This study is about to prove one factor among many ones that contribute to the formation of the Japanese Garden's pattren. It is believed by this study that distinguished Japanese Garden's pattren are made possible by an organized ability of the japaneses traditional landscape artists who had ability to develope a diversified forms of applications within the organized framework. To verify this assumption, the study has chosen Ryu Gen In, temple garden that is considered to determine the pattren of Japanese Garden best with a new concept ; Organization. The results of this analysis show as follows : 1. Ryu Gen In, consists of a series of building and five-small gardens, is largely organized by the union of two geometric formations : concave and convex. Each garden as a sub-organization is further organixed with a series of tree-branch typed structure. 2. The five-small gardens are formed jinto a whole system by connecting each one with floor. This connection makes a timely organization. 3. Each small garden is further organized alloted roles, namely, depends upon whether they play a major or minor role. 4. It is believed that sands and moss play a cotrolling role to conbine the elements into one within each unit of small garden. 5. It is found that figured sands, moss, sands and moss, or shrubs are used as means of organization to connect the small group elements within each small gardens. 6. It is considered that buildings and mud-walls are used as means of separation between Ryu Gen In and an outer world, and betwen small gardens.

Purposes of this study were to provide the basic information for the management policy for more preserve and refreshing Gusumok-big and old tree. Fundamental directions for the protection and application of Gusumok were suggested by comparing and analyzing present conditions and remnant forms of Gusumok as preserved tree in Kyung-ju and its function and the role of Gusumok according to the civilization and diference between past and present. The main results of the study are as follows ; There are 121 Gusumok which designated as a preserved tree in Kyung-ju. It is distributed all over the Kyung-ju city uniformly and located in the enterance or the center of a village having high interests of most of residents. in the course of a civilzation, the percintage of a loss of an urban Gusumok is higher than that of a rural Gusumok and its function is also changed so much. A modern function of Gusumok can be divided into a positive and negative one. A positive function is the offer of amenity and the place of receation, formation of culture and ragulation of micro climate. A negative function is of psycholosical and functional reversed function. having a close relation with our life, Gusumok offers an amenity place to our life to make us feel soft and comfortable as well as developes the quality of our life. Gusumok has an important meaning in mordern society in that it contibutes to our village being better to live by having a historical meaning and creating a symbolic culture and history.

The purposes of this study were to develope some techniques which can be used in the landscape simulation process using PC based computer grahics. As a result, a couple of utilities were programmed in AutoLISP language. The one(DSLINE.LSP) is to digitize 2-dimensional structuer forms in the interactive mode considering error handling, and the other one (IMPOST.LSP) is for superimposing and visualizing the digitized plan data to 3-dimension solids & surfaces referring to topographic elevations of meshes in digital terrain model. By applying utilities to present site, the followings may be described. 1) The utility DSLINE.LSP for digitizing simplified building structure form were proved to be easy to input data of polygons including orthogonal edges by handling user coordinates system and checking invalid intersection and default colsing. 2) IMPOST.LSP utility for superimposing and visualizing tool were proved to be more complicated and speedy in calculating process compared with a practical application of modeling tool before rendering process in landscape simulation of built environment on topographic relief, on specially mesospace level of assessment.

The citizens seek to maximize convenience, pleasantness and safety when they use urban facilities. However, existing practices of urban neighborhood parks have applied not qualitative standards such as adequacy, efficiency, accessibility, equity, or socioeconomic issues but very limited quantitative standards such as area per person. Therefore it is not rare that citizens have lost their accessibility to near-by neighborhood parks. And park regulations based on the distance of lien are supposed to be uniformally accomplished regardless of the consideration about users or geographical special situations. Futhermore, it has been found that some urban neighborhood parks don't reach to the standards given by the regulations. This study tries to accomplished several purposes. The first purpose is to extract the boundary of real user-accessible zones derived from the city survey. Comparing with boundary of real user-accessible zones, the second one is to propose the most efficient measurement indices among many accessibility measurement index. Based upon the above arguments, the last one is to review the propriety of the access distances(e.g., semidiameter) of an urban neighborhood park in a law. The measurement indices of accessibility examined in this study are walking distance, walking time and walking difficulty. The comparison of visual discrimination, the comparison of area and the comparison of differences of maximum distance showed similar results. Each index can also be compared in the size of area and differences of maximum distance. Walking difficulty with the turning showed the best measurement values among the measurement indices. This indicates that walking difficulty with crossing and/or turning may be another important indices in measuring accessibility, while other existing studues have mainly dealt with walking time and distance as accessibility indices. The results of this study also supported that the existing regulations related to park allocation(e.g., access diameter) are close to the findings of this study.

More than 130,000 residents are dwelling in 550 villages or residential areas covering 100K$m^2$ in the twenty national parks of Korea. Building new houses, additions, reconstruction, and certain kinds of land uses are prohibited in the residential areas of the national parks. Residents and park officials were interviewed and surveyed to discover problems and to suggest new management policies. Two of the mountain region national parks were studied, and the results are : First, it is recommended to amend the National Parks Act in order to list explicitly those facilities allowed in residential areas. Also the Act should enalble residential area management planning. The Residential area survey period should be shortened to 5 years instead local governments and the National Parks Authority offices. It is recommended that the NPA offices take over this responsibility completely. Thirds, some residential areas are better off to be excluded from the parks and the Boundaries of many residential areas are inappropriate and need to be adjusted. Fourth, as the number of visitors increase rapidly, the residential areas serve as tourist centers. The "Ecotourism" concept is to be introduced so that the residents can take part in ecotourism promotion. Fifth, the residents should be and well informed of residential area management policies and regulations.gulations.

In this study, it was carried out to characterize the figures of landform of Yong-San, called dragon mountain implied indentity and emblem of local landscape by analyzing palce name extracted from four county in Kyongsang Nam-Do. The figures of landform of Yong-San was characterized and divided into three types, called as Waryong lying dragon), Banryong(dragon lying in a coil), Yongdu(dragon's crown). And the spatial characterstics of three types of landform were analyzed. Furthermore, it was investigated the development of outlines of characteristic landform recognoxed as a Yong-San and figured out the structure of landform which was easily recognized. According to the results, the outlines and the spatial structure of landform recognized as a Yong-San including a symbolic meaning can be used as a standard of judgement if an area should be reserved for the efficient conduct of regional plan.

The traditional gardens of China were constructed on the basis of the common aesthetic consciousness between designers and users. As designers and users communicated each other through the medium of garden, they give suggestions to our design and appreciation of modern landscape architecture. The traditional gardens of China pursued to reach the state of Yi Jing(意境), and this state formed the keynote of the whole field of Chinese culture. Yi Jing is the aesthetic theory originated in Pre-Qin Era, and established in Tang-Dynasty. After this, this theory become the very important aesthetic category of Chinese aesthetics. Yi Jing is the process from conception to appreciation, and requires the three parts of designer, a work of art, and appreciator. To reach Yi Jing, designers must be well grounded and persevere in their efforts. They also had to have the ability of corresponding the inner order of environment and landscape, and expressing their own feelings and emotions into gardens. So ultimately, they were in pursuit of constructing the gardens as if something naturally created. The garden itself is the meeting place of designers and users. The space in which users can think of life, nature, history, and cosmos. In order to do this, designers design the real landscape and non-visual landscape. This design can give appreciators more fertile imagination. Appreciation perfects the Yi Jing of gardens. Yi Jing is created by co-work of artist and appreciator with common aesthetic consciousness and sense. Therefore, it is subjective, and it may be vary with man and time.

This study aimed at choosing the urban community parks such as D Kjin, Chungang, Dosan Park as the target place for this study, and at analyzing the damage level of the pavement surfaces focusing on the spaces and the materials. We devided the damage level within $1.5\times$1.5m grid int the grade from one to five points, and made use of the method of giving marks to get hold of the damage level of the pavement surfaces. Especially we took and analyze Duncan test for the spaces suffering severe damage. The result is as follows : 1. The damage of unenenness turned out to be a most excessive damage in the damage level according to the pavement materials in case of D kjin, and Chunggnag Park. Especially the concrete blocks proved to be the exessive damage in comparison with the other pavement materials, and the demolitional damage of the damage types to the most severe damage. The corner damage turned relatively out to be a heavy damage in case of Dosan Park in Seoul. 2. In the event of the damage level of pavement surfaces according to the spaces, the space which was made the more use of and which was the more concentrated, turned out to be the degree of the more excessive damage. 3. We took the Duncan test to verify the deference of the damage type between the spaces and the pavement materials of the target places for survey. The result of verification was that there was no difference of the damage type between the corner and block damage itself in case of the enterance area and the square of D kjin Park in Ch nju, and that the damage level of the pavement materials proved to be the more execssive damage than that of the spaces. The corner damage of Chungang Park in Hj ngju, showed the same result as D kjin Park in Ch nju and the uneveness didn't have any difference of damage type in all spaces. In case of Dosan in Seoul, the damage of crevice, demolition, and pumping didn't have any difference of damage type and the damage of the cross area was the most high. In conclusion, we proposed that we should get hold of whether the cause of pavement damage is caused by the defect of materials of by the construction problem including the foundation, or the unsuitableness of the method for using the pavement materials, and also that we should take a sensus of the user type and should decide a suitable design load and the necessary thickness of the pavement materials. In this study, not only we aimed at the external damage of the materials, but we tried to propose rather reasonable and developed construction method by studying the material experiment, the foundation state, and the type of using the spaces and materials, and by examining into the fundamental damaged cause.

Generally, the size of our recreation sites is selected through use demand at the peak day. At same time, scale economic and diseconomic are applied to a recreation site. If you are a rational decision-maker, you would like to select the size of your park at profit-maximization point. This study is the first try for modelling a Gain-Loss by the size options of a theme park. For testing the validity of a financial model to select the size of theme parks. Ever-Land, Seoul-Land, Dream-Land's operating size was analyzed. By the size options, the revenue of each park was compared with cost. The profit-maximization point and break-even point of each park were found. Ever-Land and Dream-Land's size was selected between the profit-maximization point and the break-even point. In contrast with Ever-Land and Dream-Land's, Seoul-Land's was selected upper the break-even point. To increase the utility of this model in selecting the size of a theme park, a decision-maker must keep in mind a few limits of this study. That is, 1) this model can not be applied at public parks. 2) Sometimes the others can be more important than financial revenue and cost. Finally, there is the validity of Gain-Loss Model in estimating only the financial revenues and costs through the size options.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the soil loss amount with Geographic Information System according to the land use change of Buju mountain area in Mokpo city. To estimate the soil loss, Universal Soil Loss Equation which is the most proper technique to predict soil loss in this site condition is adopted and IDRISI, a raster GIS software, is used. GIS application with USLE is very efficient to estimate soil loss accurately and fastly. In order to decide value and to find application method of USLE factors, we used existing rainfall erosion index, soil erodibility analysis, slope length, slope steepness, vegetation management and practices, which are rated by GIS through the analysis of various studies related USLE. The result of this study was compared with the previous other researches to verify our method of constructing numerical data of USLE's factors. The result of verification of our way showed significance for the soil loss in forest area. But the result of verification for the soil loss in forest area. But the result of verification for the soil loss of cultivated area showed some errors. It seems that this result was due to local variation of topographical map.

The aim of this study is to compare open space planning between Australia and Korea by Local Governments Areas. Open space planning is carried out at the state and municipal level in Australia, but by metropolitan city government in Korea. This study is structured by reviewing the presemt phenomena of provision of open space in Sydney and Seoul, By measuring disparity in terms of open spaces by L. G. A. s an by comparing planning approaches between two cities, for example policy, government standards, government administration system in open space management. In this paper, the provision of parks in Sydney and Seoul are comparatively examined and geographically mapped, and multiple repression analysis is applied to measure the residuals from the line of equality. The results of this study show that, 1) During the last 1 dacade from '80 and '90. Sydney has increased the quantity of open spaces from ratio of 19.11ha/1000 to 22.33ha/1000 of parks, however Seoul decreased it by the ratio of 12.21$m^2$/person to 1012$m^2$ per person. 2) Sydney has more programs, such as Greenspace program, Metropolitan open space program etc. to increase and to distribute open spaces equally rather than Seoul which has less open spaces. 3) There exists patterned inequality in terms of open space provision in inner city and suburb between Sydney and Seoul. 4) Seoul requires more active polices to increase open spaces like Greenacre Program of New Jerrsey State, Double Open Space Pland of Tokyo or Green Space Program of Sydney.

This study was carried out to find the general representation methods of wall with respaect to the Korean treaditional atmosphere based on case studies, 16 case studies were classified into two categores : traditional walls and designed walls expressing the treaditional atmosphere. And the representation methods of walls were viewed by two sides : the type of message and the role of sign. The results were summarized as follows ; ■ To reproduce the traditional walls is possible, in this case the role of sign is icon. ■ To reproduce or represint the visual element of the traditional walls will be also possible, in this case the role of sign is index. It is recommended to use 3 types of message in representing methods of walls expressing the Korean traditional atmosphere. ■ Shape ; Approach to shape is more effective than maerial or figure. It is possible to represent the shape element of the traditional walls. Specially, it will be effective to utilize the capital of traitional walls as shape element. ■ Material ; Conventional materials with less artificial processing used at traditional walls will be better suited. ■ Figure ; To utilize the traditional figures is possible. Specially, it will be effective to utilize the traditional figures as design approach with respaect to the sense of place. Futher research is required to find out the relationship between the meaning and the design mechanics.

We discussed the formative nature of a city square reffered to be the frame of creating environment in the this study. We raised a question that the place, the size and the form of a city square are out of harmony with a surrounding environmental condition, and examined the functional effect and the formate value of a sunken square at the same time. We got hold of the special shape and the specific character, the distinctive structure, and the influence of the minute temperature of a cuty aquare, and showed the improved direction how to make them better focusing on the target square of a cosmopolitan city of Seoul. Finally, to correct the above-mentioned problems, we emphasized the our traditional city square which is reffered to have a peculiar property, and proposed that a public institutuion should develope the city square, and should make an effort to reflect the design based on the scientific experiment.