the keypad which is made by the method of a flexible printed circuit (FPC) and construct the database about test results using personal computer. The experimental results show the effective performance of the keypad test system.

The Field Robot means the machinery applied for outdoor tasks in construction, agriculture and undersea etc. In this paper, to field-robotize a hydraulic excavator, we have proposed a robust and systematic controller design method. Disturbance observer is used as inner controller to reshape the excavating system into the linear dynamics of nominal model by compensating coupled nonlinear terms, model uncertainties and external load variations. Using the linear model that is obtained through off-line system identification, a H control scheme is applied to construct a disturbance observer and a servo-controller systematically.

Internet provides the useful method to monitor the current states of the machine tool no matter where a personnel is monitoring them. In this paper, a monitoring method of the torque of the machine tool's spindle induction motor using internet is suggested. The torque of vector controlled induction motor is estimated without speed measuring sensor. Only stator currents are measured to estimate the magnetizing current which is used to calculate flux linkage, rotor velocity and motor torque. Graphical programming is used to implement the suggested algorithm, to monitor the torque of an induction motor in real time and to make the estimated torque monitored on client computers. To solve the fluctuation problem of estimated torque caused from instantly varying rotating speed of an induction motor, the rotating speed is reconstructed based on the measured current signals. Mechanical part of the machine tool is also reconstructed using the data obtained from preliminary experiments. Torque of the spindle induction motor is well monitored on the client computers with 3% error range under various cutting conditions.

A fuel tank contains water at the bottom under the fuel. The water comes from humidity by temperature change of inside and outside of tank. So it is necessary to measure both level to check precise amount of oil. But measuring instrument for level of water and fuel is not available yet. Since the fuel is inflammable, the sensor system must not include any electric circuits in the fuel tank. Optical cable sensor can satisfy this non-explosive condition. The displacement of a float changing by water level makes bending curvature of optical cable different. As the float rise up, the optical cable is bent more and the light signal in the cable decreases. The reduction of light signal is detected and it is converted into the change of water level. The output signal from a photo diode shows the proportional relation of water level. The increase of sensor voltage as a unit of ㎷ follows the level position of the float that is located between water and gasoline in the tank.

Grinding which is the final finishing step in the machining processes plays an important role fur precision manufacturing because it directly affect the product quality. Since the ground surface is affected by the states of grains and voids on the grinding wheel surface, the wheel should be dressed before the machined surface deteriorates over a quality limit. This paper describes a systematic approach to decide a proper dressing chance. A fabricated eddy current sensor and CCD camera are used to measure the loading on the working wheel surface and to visualize the wheel surface states respectively. The dressing chance can be properly decided through the relation between the variation of the thresholding image of the wheel and the machined surface roughness as the variation of the eddy current sensor output is greater than the detected value previously.

This paper presents a robot trajectory generation method based on the dual curvature theory of ruled surfaces. Robot trajectory can be represented as a ruled surface generated by the TCP(Tool Center Point) and my unit vector among the tool frame. Dual curvature theory of ruled surfaces provides the robot control algorithm with the motion property parameters. With the differential properties of the ruled surface, the linear and angular motion properties of the robot end effector can be utilized in the robot trajectory planning.

This growth if WWW(World Wide Web) with the spread of ADSL provides us with a variety of service that are the extensions of opportunities to get information. a various education methods by remote courses and electronic commerce. Remote Monitoring Server(RMS) that uses internet and WWW is constructed for chip mounter. Hardware base consists of RMS, chip mounter and C/S server. In this paper, we realize the remote management system with monitoring and diagnosis function to efficiently operate chip mounter the one of PCB assembly equipment. The remote management system for chip mounter consists of RMS(Remote Monitoring Server) and C/S server. RMS manages real-time information from chip mounter through TCP/IP. RMS that utilizes real-time information informs user of the actual output the operation status of chip mounter, user of the actual output, the operation status of chip mounter, the trouble code and the trouble description.

We present the web-based remote monitoring system using distributed object technology. In order to provide the desired functionality, the system has used CORBA(Common Object Request Architecture) and Java Servlet to implement the integrated distributed object environment. It converts the existing standalone machine monitoring system into web-based machine monitoring system. It consists of applet program, CORBA server and CORBA client. The usefulness of our system will be illustrated by the application to ICM(Integrated Condition Monitoring) System developed by KIST Tribology Center.

When one is interested in the dynamics of a mechanical system with electric motors, the force generated by the motor is generally considered as only an applied torque or force independent of mechanical state variables such as velocity. For a system operated in non-steady dynamic conditions, however, the usual analysis approach may fail to predict some characteristics in the dynamic behaviors because of electromechanical coupling effects. In this paper, we propose dynamics analysis model in which dc motor dynamics with the electromechanical coupling effects are embedded to mechanical dynamics models. The do motor is modeled based on its equivalent circuit model and included in the dynamics solving algorithm which we developed before, called generalized recursive dynamics formula. The developed dynamic analysis model is effective and realistic for analysis of electromechanical dynamics of a system with do motors. The developed model is evaluated by constructing and simulating the flexible antennas of an artificial satellite driven by do motors.

In this study, a novel systematic design procedure by Genetic Algorithm of a two stage relief valve is proposed. First of all. a mathematical model describing the dynamics of a balanced piston type relief valve has been derived. Governing equations such as dynamic equations for the main spool and the pilot spool and flow equations for each orifice are established. The mathematical model is verified by comparing the results of simulation with that of experiments. Furthermore, influences of the parameters on the dynamic characteristics of a relief valve have been investigated by simulation of the proposed model. Major design parameters on the valve response are determined, which affect the system response significantly. And then, using the determined parameters, the optimization of the two stage relief valve by Genetic Algorithm, which is a random search algorithm can find the global optimum without converging local optimum, is performed. The optimal design process of a two stage relief valve is presented to determine the major design parameters. Fitness function reflects the changing pressure according to parameters. It is shown that the genetic algorithms satisfactorily optimized the major design parameters of the two stage relief valve.

We developed a human-sized BWR(biped walking robot) named KUBIRI driven by a new actuator based on the ball screw which has high strength and high gear ratio. KUBIRI was developed to walk autonomously such that it is actuated by small torque motors and is boarded with DC battery and controllers. To utilize informations on the human walking motion and to analyze the walking mode of robot, a motion capture system was developed. The system is composed of the mechanical and electronic devices to obtain the joint angle data. By using the obtained data, a 3-D graphic interfacer was developed based on the open inventor tool. Through the graphic interfacer, the control input of KUBIRI is performed.

In may automated systems such as manufacturing systems and process plants, an industrial network or fieldbus is a very important component for the exchange of various and sometimes crucial information. Some of the information has a tendency to rapidly lose its value as time elapses after its creation. Such information or data is called real-time data that includes sensor values and control commands. In order to deliver these data in time, the fieldbus network should be tailored to have short delay with respect to the individual time limit of various data. Fine-tuning the network for a given traffic requires the knowledge on the relationship between the protocol parameters such as timer values and the performance measure such as network delay. This paper presents a mathematical performance model to calculate communication delays of the Profibus FMS network when the timer value TTR and the traffic characteristics are given. The results of this model is compared to those from experiments to assess the model's validity.

Automatic Transfer Crane is needed for automation of container terminal. It requires the control capability of exact position for loading/unloading job in yard. But it has the limitation of improvement because it has the operational environmental and its structural problems. It has the positioning errors caused by the deformation of rail, yawing motion of crane, wear of wheel, sliding motion between wheel and rail and so on. This study shows the calibration method of crane position by using the primitivity sensor and calibrating plate fixed on the ground.

In this paper, a computer-vision based pipe-inspection algorithm is developed. The algorithm uses the modified Hough transformation and a line-scanning approach to identify the edge line and radius of the pipe image, from which the eccentricity and dimension of the pipe-end is calculated. Line and circle detection was performed using Laplace operator with input image, which are acquired from the front and side cameras. In order to minimize the memory usage and the processing time, a clustering method with the modified Hough transformation for line detection. The dimension of inner and outer radius of pipe is calculated by proposed line-scanning method. The method scans several lines along the X and Y axes, calculating the eccentricity of inner and outer circle, by which pipes with wrong end-shape can be classified removed.

The development of automated container terminal has been a hot issue for recent years. It's very natural because it's very important how many containers, how soon, and how precisely a container terminal can treat. A crane treats a very heavy container, maybe, no less than 20∼40 tons, thus most cranes use ropes to take up and land containers. But rope causes the sway of a container and this phenomenon is not avoided. On the ground of this, in most case how much skillful a driver is may affect the productivity of a yard or quay crane. Thus many researches have been concentrated on the development of the control algorithm for a crane which may be useful and robust enough to drive a crane without any human driver. Authors of this paper also are interested in this kind of research but we have been much more interested for years in the development of a mechanical structure which may cause much less sway than the existing cranes do. In this paper, we may introduce the basic structure of the developed anti-sway system.

Pneumatic control system has been applied to build many industrial automation systems. But most of them are sequence control type because of their low costs, safety, reliability, etc. Pneumatic servo system is rarely applied to real industrial fields because accurate position control is very difficult due to its nonlinearity and compressibility of air. In pneumatic servo control system, a pneumatic servo valve can be applied, But it is very expensive and has no advantage of low cost compared with a common pneumatic system. This paper is concerned with the accurate position control of a rodless pneumatic cylinder using on/off solenoid valve. A novel Intelligent Modified Pulse Width Modulation(MPWM) is newly proposed. The control performance of this pneumatic cylinder depends on the external loads. To overcome this problem, switching of control parameter using artificial neural network is newly proposed, which estimates external loads on rodless pneumatic cylinder using this training neural network. As an underlying controller, a state feedback controller using position, velocity and acceleration is applied in the switching control the system. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms are demonstrated through experiments nth various loads.

In this paper, we developed the automatic optical fiber aligner by image processing and automatic loading system. Optical fiber is indispensable for optical communication systems that transmit large volumes of data at high speed, but super-precision technology in sub-micron units is required for optical axis adjustment, we have developed 6-axis micro stage system for I/O optical fiber arrays, the initial automatic aligning system/software for a input optical array by the image processing technique, fast I/O-synchronous aligning strategy, the automatic loading/unloading system and the automatic UV bonding mechanism. In order to adjust the alignment it used on PC based motion controller, a $10\mu\textrm{mm}$ repeat-detailed drawing of automatic loading system is developed by a primary line up for high detailed drawing. Also, at this researches used the image processing system and algorithm instead of the existing a primary hand-line up. and fiber input array and waveguide chip formed in line by automatic. Therefore, the developed and manufactured optical aligning system in this research fulfills the great role of support industry for major electronics manufacturers, telecommunications companies, universities, government agencies and other research institutions.

Conventional robot manipulators actuated by motors with the speed reducer such as the harmonic drive have weakness in the load capacity, since the speed reducer does not have enough strength. To overcome this, we proposed and constructed a new type of the robot actuator which is four-bar-link mechanism driven by the ball screw. We developed a new type of a revolute-jointed robot manipulator composed of four axes. The base axis is actuated with conventional speed reducer, but the others are actuated by the proposed actuators. We analyzed the mechanism of the actuators of the robot joints, and developed the dynamics model. The dynamics are expressed in the joint coordinates, and then they are mapped into the sliding coordinates of the ball screw. The structure specifications of the manipulator shown.

According to the rising of national economic level. domestic consumption of vegetables having high additive values is increased continuously due to increased consumption of meat in last decade. These vegetables are produced almost in this country and are limited to import from neighbor countries in due of high transportation expenses for storing in refrigerated container. It is very important to mechanize the harvest work, forming more than 30% for their production cost, in order to cultivate variable vegetables at the same time according to their harvesting seasons. In this state its former harvest methods, with using of human power or semi-automatic harvest, caused to increase their production cost due to high labor cost and low working efficiency. The former onion harvest being operated almost by semi-automatic plant distributer mechanism have many limit and troublesome for cultivation spaces, vinyle mulched ridge, gravel mixture in soil. Therefore, it is necessary to develope a fully automatic and self-running situation and overcome above handicaps, even in the farm covered with vinyle house or mulch sheets. This newly developed onion harvest can be applied to plant various young trees and will be able to export together with onion haying their competition in the worldwide market in which the culinary vegetable method or farm conditions is similar to our country.

Most tasks of the large vertical or ceiling structures have been carried out by human power. Those tasks require us much operation costs and times, safety devices, etc. So the need of automation for those tasks have been rising. That automation needs a wall-climbing mobile vehicle. Most former researches are things about attachment devices and moving mechanisms. A wall-climbing mobile vehicle must be designed by a method different from the case of the vehicle of the horizontal environment. That is because gravity acts as a negative role on the stability of a wall-climbing vehicle. In this thesis, the particular shape characteristics of a wall-climbing mobile vehicle are derived by the wall-environment modeling. In addition, some design constraints of the permanent magnetic wheel as an attachment device was studied. According to those requirements and constraints, one specific wall-climbing mobile vehicle was designed and some experiments were made on the attachment ability of that vehicle.

This paper describes power potential field method for the collision-free path planning of stereo-vision based mobile robot. Area based stereo matching is performed for obstacle detection in uncertain environment. The repulsive potential is constructed by distributing source points discretely and evenly on the boundaries of obstacles and superposing the power potential which is defined so that the source potential will have more influence on the robot than the sink potential when the robot is near to source point. The mobile robot approaches the goal point by moving the robot directly in negative gradient direction of the main potential. We have investigated the possibility of power potential method for the collision-free path planning of mobile robot through various experiments.

A CCD camera with a laser strip was applied to realize the automation of welding Process in GMAW. It takes relatively long time to process image on-line control using the basic Hough transformation, but it has a tendency of robustness over the noise such spatter and arc light. The adaptive Hough transformation was used to extract the laser stripe and to obtain specific weld points In this study, a neural network based on the generalized delta rule algorithm was adapted for the process control of GMA, such as welding speed, arc voltage and wire feeding speed.

Recent technologic innovations have created possibilities for restorative dentistry, such as computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. This article presents a CAD process that has been developed for the fabrication of dental restorations. This process uses a 4-axes driving mechanism and an improved optical displacement sensor, successfully applied in other industries. In optical displacement sensor, the light beam emitted from the LED is converged through the light source lenses and thrown on the object to be detected. When the light beam is reflected from the object, however, it is diffused. The diffused light beam is converged again by the receiver lenses and cast on the optical position detector element as a small spot.

Rapid Prototyping is a prototyping technology that produces complicated parts directly form three dimensional CAD data with high efficiency, and has been extensively applied to various manufacturing processes. The aim of this research is to apply a 3D printer part as wax pattern in the investment casting process. The difference between conventional pattern wax and 3D printer wax is compared by experiments. The direct casting method is developed for ceramic-shell investment casting.

This paper presents a new circular curve fitting approach of articulated manipulators, based on pseudoinverses. The paper aims at gaining the interpolation of circle from n data points, under the condition that the fitted circle should pass both a start point and an end point. In this paper, two algorithms of circular interpolation are presented. Prior to circular interpolation, are a spherical fitting should be performed, using least squares. In the first algorithm, the relationship between point data and normal vector on the sphere is used. In the second algorithm. the equation of plane which can be obtained from 3 points, i.e., a start point, an end point, and center of a sphere. The proposed algorithms are show to be efficient by using MATLAB-based simulation.

This paper presents the jacobian analysis of new type Casing Oscillator using the inverse kinematics, and to search for it's singularities through the jacobian analysis. All parallel manipulator have some singularities in workspace or it's outside workspace. Singularities were cleared by many other study of parallel manipulator f3r that reason recent publication of device control. In this paper defined that singularities of new file of Casing Oscillator and, to show it's graph. Finally this paper will be used for a practical example for construction spot, aviation simulator, vehicles simulator, military equipment etc.

This paper presents a novel pose description corresponding to the structure characteristics of parallel manipulators, which is convenient and intuitionistic to us. A class of 3-RSR parallel manipulator is considered here. Through analysis on geometry theory, we obtain a new method of the closed-form solution to the forward kinematics. The closed-form solution contains two different meanings-analytical and real-time. So we reach the goal of practical application and control. A numerical example is also presented and are verified by an inverse kinematics analysis. It shows that the method has a practical value for real-time control.

A vision sensor measure range data using laser light source. This sensor generally use patterned laser which shaped single line. But this vision sensor cannot satisfy new trend which needs laster and more precise processing. The sensor's sampling rate increases as reduced image processing time. However, the sampling rate can not over 30fps, because a camera has mechanical sampling limit. If we use multi line laser pattern, we will measure multi range data in one image. In the case of using same sampling rate camera, number of 2D range data profile in one second is directly proportional to laser line's number. For example, the vision sensor using 5 laser lines can sample 150 profiles per second in best condition.

Generating NC-code from 3D part model needs a lot of effort to make many decisions, including machining area, tool change data, tool data, cutting condition, etc., by using either manual or computer aided method. This effort can be reduced by integration of automated process planning and NC-code generation. In case of generating NC code with a help of the process planning system, many data mentioned from the process planning can be used. It means that we can create NC-code about a full part. In this study, integration of FAPPS(Feature based Automatic Process Planning) with a NC-code generating module is described and additional data to adapt NC-code for machine shop is discussed.

Laser scanners are getting used more and more in reverse engineering and inspection. For CNC-driven laser scanners, it is important to automate the scanning operations to improve the accuracy of capture point data and to reduce scanning time in industry. However, there are few research works on laser scan planning system. In addition, it is difficult to directly analyze multi-patched freeform models. In this paper, we propose an STL (Stereolithography) mesh based laser scan planning system for complex freeform surfaces. The scan planning system consists of three steps and it is assumed that the CAD model of the part exists. Firstly, the surface model is approximated into STL meshes. From the mesh model, normal vector of each node point is estimated. Second, scan directions and regions are determined through the region growing method. Also, scan paths are generated by calculating the minimum-bounding rectangle of points that can be scanned in each scan direction. Finally, the generated scan directions and paths are validated by checking optical constraints and the collision between the laser probe and the part to be scanned.

A novel rapid prototyping (RP) process, an automated transfer type variable lamination manufacturing process (Automated VLM-ST) has been developed. In Automated VLM-ST, a vacuum chuck and linear moving system transfer the plate type material with two pilot holes to the rotation stage. A four-axis synchronized hotwire cutter cuts the material twice to generate Automated Unit Shape Layer (AUSL) with the desired width, side slopes, length, and two reference shapes in accordance with CAD data. Each AUSL is stacked on the stacking plate with two pilot pins using the pilot holes in AUSL and the pilot pins. Subsequently, adhesive is supplied to the top surface of the stacked AUSL by a bonding roller and pressure is simultaneously applied to the bottom surface of the stacked AUSL. Finally, three-dimensional shapes are rapidly fabricated. This paper describes the procedure for generating the cutting path data (AUSL data) f3r automated VLM-ST. The method for the generation of the Automated Unit Shape Layer (AUSL) in Automated VLM-ST was practically applied and fabricated for a various shapes.

Cavity pressure is a factor of what is occurring inside the mold and is used as one of the process parameters that control the overall injection molding cycle. The insight of cavity pressure is able to predict part quality and optimum process condition. In this paper, it is adapted ejector pin sensor to measure the cavity pressure and investigates the flow balance and the cavity pressure according to different runner thickness for adjusting the flow balance. Flow balance is very important to have not the poor results such as flash and warpage in the family mold. This paper predicted flow balance and cavity pressure using CAE analysis tool and compared with the test results. The results of analysis and test have a good agreement with the cavity pressure profile and flow pattern of the test.

We developed low resistance drum that is used in sawdust machine in this research. The existent drum have two dimensional cutting form(orthogonal cutting) when see cutting pattern of saw cutter and wood, cutting resistance is big and cutting power is cost much, and also, vibration happens extremely. To improve this shortcoming, we developed helical type low cutting resistance drum for three dimensional cutting possible, decreased vibration and cutting resistance of sawdust machine, and improve productivity and sawdust ventilation. Also, a developed drum is mounting in sawdust machine, it is sold by product.

The objective of this study is to develop an integrated process planning system which can flexibly cope with the status changes in a shop floor by utilizing the concept of Non-Linear and Closed-Loop Process Planning(NCPP). In this paper, Genetic Algorithm(GA) is employed in order to quickly generate feasible setup sequences for minimizing the makespan and tardiness under an NCPP. The genetic algorithm developed in this study for getting the machine load utilizes differentiated mutation rate and method in order to increase the chance to avoid a local optimum and to reach a global optimum. Also, it adopts a double gene structure for the sake of convenient modeling of the shop floor. The last step in this system is a simulation process which selects a proper process plan among alternative process plans.

The z-map structure is widely used for NC tool path verification as it is very simple and fast in calculation of Boolean operations. However, if the number of the x-y grid points in a z-map is increased to enhance its accuracy, the computation time for NC verification increases rapidly. To reduce this computation time, we proposed a NC verification method using 3-D graphic acceleration hardwares. In this method, the z-map of the resultant workpiece machined by a NC program is obtained by rendering tool swept volumes along tool pathos and reading the depth buffer of the graphic card. The experimental results show that this hardware-based method is faster than the conventional software-based method.

To cope with the challenge of competitive market, manufacturing system needs to be agile in terms of its reconfigurability and scalability. For a system to be adapted to changed requirements, decision support tools such as configurator have to be provided. This paper introduces the basic framework of a configurator for assembly system Based on the factory data model(FDM) depicting the overall structure of a manufacturing system, functions of the configurator are described, i.e., requirements analysis, module selection and configuration optimization.

Experimental study showed that the existing mathematical model doesn't fully describe the lateral motion of a moving web fur different operating conditions. So, a physically interpretable model of lateral motion of a moving web in a typical web guidance system, operated at Konkuk Univ., was developed using the system identification technique. A well-known Least Square Method based on ARX model was used for the system identification. Lateral displacement of the web was measured at the exit of each span by infrared sensors. The model obtained from identifying a linear time-invariant system for a typical operating condition yields an improved prediction capability of the lateral dynamics of the moving web compared to other mathematical models proposed in literature.

This paper describes a wireless point of production(POP) system using Bluetooth that is used as a tool of a new wireless interface. We developed the wireless POP system that is composed of POP terminal and control software. The POP terminal wirelessly collects the shop floor information in real-time. And the control software helps to make appropriate decisions based on the collected information by the POP terminal. The software is developed by using Visual C＋＋ programming language. A case study is implemented to show the performance of the developed system.

There are more than five dozen different RP(rapid prototyping) systems in the world and they are fairly expensive. All those systems have different capabilities and requirements in that each of them gives different tolerance, application field and part strength, etc. This situation may cause a problem of selecting an appropriate RP system. This paper presents an expert system, utilizing an algorithm that is composed up of rules to derive recommendations and answers to queries of the RP users. The expert system incorporates RP machines commercially available and adopts multi-selection criteria, namely, machine price, accuracy, build size, adopted process, etc. In the expert system, forward reasoning method is adopted and external spreadsheet for sub-data of the RP systems is used. The rules and knowledge are obtained from interviews and discussions with RP vendors and users, appropriate research publications and other reference materials.

In contrast to conventional CNC, PC-NC opens a new era for machine tools to be more intelligent. For instance, machine tool with PC-NC can be a machine agent system with capability of reacting autonomously to changing operating conditions. This paper introduces a concept of intelligent machine agent system, composed of machine agent and cell manager. Machine agent performs the functions such as process monitoring, diagnosis, maintenance management, condition assessment and schedule negotiation, while cell manager coordinates the negotiation process among multiple machine agents.

In case of aluminum-cased battery, The ratio of height and base of square is generally above the ten times, square-shaped and problem of non-axis symmetry. It is typical model to set up the analysis method of finite element. The reliable analysis of finite element method is suggested, which is used to investigate the possibility that multi-stage deep drawing and ironing used currently is replaced by backward impact extrusion favorable in the respect of cost production and productivity. The influence of parameter was analyzed and compared, which was considered to analyze the process of large deformation plasticity such as extrusion. Die and billet was made as the same shape of finite element model. The results of experiment show good forming without the rupture and wrinkles with the optimum velocity 100mm/sec obtained by analysis.

It can be effect on diagnosis of hydraulic machining system to analyze working conditions with shape characteristics of wear debris in a lubricated machine. But, in order to predict and estimate working conditions, it is need to analyze the shape characteristics of wear debris and to identify. Therefor, if shape characteristics of wear debris is identified by computer image analysis and the neural network, it is possible to find the cause and effect of moving condition. In this study, wear debris in the lubricant oil are extracted by membrane filter, and the quantitative value of shape characteristics of wear debris we calculated by the digital image processing. This morphological informations are studied and identified by the artificial neural network. The purpose of this study is In apply morphological characteristics of wear debris to prediction and estimation of working condition in hydraulic driving systems.

In this paper, a methodology to assess machine tool errors quickly is suggested using a touch probe and a cube array artifact. Parameterized error models derived are expressed of model coefficient vectors and backlash errors to be determined. To determine the unknown model coefficient vectors, a cube array artifact is proposed. Considering CMM measurement data of cube vertex coordinates. error vectors for all axes ate obtained and used to complete the error model. Some simulation results show that the suggested error model can follow the true values within 10$\mu\textrm{m}$. To verify the error model, a circular part with two concentric circles is measured and simulated. The results show that the differences between CMM and OMM radius errors are smaller than 15$\mu\textrm{m}$.

The purpose of this paper is to establish an effective featured based inspection planning system for OMM(On-Machine Measurement) process. In this system, an effective inspection process planning is accomplished by determining the number of measuring points, their locations and probing paths using fuzzy logic, Hammersley method and TSP problem. Also, an effective collision-free algorithm Is proposed based on the EZ-map analysis. All the inspection planning processes are performed based on the defined inspection features those are derived from the CAD database. Proposed inspection planning method is simulated for the given sample wrokpieces, and the results are analyzed. The results show that the proposed method can be successfully implemented in real OMM process.

SL(Stereolithography) part is made by piling up thin layers which causes the stair stepping effect at the surface of SL parts. This effect brings about excessive surface roughness and requires additional post-process finishing such as abrasive techniques that are detrimental to part geometry and time consuming. Hence a wax coating and grinding post-process is proposed to improve the surface quality of SL part. The wax that has suitable properties for the proposed post-process is coated all over the part surface. By grinding the thin layer of coated on the SL part only, the surface roughness can be improved without any damage on the part. From the experimental results, This approach is considered to be very practical fur die casting with RT(Rapid Tooling) techniques.

Originally, the thermoforming method has been developed to produce the plastic parts which have simple geometric characteristics such as door trims and wrapping materials within the short time. But the thermoformed parts have non-uniform thickness distributions over the surface according to the material characteristics, set-up angle and geometry of the parts. But, only few analysis methods have been developed so far, due to the difficulties of the selection of important factors, and contribution of each factor in the simulation. So, to guarantee the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of crucial points in the thermoformed parts, it is necessary to develop the thickness prediction method. This research suggests a new approaching methodology to predict the thermoformed parts by modulating the control points of the NURBS curve. The newly developed method makes it possible not only to choose the suitable thickness of polymer sheets but also to induce data modification for vacuum forming.

Uniform metal-droplet deposition using laser is analyzed. Using the variation principle and modeling the semi-solid phase as a non-Netwonian slurry, this model can greatly save the computational expenses that conventional numerical procedures have suffered from. The simulation results revealed that the developed model could reasonably describe the collision behavior of molten metal with solid surface. Simulations were made with variation of the falling distance and time.

Induction heating is a process with magnetic and thermal situation. Induction heating of flat metal products has an increasing importance in many applications, because it generates the heat within workpiece itself and provides high power densities and productivity. When the high frequency electric current flows in a coil, the process parameters which are air gap, power density, and heating time have a important roles on induction heating of steel plate. This study investigates an influence of the process parameters by means of experiments using Taguchi method.

A controller was designed generally using C or assembly languages on high-speed design controller. But, in this paper, DC servo controller is designed using the cord of the block-diagram of SIMTool. By the method, we can design, realized and analyzed a control system quickly in real-time. And we expect that the various plants of a robot vehicles are controled through the outside I/O board changing the structure of the block-diagram of SIMTool into AUTOTool. In addition, our developed system helps the most suitable automatic controller design and tester with hight-speed.

Resistance spot welding using air gun has been used for joining the sheet metal in automotive manufacturing process. Although air gun has many advantages, it also has the limitation to control the pressure as a factor to improve weld quality. In this study, we apply servo gun using servo motor to resistance spot welding and find the relationship between welding pressure and welding quality. Trough the experiment to change welding pressure during the welding cycle, we can make it clear that the change of welding pressure is greatly influence on the welding quality. To get in a. using response surface methodology, drew out the optimal welding pressure profile for welding quality progresses. We made an optimal profile of welding pressure which improves welding quality using response surface methodology.

It is fundamental to count and pack the pills in the medicine manufacture field but those tasks are time and labor consuming. Thus, the need fur automation of those tasks is necessarily getting increased in order to get effective mass production. It Is significant to perceive pills quickly and precisely. There were many trials for this processing but the performance of the existing counting machines varies about size, shape and dispersion tendency of pills. In this paper, the authors try to improve the counting performance of a pill counting machine that has optical sensors with the neural network. The passing signal of pill is acquired with optical sensor and the passage signal of the pill is extracted as input patterns. The gradient and integration of signal during passing time and the time keeping the pill interrupt the light from the LED are used as characteristic feature. The back propagation and perception algorithm are used for training. Experimental results with several pills show that the designed algorithm is a little bit effective to reduce the noise effect which is generated from interference among the machine components and unreliable environment.

Composite materials, when damaged under thermal or mechanical loadings, show property changes. Among many mechanical properties of composite materials. the stiffness tend to be reduced due to micro-cracking, debonding, or delamination caused by external loadings. This research presents results regarding the detecting technique of internal damages within composite that experienced low-velocity impacts. Post-damage evaluations were made experimentally using flexural and compression loadings. Preliminary finite element analysis was made and compared with analytical solutions. The experimental results to determine the degree of damage will be compared with finite element results.

This study examined the effects of the testing temperature on the mechanical properties of the carbon tool steel (SK4M) for flat spring. Hardness test and fatigue test were performed at room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$). Tensile test and creep test were performed at temperature range $20^{\circ}C$ ~$160^{\circ}C$. The micro-vickers hardness values of SK4M was Hv=584. The Elastic modulus, tensile strength and yield strength of SK4M at 160t test temperature were decreased 0.92 time, 0.97 time and 0.82 time those of SK4M at 2$0^{\circ}C$ test temperature, respectively. The maximum creep strain for 100hr at creep temperature ($80^{\circ}C$ ~$160^{\circ}C$) and creep stress ($37.4Kgf/\textrm{mm}^2$ ~$93.6Kgf/\textrm{mm}^2$) was 0.572%. The fatigue limit of SK4M was $94Kgf/\textrm{mm}^2$.

Composite material made of recycling paper and plastics was developed. The tension and bending testing result of developed composite material shows that the cellulose contained in paper contributes much to get high flexural rigidity. As an application example, the raised access floor for office automation purpose was developed by making use of developed composite material. Manufacturing process together with the extrusion die and the compression die for to manufacture the access floor have been developed.

An elastomeric bushing is a device used in automotive suspension systems to reduce the load transmitted from the wheel to the frame of the vehicle. A bushing is an elastomeric hollow cylinder which is bonded to a solid steel shaft at its inner surface and a steel sleeve at its outer surface. The relation between the load applied to the shaft or sleeve and the relative deformation of Elastomeric bushing is nonlinear and exhibits features of viscoelasticity. A load-displacement relation fur elastomeric bushing is important fur dynamic numerical simulations. A boundary value problem for the bushing response leads to the load-displacement relation which requires complex calculations and is hence unsuitable. Therefore, by modifying the constitutive equation for a nonlinear viscoelastic incompressible material developed by Lianis, the data fur the elastomeric bushing material was obtained and this data was used to derive the new load-displacement relation fur radial response of the bushing. After the load relaxation function for the bushing is obtained from the step displacement control test, Pipkin-Rogers model was developed. Solutions were allowed for comparison between the results of Modified Lianis model and those of the proposed model. It is shown that the proposed Pipkin-Rogers model is in very good agreement with Modified Lianis model.

For the electro-discharge machining of an electro-conductive anisotropic composite, an unsteady state formulation was established and solved by Galerkin's finite element method. The distribution of temperature on work piece, the shape of the crater and the material removal rate were obtained in terms of the process parameters. As the spark was initiated the workpiece immediately started to melt and the heat affected zone was formed. The moving boundary of the crater was also identified with time. When the radial and axial conductivities were increased separately the temperature distribution and the shape of the crater were shifted in the same direction respectively and the material removal rate was found to be higher in the case of increasing radial conductivity rather than the axial conductivity.

The dimensional accuracy of the cold forged products is strongly dependent on the elastic behavior of the die. The elastic deformation of the die is continuously changed during the process. Therefore, it is needed to measure the deformation of die. Strain gauges are used to measure the elastic strains in the die during cold backward extrusion process. The strain gauges are attached on the die surface and embedded at the interface between the die insert and the stress ring. In order to compare the results with the FE-analysis, the rigid-plastic FE-analysis of cold backward extrusion process using DEFORM-3D has been performed, and the analysis of elastic deformation of the die has been done by using ANSYS with non-linear contact.

An Amplitude Proportional Friction Damper (APFD) system is considered in order to improve the stick-slip characteristics of Coulomb friction damper. The frictional force is proportional to the amplitude in APFD system and the system is non-linear as is Coulomb damper system. The free vibration analysis on an 1-DOF system has conducted to demonstrate the characteristics of the APFD system and the results show that the APFD system has similar damping characteristics to the viscous damper system. It is concluded that the APFD system may become a cost effective substitution for the viscous damper and it also has certain advantages over Coulomb damper system since the APFD system can be designed to work with no stick-slip.

This study deals with a dynamic behavior analysis of pump control regulator varied the swash plate tilting angle with the positive and negative direction. To accomplish it's purpose, modeling and displacement response analysis about principal parts (spool, servo piston, feedback lever, sleeve) of pump control regulator was performed. We have been able to verifying the propriety of servo mechanism and design parameters of pump control regulator by research results. So, it respect to utilized with useful research data at variable displacement control valve development of variable displacement piston pump.

In this Paper, a mathematical model describing the dynamics of pilot operated pressure control valve was derived. A attempt to analyze the Parameters(seat diameter, cone angle, spring stiffness, control volume) which relate to the performance of the object valve was carried out. Simulation using AMESim as a simulation tool was operated, and verified the validity of our simulation by means of comparison our simulation results with an experimental results of the pilot operated pressure control valve.

In this paper, poppet valve with cone type poppet and sharp edged seat was studied. In order to develope poppet valve which have a specification of 315(bar) and 3(lpm), effect of design parameter as valve seat diameter, poppet angle, spring stiffness and spring pre-load was evaluated. The validity of simulation was confirmed and basic data far poppet valve design was derived.

This study was carried out to investigate the braking performances associated with the friction coefficients and temperature fluctuations. Friction coefficient stability and maximum temperature of brake drums, made of an Al-MMC and conventional cast iron, were tested by the inertial brake dynamometer during 15 braking operations. Also the temperature distribution was analyzed by the finite element analysis(FEA). In this experiment, both lower temperature rise near the drum surface and less variation of friction coefficient, compared to those of cast iron, were observed with Al-MMC drums during braking operations.

Pressure fluctuation in the cylinder is one of the major sources on noise emission in oil hydraulic piston pumps. This paper reports an experimental study of pressure fluctuation characteristics in the cylinder of oil hydraulic piston pumps. We measured pressure fluctuation at BDC with delivery pressure, rotational speed. Because the pre-compression and the V-grooves in the valve plate is known of noise reduction, we investigated also the effect of pre-compression and V-grooves at the ends of the kidney ports with four types valve plates. We found that the pre-compression and the V-grooves in valve plate could reduce the noise of oil hydraulic piston pumps.

The closed circuit pump is applied to control rotating speed and direction of hydraulic motor in hydrostatic transmission. To development of this pump, first of all the servo control regulator has to be designed. Mechanical-hydraulic type servo control mechanism is excellent to be compared with electronic-hydraulic type servo control valve to reliability and economy. In this paper to development positive and negative variable displacement type servo regulator, the hydro-mechanical servo control mechanism is calculated and designed with force balance of pilot piston and position feedback of servo piston.

This paper is on the study of flow force compensating method of spool type valve. A simple flow force compensating method using stepped spool is presented in this paper. It is easy to manufacture stepped spool in the presented method because the shape of it is simple. The method has the merit that the size of valve need not be increased. Actuating force required for driving means of spool can be decreased by the compensation of flow force. The effect of presented method is predicted through CFD analysis. The prototypes of flow force compensating Direct Drive Servo-Valve where the result of CFD analysis is reflected are manufactured, and the measurement of flow force is carried out. It is known from the measurement that the effect of flow force compensation is very similar to from CFD analysis.

At present, almost circuits are wired using copper in flexible circuits. But, these circuit have limit to flexibility so it occurs fracture about cyclic bending and, thermal load of bending stress occur a circuit trouble. a study of all-polymer flexible circuits get over that problem. Established fabrication method of all-polymer circuits is photolithograph. This method can not have mass production, so this method wastes time and human effort. In this study, all polymer flexible circuits are fabricated using the inkjet process.

According to the enlargement of production facilities and structures, the requirements of high-capacity load cells are increased for monitoring the process conditions in many fields. Generally, however, the accuracy of the column-type high-capacity load cells is not enough due to the geometric nonlinearity. It is supposed to result from the fact that the whole spring element is under high-level stress for the uniform strain field. In this paper, a new shape of spring element is developed which utilizes the stress concentration. As a design criterion, an object function which quantifies the degree of nonlinearity is defined and optimized by use of response surface modeling. As a result, the weight of the spring element is reduced shout 50% in comparison to the conventional shape. The bonding positions of stain gages are found. which show theoretically zero geometrical nonlinearity, while the ratio of overload protection is reduced from 130% to 125% Also it is shown that the response surface method is very efficient in the optimization approach by use of FEM.

A preliminary design process in the multi-stage gear drives design is important part. a preliminary design support system which run efficiently the design is developed with fuzzy expert system. the system automatically generate the mechanism of multi-stats gear drives and select a candidate mechanism by the general expert rule and sorting using fuzzy expert system. the preliminary mechanism design of multi-stage gear drives have a short execution time, add accuracy in a preliminary design considering volume, cost, power and efficiency in preliminary, a design efficiency is increased and a preliminary design have a elasticity using a weight on variable's sorting mechanism.

This paper explores a structuring method for solid modeling processes of an automobile automatic transmission-lever design. The aim of this work is to establish standard procedures to minimize iterations and trial and errors during the product development process to increase development time and costs. The design of the transmission-lever is periodically required to be changed with the model change of an automobile. The transmission-lever design process has mainly depended on the designer's experience. It causes to make difficulties to handle the dependency of components. The design process can be improved by resolving the dependency problem using the DSM. The process of applying the DSM provides a systematic way for the solid modeling of transmission-lever by the consideration of geometry dependency.

A method to derive the constitutive relations of a piezoelectric bender actuator is developed here. The constitutive relations are derived from the geometry, material properties of the actuator. The very complicated constitutive relations can be easily calculated by use of symbolic function in Mathematica. The developed program can calculate the constitutive relations for the unimorph bender made by attaching a short piezoelectric beam on a longer metal beam. The program can also calculate the constitutive relations of a piezoelectric bender with spring at its end.

The remote handling and maintenance devices in the nuclear hot ceil should be checked prior to the hot operation in view of reliability and operability. In this study, the digital mock-up is implemented to analyze and define the process equipment maintenance processes instead of real mock-up, which is very expensive and time consuming. To do this, the parts of equipment and maintenance devices are modeled in 3-D graphics, assembled, and kinematics is assigned. Also, the virtual workcell of the spent fuel management process is implemented in the graphical environment which is the same as the real environment. This simulator has the several functions for verification such as analyses for the manipulator's working area, the collision detection, the path planning and graphic simulation of the processes etc. This graphic simulator of the maintenance devices can be effectively used in designing of the maintenance processes for the hot cell equipment and enhance the reliability of the spent fuel management.

A bellows diaphragm design program for mechanical seal was developed in this study. This program was written in AutoLISP on the AutoCAD system with a personal computer. Basic design concept used in this program is composition of a convolution that is tangent to two lines and five circles from given design parameters(initial radius, inner and outer diameter, thickness, pitch, etc.). The effects of altering some design parameters on stress distribution of bellows were estimated using commercial FEM code, NISAII. As a result, the bellows diaphragm for mechanical seal was successfully designed by the program. The FEM result shows that stress is dependent on straight line length and bellows diameter with same span.

This paper proposes an approximate LCA methodology fur the conceptual design stage by grouping products according to their environmental characteristics and by mapping product attributes Into impact driver (ID) index. The relationship Is statistically verified by exploring the correlation between total impact indicator and energy impact category. Then an artificial neural network model is developed to predict an approximate LCA of grouping products in conceptual design stage. The training is generalized by using identified product attributes for an ID In a group as well as another product attributes for another IDs in other groups. The neural network model with back propagation algorithm is used and the results are compared with those of multiple regression analysis. The proposed approach does not replace the full LCA but it would give an approximate LCA results for design concepts.

The NURBS surfaces are widely employed for exchanging geometric models between different CAD/CAE systems. However if the input NURBS surfaces are poorly parameterized, most surface meshing algorithms may fail or the constructed meshes can be ill-conditioned. In this paper presents a new method is presented that can generate well conditioned meshes even on poorly parameterized NURBS surfaces by regenerating NURBS surfaces. To begin with, adequate Points are sample on original poorly parameterized surfaces and new surfaces are created by interpolating these points. And then. mesh generation is performed on new surfaces. With this method, models with poorly parameterized NURBS surfaces can be meshed successfully.

The Timoshenko beam model has been acknowledged as the most accurate model for representing beam structures. However, the Timoshenko beam model may give rise to significant error when it is applied to multi-stepped beam structures. This paper is intended to demonstrate and improve the modeling error of Timoshenko beam theory for multi-stepped team structures. A tentative bending spring is introduced to represent the stiffness change around a step in beams. This paper proposes a finite element modeling method in the light with the bending spring. The proposed method is rigorously compared with commercial finite element codes. The validity of the proposed method is also demonstrated through an experiment..

In previous researches, it is reported that Ti-10Ta-10Nb is robuster than Ti-6A1-4V which is used as a biomaterial in a experiment of cytotoxicity. Ti-10Ta-10Nb has enough hardness to be required as a biomaterial because the change of its hardness can be controlled more than 100% according to heat treatment condition and manufacturing condition. There are many hardness changing condition including Cast Homogenization, Solution treatment. Forging, Rolling in this research. The changing form and amount of new Ti-10Ta-10Nb to be developed in this researches, are measured as quantitative. Specially, the changing hardness amount of the specimen that is manufactured in single phase temperature, i.e. 80$0^{\circ}C$, are measured in case of high temperature rolling and high temperature cast condition.

The stress of the rotating disc with several types of hole was investigated in detail in this paper. Maximum circumferential stress of rotating disc by changing hole shape with same area, were studied using FEM. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The disc which rotates at high speed is subjected to circumferential stress remarkably. 2. When the number of circular holes in rotating disc is four, stress reduction effect is maximum. 3. When shape of holes in rotating disc is cylindrical elongated hole, maximum circumferential stress of the rotating disc decreased most.

This investigation describes and analyses the experimental results proper to the penetration of Al5052-H34 alloy plates of thickness 6, 12 and 16mm(T/D＝1, 2, 3) by 5.56mm ball projectiles over the velocity range 350-750㎧. All the high velocity impact tests were carried out at normal impact angle, i.e. zero obliquity. The experimental results presented the variation of depth of penetration, bulge height and diameter, plugged length and diameter with the velocity fur tests on each plate of a given thickness in order to determine the deformation shapes of 5.56mm ball projectiles and targets. Also the protection ballistic limit($V_50$) tests were conducted.

In general, the reinforcement of a structure is performed with cylinders. In this study, it is attempted to analyze the circular reinforcement with fins. And the maximum stress and deflection is investigated fur the circular reinforcement between two plates. The shape of models are : one which has only circular reinforcements of different diameters and one which has circular reinforcements with fins and one which has fin of same length and circular cylinders of different diameters. And in each model, there are two kinds; one is with upper and lower plates and the other with none. The results shows that the maximum stress is less in the model of circular reinforcement with fins than that in the model without fins. And the maximum stress of a model without upper and lower plate is less than that of a model with plates.

In thixoforming process, the size of Si particles is changed by many parameters of forming. Especially, reheating and heat treatment are very important parameters. It was found that the mechanical properties was significantly improved by the thixoforming process. In this study, to investigate the relation between the mechanical properties and Si particles, the experiment of semi-solid die casting has been performed. Large suspension part with A356 alloy was fabricated with controlled ram speed. The effect of the size and shape of silicon particles on microstructure of tensile test has been investigated.

The shape of K-R curve for an ideally brittle material is flat because the surface energy is an unvaried material property. However, the K-R curve can take on a variety of shapes when nonlinear material behavior accompanies fracture. By the way, a general metallic material is nonlinear, structural steel is such. Therefore, the J-R curve form J-integral value instead of K parameters can be used to evaluate elastic-plastic materials with flaws in terms of ductile fracture that can be significant to design. In this paper, R-curve behaviors form K and J parameter is considered for the precise assessment of fracture analysis, in case of JS-SS400 steels.

Accurate stress intensity factor analyses and crack growth rate of surface-cracked components in inhomogeneous materials are needed for reliable prediction of their fatigue lift and fracture strengths. This paper describes an automated system for analyzing the stress intensity factors of three-dimensional (3D) cracks in inhomogeneous materials. 3D finite element method (FEM) was used to obtain the stress intensity factor for subsurface cracks and surface cracks existing in inhomogeneous materials. To examine accuracy and efficiency of the present system, the stress intensity factor for a semi-elliptical surface crack in a plate subjected to uniform tension is calculated, and compared with Raju-Newman's solutions. Then the system is applied to analyze cladding effect of subsurface cracks in inhomogeneous materials. The results were compared with those surface cracks in homogeneous materials. It is clearly demonstrated from these analyses that the stress intensity factors for subsurface cracks are less than those of surface cracks.

The asymptotic problem of a semi-infinite conducting crack parallel to the poling direction in ferroelectric ceramics subjected to electric fields is analyzed. The main mechanism for the conducting crack growth behavior is thought to be ferroelectric domain switching leading to the development of a process zone around the crack. The shape and size of the switching zone is shown to depend strongly on the relative magnitude on the ratio of the coercive electric field to the yield electric field. It is shown that the crack growth can be either enhanced or retarded depending on the ratio of the coercive electric field to yield electric field.

Of all the many types of machine elements which exist today, gears are among the most commonly used. Many researches have been done to manufacture helical gears by cold forging and extrusion. Although cold forging and extrusion were applied to some bevel, spur, and helical gears, problems in connection with reducing forming load and tool life still make it difficult for the related methods to be commercialized. In this study, focusing on reducing load in forming helical gears, extrusion of helical gears by a two-step process is proposed. The process is composed of an extrusion step of spur gears used as preform and a torsion step of the preform to make helical gears. Upper-bound analysis for the two-step process is performed and compared with results of experiments. The newly proposed method can be used as an advanced forming technique to remarkably reduce the forming load and replace the conventional forming process of helical gears.

Deformation of the specimens was investigated on hydrogen absorption-desorption cycling. In order to study this problem, the cold rolled and the annealed palladium thin plate as specimens had been used. By using the electrochemical method, the palladium plate specimens were cyclically hydrogenated in the 0.1mol $H_2SO_4$ electrolyte. As results, it is noted that the thickness of the plate specimens gradually increased in increasing hydrogenation cycles whereas the width and the length decreased. Also, Deformation of the cold rolled palladium specimen was lager than the annealed palladium specimen. And grains in the plate specimen were greatly deformed after hydrogenation cycling. But hydrogen absorption rate scarcely changed.

Sometimes open holes are required for the function and the weight reduction of structure and machinery. However, the serious stress concentration occurs because of the geometric discontinuity caused by the holes and cutting section. In this study, it is attempted to obtain the stress concentration coefficients of the inner surface of the hole boundary by changing the position and the shape of holes on the homogeneous isotropic plate. And the effects on the plate are investigated. The results show that the stress level becomes low and the distribution area widens the position of stress concentration changes as the ratio ah increases and change to a circle. And as the ratio a/l decreases, the stress concentration reduces.

An analysis method for rubber toughened PVC is suggested to evaluate critical dynamic strain energy release rates($G_c$) from the Charpy impact energy measurements. An instrumented Charpy impact tester was used to extract ancillary information concerning fracture parameters in addition to total fracture energies and maximum critical loads. The dynamic stress intensity factor $K_{Id}$ was computed for varying amounts of rubber contents from the obtained maximum critical loads and also toughening effects were investigated as well. The fracture surfaces produced under low velocity impact fur PVC/MBS composites were investigated by SEM. The results show that MBS rubber is very effective reinforcement material for toughening PVC.C.

The vertical impact crusher is the machine which could produce artifical sand similar to natural aggregates in the site of guarry and pits. FEM was used to analyse the stress and strength of the machine at high rotational speed. The test specimen was made from the same material as the shaft and tension tests were conducted. The shaft under extreme conditions was analysed to determine maximum stress level and its location from the results. The maximum level of stress and its location could be predicted.

The wrinkling in the flange and wall of a part is a predominent failure mode in stamping of sheet metal parts. In many cases this wrinkling may be eliminated by appropriate control of the blank holding forco(BHF), but BHF affects the draw depth. Gotoh had studied the wrinkles under 0.02mm in height. In general, the height of wrinkles could be limited under 0.2mm practically. Therefore small BHP can be allowed so that the depth of drawing could be increased. Authors research the variation of the wrinkles in flange in the course of cup drawing by using aluminium alloy Al050 and A5052.

A specific experimental method, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique has been widely used to determine the dynamic material properties under the impact compressive loading conditions with strain-rate of the order of 103/s~104/s. In this paper, dynamic deformation behaviors of rubber materials widely used for the isolation of vibration from varying structures under dynamic loading are determined using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique.

In this study, Fatigue crack growth behavior of the laser welded sheet metal due to a single overload was investigated. From Fatigue crack propagation test, it was observed that the retardation of fatigue crack growth has been more effective in the welded specimen than in the base metal. And if the distance between the welded part and the position of overload is too close the retardation of fatigue crack growth at the welded part has been decreased. From FEM analysis, it was observed the retardation has been more effective compressive residual stress than plastic zone.

The Core Support Barrel (CSB) is a major component of Reactor Internals, and is designed to support and protect the Reactor Core. In this study, Reactor Core, Core Shroud and CSB were simplified to coaxial cylinders and then the offset of Reactor Core & Core Shroud to the dynamic characteristic of CSB was analyzed. For the beam modes, natural frequencies of the cantilevered cylinder are compared with those of the cantilevered beam. And it was found out that shear modulus must be used correctly to convert the shell model to the equivalent beam model. From the dynamic characteristics of the beam model, it was found out that natural frequencies are proportional to the length of Reactor Core & Core Shroud and inversely proportional to the mass. From the comparison with the dynamic characteristics of a beam model and a lumped-mass model it was found out that the size of lumped-mass must be determined considering both the length and the mass of Reactor Core & Core Shroud.

In this study, we tried to grasp the characteristic of vibration power flow for the truss core type sandwich plate structure. As the result of the finite element analysis, this paper shows that the vibration power flow characteristic of truss core type sandwich plate structure is understood and the vibration power flow of upper plate according to the mode shape of structure is various. Also it presents the vibration power flow is affected by reinforced structure.

In high-speed optical disk drive, the excitation caused by rotation of a mass-unbalanced disk is a major source of vibration. The vibration can be a disturbance to the servo system, which is sufficient to cause severe failures in the reading and writing process. The vibration also causes users to feel unpleasantness. The vibration reduction is therefore essential for the reliable operation of optical disk drive. One of the approaches to reduce the vibration is a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA). In this paper, we analyze the dynamic behavior of $DVD\pmRW$ combo drive system with DVA through 12_dof rigid multi-body dynamic model. The effective location and the optimal frequency ratio are obtained from the analysis.

Many malfunctions take place in container crane spreader due to impact. So we designed a 2DOF hydraulic impact absorbing system with multi-step damping coefficient and studied the effect of orifice's interval and damping coefficient. The damping coefficient of upper piston was found to be 180 N.s/m, and the orifice's interval to be 9mm, the max reaction force and the average reaction force might be lowest. Compared with a general 2-DOF impact absorbing system, the max reaction force reduced by 46%., and average reaction force reduced by 5%.

Braiding machines of maypole type have complex guide tracks. It is not easy to speed up drivers while carriers are moving with being at high speed. This paper presents a new design approach using dynamic analysis for moving carriers on the guide tracks. The proposed approach will be shown to be effective by using the simulation tool, WORKING MODEL 2D(equation omitted), for the high speed drivers on new models of braiding machines of maypole type.

To control the vibration and sound of structure, it is important to analyze the dynamic action of structure. And through those analysis, the vibration source and the flow path is understood. To grasp that, when the two-dimension plate structure is shaken by a harmonic point excitation with the natural frequency using the finite element method, this paper presents the relation between vibration power flow and mode shape. As those results present to vector flow, the vibration power flow is visualized.

We should maintain the maximum operation capacity for production facilities and find properly out the fault of each equipment rapidly in order to decrease a loss caused by its failure. The acoustic and vibration signals of a machine always carry the dynamic information of the machine. These signals are very useful fur the feature extraction and fault diagnosis. We performed a fundamental study which develops a system of fault diagnosis for a pump. We experimented vibrations by acceleration sensors and noises by microphones, compared and analysed for normal products, artificially deformed products. We tried to search a change of the dynamic signals according to machine malfunctions and analyse the type of deformation or failure. The results showed that acoustic signals as well as vibration signals can be used as a simple method lot a detection of machine malfunction or fault diagnosis.

This paper presents the lubrication characteristics of a disk type wavy thrust bearing. The hydrodynamic pressure distributions in the fluid film are numerically solved the Reynolds equation and then the bearing load capacity and friction forces acting on the disk are calculated. Especially the effects of number and amplitude of the circumferential waves are investigated for tilted operating conditions. The results showed that the load capacity increases with wave amplitude and optimum wave number exists for given design conditions. Therefore the results can be applied to enhance the lubrication performance of thrust bearing adopted in the scroll compressor.

In this study, to grasp the effect of vibration intensity fur the laminated composite plate, the two-dimension plate was shaken by a harmonic point excitation with the natural frequency using the finite element method. As the result, it shows that the vibration intensity according to the change of angle-ply is various and it flows to the direction of length rather than width in the plate. Also this paper represents those results to the vector flow.

Microcellular foaming Process has several merits, impact strength elevation, thermal insulation, noise insulation, and raw material saving etc. This method make the glass transition temperature of polymers low, and diminish the residual stress of polymers. This characteristics of Microcellular foaming process influences the physical properties of recycled polymers. This paper describes about the impact strength change of Microcellular foamed recycled ABS.

This study dealt with the experimental modal analysis of the perforated rectangular plate coupled with fluid. The natural frequencies of the perforated plate and solid plate in air were obtained by the analytical method based on the relation between the reference kinetic and maximum potential energy and compared with the experimental results. Good agreement between the results was found for the natural frequencies of the perforated plate in air. It was empirically found the natural frequencies of the perforated plate coupled with fluid. The transverse vibration modes, in-phase and out-of-phase, were observed alternately in the fluid-coupled system. Additionally, the effect of distance between perforated plate and solid plate on the fluid-coupled natural frequency was investigated.

Optical disk drive device is improved in rotating speed for faster data reading. In the case of CD-ROM, rotating speed is over 10000 rpm in the practical use. As a result of high rotating speed, unexpected effects as like increasing disk fluctuation and acoustic noise are raised by the air friction on the rotating disk and the eccentricity of rotating parts. The overall acoustic noise of running CD-ROM could be classified into two different characterized noise. The first is the structural-borne noise which is generated from vibrating solid body. By the reason, the signal of structural borne noise has very similar to the signal of surface vibrating one. It has dense noise energy at specific frequency region. The other is the air-borne noise which is generated from turbulence or vortex caused by friction between disk and air. The signal of air-borne noise has no dominant peak point at acoustic pressure-frequency domain. The noise energy is widely distributed while comparatively high and large frequency region. The structural-borne noise could be reduced by reducing vibration of structure and in addition it's target reducing frequency is narrow. However the air-borne noise reduction is effectively needed of enclosing method for the noise source located near the disk surface because it is difficult to define target frequency point. In this study, the acoustic noise at driving CD-ROM is classified by the sides of it's character and tried to reduce the overall acoustic noise.

This paper investigates the characteristics of deflection for circular plate that has same supporting condition along the width direction of plate according to the area change of supporting end. For two boundary conditions such as simple supporting and clamping on both ends, this study derives maximum deflection formula of circular plate using differential equation of elastic curve, assuming that a circular plate is a beam with different widths along the longitudinal direction. The deflection formula of circular plate is verified by carrying out finite element analysis with regard to the ratio of length of supporting part to radius of circular plate.

It has been known that general velocity and force of a rigid body in space can be described in forms of a twist and a wrench by use of screws. However, the geometrical meaning of acceleration has not been clearly disclosed. It has been a normal practice to analyze or synthesize the acceleration effect of manipulator using some complex mathematical equations, which do not represent any geometrical meanings. In other words, such a technique doesn't clearly provide information about the overall acceleration state of manipulator at that instant. In this study, the geometrical meaning of acceleration of a rigid body has been investigated and thereby a geometrical procedure which can be applied to inverse acceleration analysis of a general non-redundant manipulator is presented as an application.

Cam mechanism is one of the common devices used in lots of automatic machinery. This paper introduces to an inverse cam mechanism. The inverse cam mechanism has a reverse structure as compared with common cam mechanism. For shape design of the inverse cam the approach used in this paper is an instant velocity center method that find the contact point between cam and roller at any contact time. And a computer program is developed for shape design and simulation by visual $C^{++}$ language. As the results, this paper presents two examples for the shape design of the inverse cam mechanism in order to prove the accuracy of the design procedures.

This paper presents the reverse design of a cam mechanism using NURBS(Nonuniform Rational B-spline curve). Cam is very difficult to make the accurate shape on the design and the manufacture. Because the cam shape is commonly made in order to move in special functions. The reverse design can be used to check accuracy between the designed data and the manufactured data of the cam shape and also reproduce the cam without the design data. The reverse design procedures consist of motion analysis and curve fitting. The motion analysis is used the central difference method and the relative velocity method to find the displacement and velocity. The curve fitting is used NURBS to develope the whole curve. The central difference method is derived in the 3 dimensional space.

It is well blown that the product development time in manufacturing industry is critical. A new methodology for a product design knowledge management is required to reduce design errors and to optimize a design process. In this paper, Process-Related design knowledge management and Document Template are introduced to provide a design process to prevent previous design errors and a solution for the desist errors. Also the Document Template is more convenient interface in integrating the design knowledge into a system.

As 3-D solid modeling systems have been widely used in product design recently, dedicated design systems for molds of the products have been developed and introduced to mold manufacturers. These mold design systems provide solid modeling capabilites for mechanism to free undercuts. This paper describes an algorithm for slide design capability that has been developed based on a commercial CAD system, Unigraphics. Since the relationship between slide parts were investigated and predefined using parameters in the system, the dimensions and locations of the parts are modifed automatically when a part is modified.

The fiber reinforced composite material is widely used in the multi-industrial field where the weight reduction of the infrastructure is demanded because of their high specific modulus and specific strength. Pressure vessels using this composite material in comparison with conventional metal vessels can be applied in the field where lightweight and the high pressure are demanded from the defense and aerospace industry to rocket motor case due to the merits which are energy cutdown the weight reduction and decrease of explosive damage preceding to the sudden explosion which is generated by the pressure leakage condition). In this paper, for nonlinear finite element analysis of E-glass/epoxy filament winding composite pressure vessel receiving an internal pressure, the standard interpretation model is developed by using the ANSYS, general commercial software, which is verified as the accuracy and useful characteristic of the solution based on Auto LISP and ANSYS APDL. Both the preprocessor for doing exclusive analysis of filament winding composite pressure vessel and postprocessor that simplifies result of analysis have been developed to help the design engineers.

Small and medium enterprises have various problems that is the distributed process state, the method of receipt from custom, documentation change and so on related to the existing product design process. For that reason they require systematic analysis and smooth progress f3r each product design process. The solution is in this issue development of design management system far collaborative engineering. The aim of this system is to analyze the wrong existing process and to standardize product design process. Since this system is a server on web based Database with web identification, the client can overcome the limit of time, place and resource duplication. As a result product design process gets the greatest of efficiency in the various aspects.

A garter spring, which is a long. special, close-coiled extension spring with its ends joined to form a ring, is used in connection between vacuum circuit breaker and bus bar in switchgear. To carry short-time current and resist welding at the contact surface in the connection, the garter spring must transmits an uniform contact force to the contact surface through the contact chips arranged in the circumference of bus bar. In this paper, the system for measurement of the contact force by the garter spring is developed. Using the developed measurement system, the design of the connection structure including the garter spring is reviewed to obtain the uniform contact forces in all of contact chips.

Particulate contamination is known to be a significant cause of failures of removable storage media. In this work, The effect of particles on the surface damage of removable hard disk media was investigated. The particles of different materials and size were introduced to the head-disk interface using a particle injection system. It was found that the particles of particulate size and property serious damaged the media. This study showed that cleaning pad is effective for reducing particle contamination, except for the particles of specific size and property. As a means to removed the particles of specific size, the concept of using a stepped taper at the leading edge of the slider is proposed.

Trepan prevents wear of an inside part of a bearing when the initial shaft rotates. It continuously contacts with the eccentric part of the shaft in rotation and is loaded repeatedly. Therefore, even if an early crack of a trepan part is small, a crack progresses by a repeated load. If a crack progresses, very small chips come out. This is pill in the rotor and prevents rotation of the compressor. There can be leaks in a microgroove and extreme wear can occur due to lack of oil on the surface contact pan. Therefore, this study was carried out to compare and investigate trepan strength and deflection characteristics between trepan locations and dimension changes using a finite element method and search a motor bearing for a model with bigger stiffness of a trepan part and the same deflection. And then. five different types of the oil groove model were chosen to prevent small crack and considered also machining ability and the analysis was carried out on oil feeding flow.

The objective of design process modeling is a systematic support of rapid redesign process fur a modified input data. The design process modeling is realized by storing key parameters or geometric entities used in the intermediate design steps and reusing them for change of the designed parts or assemblies according to the modified input. In this paper, we adopted and implemented the design process modeling approach to our injection mold design system developed based on the Unigraphics system. It was proved that the productivity of mold redesign process is raised highly by introducing the design process modeling technique mold design system.

The optical disk drive is a basic option on the PC now. So the lower price and higher read/write speed goods are now on market. These trends make many difficulties to produce more reliable drives, comparing when they are treated as high price stuff. In mechanical terms, the lower price and higher read/write speed drive make higher vibration and noise, lower stiffness, even severe fracture of cheap and low quality disk, problems. Due to the internal crash of P/U inside of the drive, the failure of drives, inferior drives, increase more and more by the careless transportation and the originated low stiffness parts. This report is the introduction of the FE simple model to decrease the internal P/U crash problems, and the results.

Full scale durability test in the laboratory is an essential of any fatigue life evaluation of components or structures of the automotive vehicle. Component testing is particularly important in today's highly competitive industries where the design to reduce weight and production costs must be balanced with the necessity to avoid expensive service failure. Generally, Hydraulic road simulator is used to carry out the fatigue test and the vibration test. In this paper, the algorithm and software to realize the real road profile are developed. The operation software for simultaneously controlled multi-axial simulator is developed and the input and output data are displayed window based PC controller in real time. The software to generate the real road profile are developed. This paper developed a road profile reappearance software and simultaneously apply 3-axial actuator to white noise, so we verified the propriety of reappearance software through accomplishes an real test.

Thermal characteristics according to the cooling methods are studied for the three type spindles with high frequency motor. For the analysis, three dimensional mode]s are built considering heat transfer characteristics such as natural and force convection coefficients. Unsteady-state temperature distributions and thermal deformations according to the cooling conditions are analyzed by using the finite element method.

This paper studies the indirect parameters when the new and worn end mill working in the machining center. The parameter output methods are cutting force, current values and AE signals. In the result, when the worn end mill operating, cutting forces increase the 14.71〔N〕, current values increase the 2.917〔A〕 and 1.168〔A〕 according to the spindle mote. and feed motor, and AE signals increase the 0.588$\times$10$^{-5}$ 〔A〕. We can use these parameters in the detection of end mill wear.

This paper has studied thermal characteristics of machine tool to develope high speed spindle and optimum design condidering the thermal deformation. Comparing the test data of temperature measurement and structural analysis data using FEM, we verified the test validity and predicted thermal deformation, influence of spindle generation of heat, and established cooling system to prevent the thermal deformation. 1) The temperature rise of spindle system depends on increasing number of rotation and shows sudden doubling increment of number of rotation over 7,000rpm. 2) Oil jacket cooling can be effective cooling method below 8,000rpm but, over 8,000rpm, it shows the decrement of cooling effect. 3) Comparing FEM analysis results and revolution test results, we can confirm approximate temperature change consequently, it is possible to simulate temperature rise and thermal distribution on the inside of spindle system. 4) We can confirm that simulated approach by FEM analysis can be effective method in thermal-appropriate design.

The Spindle-]fearing System is very important unit for geometrical accuracy in machine tools. To improve effectively the weak point of spindle system, it is necessary that the contribution ratio of spindle core parts to static and dynamic stiffness is clarified. In this paper, static contribution ratio of core parts is calculated by overlapping static deformation of basic spindle design with one flexible parts. The dynamic contribution ratio for natural frequency and dynamic deformation at spindle end is obtained by calculating correlation between original and basic spindle deformation, by curve fitting with regressive method. It is proved the validity of estimation result is correct.

This paper presents a procedure far design, modeling and analysis of a fine positioning stage. The stage considered here is composed of flexure hinges, piezoelectric actuators and their peripherals. Through a series of analysis, the structural analysis model is simplified as a rigid body(the moving part) and springs (the flexure hinges). An experimental design procedure is applied to determine optimum design variables for flexure hinges. The optimum variables are validated through a numerical test. A sensitivity analysis on the notch positions is also performed to obtain a guideline of fabrication accuracy for the stage.

Ultra precision processing technology is the field which is seriously protected its technology by advanced nations. Because of this reason, this technology is very difficult to supply for domestic companies, also domestic companies are revealed the limit of technology development by itself. And then, those are depend on the technology development of advanced nation, domestic companies are not conquer application step with already developed parts. Of course, some cases of its research are succeed. those are included element technology, system technology and so on, for development of ultra precision processing system. To conquer technology holding ultra precision processing accuracy of no level, active research are needed. In this paper, stability of ultra precision cutting unit is analyzed, this unit is the kernel unit in ultra precision processing machine. According to alteration of shape and material about hinge, stability investigation is performed Through this stability investigation, trial and error is reduced in design and manufacture, at the same time, we are accumulated foundation data for un it control.

Cylindrical Cam Mechanism is widely used in the fields of industries, such as machine tool exchangers, textile machinery. This paper proposes a method for manufacturing of cylindrical cam in Multi CNC machining center. Multi CNC machining center has two different types depending on the tilting axis. For the manufacturing procedures. in this paper the location and the orientation of cutter path are defined from shape design data of cam. The integral NC code fur the both types of multi-axis CNC machining center can be created using the coordinates mapping between design coordinates and work coordinates. Finally, CAD/CAM program is developed on $C^{＋＋}$ language. This program can display manufacturing and kinematics simulation, which can make integral NC code for multi-axis CNC machining center of two types.

In machining free-form curves with a machine tool equipped with parallel device, improving contouring accuracy is very important. In this paper, we present contouring control algorithm far parallel machine tool. The relation between the error in Joint space and the error in catesian space is evaluated, and we estimate contouring error vector which efficiently determines the variable gains for the cross coupled control. To show the validity of the algorithm, the contouring control is simulated for free form contour trajectory in cubic parallel machine tool model.

The accuracy of high speed feeding type laser cutting M/C is the major factor directly concerned with the accuracy of the processed work, and the feed errors of feed system make the machining errors of work directly on processing. In this point, this study focused on the generative elements in feed errors of laser cutting M/C when operating its laser head. In order to improve the accuracy of this machining center, feed errors are measured by a laser interferometer.

In order to reduce the lead-time and cost, many useful methods have been applied to Rapid Prototyping (RP) in recent years. But cutting process is still considered as one of the effective RP methods that have been developed and currently available in the industry. It also owen practical advantages such as precision and versatility. However, traditional 3 axis NC machining has some inherent limitations such as the restriction of tool accessibility and the complex setup. In this work, a new rapid prototyping system with high speed 5 axis machining has been developed to overcome those limitations. The architecture of developed system is described in detail and the successful application examples are presented.

Recently, many studies have been undergoing to reduce a working time in a field of machine tool. There are two ways of reducing a working time; to reduce an actual working time by heighten a speed of spindle and to reduce a stand-by time by shortening a tool exchanging time. ATC(Automatic Tool changer) belongs to the latter case. Fixed address type ATC that is being developed ill this study can store more number of tool in small space than magazine transfer type ATC relatively as well as shorten tool exchanging time. In this study, a simplified equivalent model of finite element method in order to analyze structure of fixed address type ATC.

Pipe-cutting machines have been used in many fields. Recently, an automatic pipe-cutting machine that uses magnet has born developed. In this paper, a magnetic-type automatic pipe-cutting machine that attaches itself and performs unmanned cutting process is proposed. It is designed that there is a room at the bottom of its body to contain a magnet. And it uses magnetic force between the magnet and the pipe surface to prevent slip and to attach the machine to the pipe against gravity. Also the magnetic force is adjustable by changing the gap between the magnet and the pipe. This machine is, however, necessary to control cutting velocity for the elevation of work efficiency and the adjustable faculties. During pipe cutting process, the gravity acting on the pipe-cutting machine widely varies. That is, the cutting machine gets fast when moving from the top to the bottom of the pipe and slow when moving from the bottom to the top. Actually the system is kind of a non-linear system where the gravity is function of climbing angle of the cutting machine along the pipe. Especially jerking motion is critical. Therefore, authors design the non-linear controller that estimates the current position of the machine along the pipe and compensates the effect of gravity in this paper. It receives the feed back signal from the encoder.

In this paper, a micro-turning lathe is introduced for micro machining of aluminum rod. To give feed motion, stepwise motion[2] actuators are used instead of the conventional inchworm mechanism. These are consisted of two Piezoelectric ceramics; one is for feeding the slider, and the other is for clamping the slider in the guide way of the body. The guide is V-form. The linearity and positional accuracy of the actuators is good enough far high precision motion. Since the system is more compact than the conventional system using three Piezoelectric ceramics, it is applicable for the micro-machine or MEMS unit. To fabricate the lathe, a small spindle unit with ball bearings of diameter of 10 millimeter is built-up on the top the slider. The motion is feed backed with miniaturized linear encoder attached each axis slider. The diamond tool bite is used for cutting tool. The machining is tried to make small diameter rod. The possible diameter that can be machined in this machine is presented as well as chip formation, surface roughness, and machinability.

This paper describes a design of a tactile sensor, which can measure three components force and temperature due to thermal conductive. The bio-mimetic tactile sensor, alternative to human's finger, is comprised of four micro force sensors and four thermal sensors, and its size being 10mm$\times$10mm. Each micro force sensor has a square membrane, and its force range is 0.1N - 5N in the three-axis directions. On the other hand, the thermal sensor for temperature measurement has a heater and four temperature sensor elements. The thermal sensor is designed to keep the temperature. $36.5^{\circ}C$, constant, like human skin, and measure the temperature $0^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$. The MEMS technology is applied to fabricate the sensing element of the tactile sensor.

Wafer bonding methods such as fusion and anodic bonding suffer from high temperature treatment, long processing time, and possible damage to the micro-scale sensor or actuators. In the localized bonding process, beating was conducted locally while the whole wafer is maintained at a relatively low temperature. But previous research of localized heating has some problems, such as non-uniform soldering due to non-uniform heating and micro crack formation on the glass capsule by thermal stress effect. To address this non-uniformity problem, a new heater configuration is being proposed. By keeping several points on the heater strip at calculated and constant potential, more uniform heating, hence more reliable wafer bonding could be achieved. The proposed scheme has been successfully demonstrated, and the result shows that it will be very useful in hermetic packaging. Less than 0.2 ㎫ contact Pressure were used for bonding with 150 ㎃ current input for 50${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ width, 2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ height and 8mm $\times$ 8mm, 5mm$\times$5mm, 3mm $\times$ 3mm sized phosphorus-doped poly-silicon micro heater. The temperature can be raised at the bonding region to 80$0^{\circ}C$, and it was enough to achieve a strong and reliable bonding in 3minutes. The IR camera test results show improved uniformity in heat distribution compared with conventional micro heaters. For gross leak check, IPA (Isopropanol Alcohol) was used. Since IPA has better wetability than water, it can easily penetrate small openings, and is more suitable for gross leak check. The pass ratio of bonded dies was 70%, for conventional localized heating, and 85% for newly developed FP scheme. The bonding strength was more than 30㎫ for FP scheme packaging, which shows that FP scheme can be a good candidate for micro scale hermetic packaging.

In micro-stereolithography technology, fabrication conditions that include laser power, laser scan speed, laser scan pitch, and material property of photopolymer such as penetration depth and critical exposure are considered as major process variables. But the existing scan path generation methods based only on CAD model have not taken them into account, which has resulted in cross-section dimension of low accuracy. Thus, to enhance cross-section dimensional accuracy, the physical resin solidification n phenomena should be reflected in laser scan path generation and stage operating code. In this paper, multi-line experiments based on single line solidification model are performed. And the method for improving cross-section dimensional accuracy is presented, which is to apply the database based on experimental results to laser scan path generation.

Inchworm linear motor is one of the ultra precision position apparatuses and has many kinds of forms and structures according to the conditions of working space and range. In this paper, the Inchworm linear motor consists of three PZTs(Piezo-electric transducer), three columns ma two plates. finite element method was used to determine the type or hinges installed in column of inchworm linear motor DOE(Design of experiment) was used to determine the optimal design condition of a column by comparing the von-mises stresses according to the change of thickness of hinge, round of hinge, height of arm, angle of v-notch, round of v-notch and thickness of column. From the result, round of hinge, height of arm and thickness of hinge were determined a effective design parameters.

Micromachines are extremely novel artifacts with a variety of special characteristics. Utilizing their tiny dimensions ranging roughly from 10 to $1O^3$ micro-meters, the micromachines can perform tasks in a revolutionary manner that would be impossible for conventional artifacts. Micromachines are in general related to various coupled physical phenomena. They are required to be evaluated and designed considering the coupled phenomena. This paper describes finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of practical behaviors for the micro actuator. Especially, electric field modeling in micro actuators has been generally restricted to in-plane two-dimensional finite element analysis because of the complexity of the micro actuator geometry. However, in this thesis, the actual three-dimensional geometry of the micro actuator is considered. The starting torque obtained from the in-plane two-dimensional analytical solutions were compared with that of the actual three-dimensional FE analysis results. The starting torque is proportional to $V^2$, and that the two-dimensional analytical solutions are larger than the three-dimensional FE ones. It is found that the evaluation of micro actuator has to be considered electrical leakage phenomenon.

The aligning between the punch and die governs no only the burr formation characteristics but also the life time of the punch and die in the sheet metal blanking process. There are many ways to adjust the two elements in the general punching systems but in the case of micro punch system, the punch size is reduced to a few tenth of micrometer range and the general aligning methods are almost impossible to apply. The image processing is the most widely used method in micro punch aligning, but in order to apply the method, it needs quite a large space for visionary system to approach the punch-die aligning zone. In this paper, the new punch-die aligning method with using the total capacitance between the punch and die hole is proposed. In this method, the tip surface of the punch tool locates at the same plane of the die surface and the capacitance variation between the two elements are measured. When the center of the two elements are coincided, the capacitance is minimized, but when the align Is changed to any direction, the capacitance between the two elements increase. In order to verify the feasibility of this method, the aligning and punching tests was performed.

The movement of bone fluid from the region of the bone vasculature through the canaliculi and the lacunae of the surrounding mineralized tissue accomplishes three important tasks. First it transports nutrients to the osteocytes in the lacunae buried in the mineralized matrix. Second, it carries away the cell waste. Third, the bone fluid exerts a force on the cell process, a force that is large enough for the cell to sense. This is probably the basic mechanotrasduction mechanism in bone, the way in which bone senses the mechanical load to which it is subjected. The mechanism of bone fluid flow are described below with particular emphasis on mechanotransduction. Also described is the cell to cell communication by which higher frequency signals might be transferred, a potential mechanism in bone by which the small whole tissue strain is amplified so the bone cells can respond to it. One of the conclusions is that higher frequency low amplitude strains can maintain bone as effectively as low frequency low amplitude strains can maintain bone as effectively as low frequency high amplitude strains. This mechanism has many similarities with the mechanotransduction of acoustical signals in the ear. These conclusion leads to a paradigm shift in how to treat osteoporosis and how to cope with microgravity.

A FE model is to develop a personalized biomechanical model of the scoliotic spine that will allow the design of clinical test providing optimal estimation of the post-operation results. A flexible multi-body model of the spine including rib cage, clavicle, and scapular was developed to simulate several mobility simulations. Vertebrae, clavicle and scapular were represented using rigid bodies and ribs and sternum were modeled as flexible bodies. Kinematical Joints and spring elements were used to represent the intervertebral disc and ligaments respectively. Postero-anterior and lateral radiographics of a scoliotic spine were used to represent a 3D reconstruction. CT data for same patient were also used to verify vertebrae rotation driven from postero-anterior and lateral radiographic images. Simulated results showed good reducibility almost uniformly distributed along the spinal segments. It was also found that boundary and loading conditions, required to mimic the operation procedures, were proven to be very sensitive parameters to its results rather than its mechanical properties

We have evaluated the ability of a time-delayed artificial neural network (TDANN) to predict muscle forces using only eletromyographic(EMG) signals. To achieve this goal, tendon forces and EMG signals were measured simultaneously in the gastrocnemius muscle of a dog while walking on a motor-driven treadmill. Direct measurements of tendon forces were performed using an implantable force transducer and EMG signals were recorded using surface electrodes. Under dynamic conditions, the relationship between muscle force and EMG signal is nonlinear and time-dependent. Thus, we adopted EMG amplitude estimation with adaptive smoothing window length. This approach improved the prediction ability of muscle force in the TDANN training. The experimental results indicated that dynamic tendon forces from EMG signals could be predicted using the TDANN, in vivo.

Dynamic postural control varies with the environmental context, specific task and intentions of the subject. In this paper, dynamic postural control against forward-backward perturbations of a platform was estimated using tri-axial accelerometers and a force plate. Ten young healthy volunteers stood upright in comfortable condition on the perturbation system which was controlled by an AC servo motor. With anterior-posterior perturbations, movements of ankle, knee and hip Joints were obtained by tri-axial accelerometers. and ground reaction forces with corresponding displacements of the center of pressure(CoP) by the force plate. The result showed that the ankle moved first and the trunk forward, which implies that the mechanism of the dynamic postural control in forward-backward perturbations, occurred in the procedure of the ankle, the knee and the hip. Knee flexion and hip extension in the period of acceleration, constant velocity and deceleration phase is very important fur the balance recovery. These responses depends on the magnitude and timing of the perturbation. From the present study the accelerometry-system appears to be a promising tool for understanding kinematic accelerative In response to a transient platform perturbation. A more through understanding of balance recovery mechanism may aid in designing methods for reducing falls and the resulting injuries.

The biomechanical interaction between the stump and the prosthetic socket is critically important to achieve close-to-normal ambulation. Many investigators suggested that the pressure changes during gait of transfemoral amputees are closely related to the prosthetic alignment, the socket shape, the stump size, and the residual muscle activity. The effects of the prosthetic alignment, the socket shape, and the stump size on the interface pressure were investigated previously. However, there is no report how the residual muscle activities in the transfemoral stump affect the socket interface pressure characteristics during gait. Since designs of socket fur lower limb amputees need to consider the socket interface pressure characteristics, the interface pressure patterns by the residual muscle activities during gait should be investigated. In this study, myoelectric signals (MES) and socket interface pressure in residual limb of transfemoral amputees were measured during the stance and swing phases of gait. For the purpose, specially designed quadrilateral sockets that MES electrodes could be instrumented were fabricated. A total of two transfemoral amputees were participated in the experiments. The measured temporal MES amplitude and interface pressure in knee flexor (biceps femoris) and extensor (rectus femoris) had significant correlations (P ＜ 0.05). Based on the test results, It was suggested that the residual muscle activity of transfemoral amputees stump is an important factor affecting socket pressure changes during walk.

Biomechanical behavior of the human femur is very important in various clinical situations. In this study, the data of FE models based on DICOM file exported from Computed tomography(CT). We generated FE models(voxel model, tetra model) of human femur using CT slide image. We compared them with Yon Mises stress results derived from finite element analysis(FEA). Comparing the two models, we found a correlation of them. As a result, the tetra model based proposed marching cube algorithm is a valid and accurate method to predict parameters of the complex biomechanical behavior of human femur.

The pressure variation of interstitial fluid is one of the most important factors in bone physiology. In order to understand the role of interstitial fluid and the biomechanical interactions between fluid and solid constituents within bone, poroelastic theory was applied. The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior of calf vertebral trabecular bone composed of the porous solid trabeculae and the viscous bone marrow by using a commercial finite element analysis program based on the poroelasticity. In this study, the model was numerically tested for 5 different strain rates, i. e., 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 per second. The material properties of the calf vertebral trabecular bone were utilized from the previous experimental study. Two asymptotic poroelastic response, the drained and undrained deformation, were predicted. From the predicted results for the simulated five strain rate, it was found that the pore pressure generation has a linearly increasing behavior when the strain rate is the highest at 10 per second, other wise it showed a nonlinear the strain rate Increased. Based on the results of the present study, it was suggested that the calf vertebral trabecular bone could be modeled as a porous material and its strain rate dependent material behavior could be predicted.

In this study, we perform 3-D reconstruction of human proximal femur from DICOM files by using voxel mesh algorithm. After 3-D reconstruction, the model converted to Finite Element model which developed for automatically making not only 3-D geometrical model but also FE model from medical image dataset. During this job, trabecular pattern, one of characteristic of human bone can be added to the model by means of giving it's own elastic property calculated from intensity in CT scanned image to the each voxel. And then another model is made from same image dataset which have two material properties - one corresponds to cortical bone, another to trabecular bone. Finally, validity of voxel mesh technique is verified through comparing results of FE analysis, free vibration and stress analysis.

Deformation of soft tissue is known inhomogeneous and non-linear in general. In this study, we propose a measurement methodology of local/global strain during soft tissue elongation precisely using laser extensometer which has high accuracy, resolution and is possible to measure global/local strain. The mechanical tensile test are performed on tibialis cranialis, flexor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus of swine hindlimb. In order to measure target displacement, reflective marker is attached to detect elongation on specimen using surgical adhesive. The result of this study is to show that laser extensometer is valid to measure longitudinal elongation which is inhomogeneous and non-linear fur soft tissue.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the kinematics of joints between foot segments based on computer graphic-based model during the stance phase of walking. In the model, ail joints were assumed to act as monocentric, single degree of freedom hinge joints. The motion of foot was captured by a video collection system using four cameras. The model fitted in an individual subject was simulated with this motion data. The kinematic data of tarsometatarsal joints and metatarso-phalangeal joint were quantitatively similar to the previous data. Therefore, our method using the computer graphic-based model is considered useful.