Forest devastation in Korea was caused by several factors such as internal factors from geological features and external factors from artificial forest damages including fuel wood collection from forests, forest fires, shifting cultivations and so on. According to the reports of 1935, lots of forest devastation in Kyungpook province area occurred around the main and branch stream of Nakdong river. Main factors of occurring forest devastation in 1935 were investigated by the methods of forest devastation rate and the population density at the basin of Nakdong river. But based on our study, forest devastation mainly occurred in rock zones of granite and granite gneiss, next to Nakdong formation but scarcely occurred in Hayang formation. Clay of the weathered soils of granite and granite gneiss was lost by rainfall, but remaining coarse-sandy soils(or grits) have poored conditions in vegetation's growth, which are due to high level of water permeability, lack of water-holding capacity and dried conditions. Generally, pine forests are mainly growing up in these regions. It is supposed that forest devastation was accelerated due to long periods of natural regeneration and no ability of natural regeneration by sprout after frequent collections of fuel wood and cuttings from pine forest on those grit areas. These results indicated that the high rate of forest devastation occurred around the basin with the high resident population density, which was partly due to forest damages by fuel collection. Moreover, both geological features and number of residents had much influence on forest devastation. Forest devastation was positively correlated with those variables(r=+0.73).

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on visual preference of urban stream in Taejon city and to suggest design & management information for urban stream. These works consist of two phases. First, we tested the Hyechon college students' visual preference for 36 spots of urban stream slide and then selected 10 spots slide by the Sturges' formula. Second, we analyzed factors and variables of visual preference of urban stream using the semantic differential scale method and then processed using descriptive analysis, factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The difference of landscape adjectives between the highest score of visual preference slide (No.10) and the lowest score of visual preference slide (No.2) was cleanness. 2. Three factors, the nature, the cleanness and the movement, were derived from the factor analysis. 3. Factors covering the visual preference of urban stream have been found to be the landscape of urban stream, the nature, the cleanness, and the movement. The visual preference factors of urban stream need to be considered in creating or restoring the ecological urban stream landscape.

Five soil mixture with seven turfgrass species when placed over a plastic sheet were evaluated for influence on covering rate, visual rating, visual color and sad development. The result were as follows. 1. The last covering rate was high on sand+bark and on Kentucky bluegrass, respectively while the early covering rate was high on sand+peat and on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. respectively. 2. Both sand and sand+sandy loam caused poor effects on the covering rate and the visual rating. 3. The early growth was good on perennial ryegrass but the covering rate and the visual rating gradually turned poor because of summer drought. 4. Visual color was high on sand+bark and on Kentucky bluegrass, respectively. 5. Covering rate, visual rating and visual color was best evaluated on Kentucky bluegrass during winter. 6. Sad was highly developed on sand+bark and sand+peat as compared with on the other soil mixture. 7. The carpet-type sad was best developed on Kentucky bluegrass.

The purpose of this study was to suggest the vegetation structure and management plan of forests at Anmyundo. Sixteen plot were established in the forests and surveyed. The plant communities were classified into three community type, which were Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community. It was hypothesized that Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community will be changed to Quercus Spp. community. The vegetation management for successional controls on long-term basis was suggested. Dominant trees were mid-size trees(21~30year-old and DBH 18~28cm), and large trees(over DBH 30cm) appeared only at the Recreation Forest and Kuksabong. Anmyundo forests should be managed with a priority given to Pinus densifolra. Forest trees should be planted in consideration of environmental conditions and Pinus densifolra densities.

For the purpose of building up the future direction for the development and usage of Anmyundo, this paper is intended to collect the basic sources of Anmyundo and to analyze the consciousness of its development direction, which was surveyed on local residents and visitors. The result shows that local residents are not fully satisfied with its environment(59.6 point), but natural environment(74.2 point) turns out the most influential factor of satisfaction and living environment(66.0 point), social economic environment(48.1 point) follow the next. Satisfied with its natural environment which includes good scenery and a lot of environment resources, residents and visitors are discontented with living environment and social economic environment. In terms of "development" and "conservation", the responses of residents are clearly divided into both sides in the same level by each 27.7%. On the other hand, visitors support "conservation"(36.8%) rather than "development"(22.8%) and prefer to keep its present natural environment as a environment study place and rest area.

상록성인 히노데 기리시마 철쭉(Rhododendron obtusum cv. Hinodegiri)과 반상록성인 산철쭉(Rhododendron yeooense var. poukhanense)의 늦겨울부터 초봄까지의 생장상태를 비교하여 이 시기에 발생하는 피해 원인을 규명하고자 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. Dehardening후 개화기의 관상가치는 산철쭉의 경우 관수처리 및 차광처리에 따른 관상가치에 별다른 차이가 없었다. 그러나 상록성 왜철쭉의 경우에는 특히 차광처리구에서 대조구나 관수처리구에 비해 높은 관상가치를 나타내었다. Dehardening과정의 동사점의 변화는 두 종류 모두에서 2월부터 3월까지의 기간에 급격한 변화가 이루어져 이 시기가 dehardening의 중요한 시기임을 알 수 있었다. 한편 이 시기에 상록성 왜철쭉은 차광처리구에서 대조구에 비해 $3^{\circ}C$ 정도 낮은 동사점을 기록하였으며, 관수처리구에서는 $1^{\circ}C$ 높은 동사점을 나타내었다. 같은 시기의 가지의 수분포텐셜과 수분함량의 변화를 측정 한 결과, 두 종류 공히 모든 처리구에서 2월부터 5월까지 지속적인 증가를 보였다. 이때 산철쭉의 경우는 5월에 대조구에 비해 차광처리구가 수분포텐셜 0.3MPa, 수분함량 3% 정도 높아 거의 비슷한 체내수분상태를 유지하였지만, 상록성 왜철쭉의 경우는 대조구에 비해 차광처리구에서 수분포텐셜이 0.9MPa, 수분함량은 11%가 높게 나타났다. 한편 관수처리구에서는 토양으로부터의 수분공급이 어느 정도 이루어지더라도 광션에 의한 수분손실량의 증가가 크기 때문에 체내수분의 완전한 회복이 어려웠던 것으로 생각되었다. 체내수분의 회복정도의 차이는 TTC법을 이용한 가지활력의 측정결과에서도 나타나 특히 상록성 왜철쭉의 대조구에 비해 차광처리구에서 훨씬 높은 가지활력을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때 상록성 왜철쭉의 피해는 겨울철 동안 지속되었던 수분손실의 상태에서 봄철의 dehardening 시기에 체내수분을 원래의 상태대로 회복할 수 있는지의 여부에 따라 결정되는 것임을 알 수 있었으며, 이때 체내수분의 회복을 위해서는 외부로부터의 수분공급보다는 수분손실을 줄이는 것이 중요하며 그를 위해 차광처리가 효과적인 방법임을 알 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration and environmentally friendly revegetation technology for the rock-exposed cut-slopes by the Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods (NTRM) with the following restoration objectives; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of the disturbed slopes. On Nov. in 1995, the 5cm thick layer of artificial soil and 2cm thick layer of straw-mulching was attached at rock-exposed cut-slopes by NTRM without using anchor wire and anchor pin. The main results during four years surveying on the ground-coverage effect, plant growth, species diversity and importance values were summarized as follows. 1. Artificial soil attached at rock exposed cut-slopes was not eroded until recovered by tree and herbaceous vegetation in spite of not using anchor wire and anchor pin. Also it shows low soil hardiness and has almost the same amount of bacteria and fungi with in surrounding natural topsoil. 2. In 'combination for the woody vegetation', Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhus chinensis, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria occupied upper layer vegetation. Since three years after seeding, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria had overwhelmed the other woody plants and cool season foreign grasses, Erigeron canadensis, Taraxacum mongolicum, Commelina communis, Arundinella hirta (Thunberg) and Oenothera erythrosepala grows at lower part of the vegetation, 3. The heights of the Rhus chinensis grows 1.8m, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria 2.0m, so it seems that the objectives of woody vegetation with native plants could be accomplished. 4. After 4 years later after seeding in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation', the most dominant plant was Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, the next was in order of cool-season grasses, Taraxacum mongolicum, Erigeron canadensis, lxeris dentata (Thunberg), Oenothera erythrosepala, Arundinella hirta (Thunberg). The diversity index in 'combination for woody vegetation' was higher than that in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation'. The tendency of the intrusion of secondary succession plants was more effective in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation' than in 'combination for the woody vegetation'.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of hydroseeding material and seed mixture on the revegetation of rock cut-slopes by PEC4 (Polymer-Ecology-Control) Hydroseeding Measures. PEC4 hydroseeding material was applied to four cut-slopes using hydroseeding measures from April to August, 1999, and the field survey was carried out by monthly. PEC4 material consisted of bark compost and organic soil amendments. This material has high content of organic matter and high level of water holding capacity. PEC4 hydroseeding material shows low level of soil hardness, so it gives to good condition for seed germinating and plant growing in early stage. PEC4 material attached at rock cut-slopes by two types of adhesive agent was not eroded by rainfall. The plant coverage and number of plant species were affected by mixing ratio of seeds and seeding timing. From the viewpoint of plant establishment, the optimal hydroseeding timing of mixed seeds for plant growth seems to be in May. Most of the plant seeds were germinated well and they covered rock cut-slopes so quickly and effectively. Plant importance value of Silene armeria and Platycodon grandiflorum. were higher than any other seeded-native species in the competition between native species and exotic species, so they have enough possibility to be used for slope revegetation works. Thus it leads to conclusion that the revegetation method used in this experiment was a very effective method for plant establishment on rock cut-slopes.

The purpose of this study was to figure out the utilization of native plants for highway landscape. The field and nursery experiments were conducted from January of 1996 to December of 1998 on the Chonju Arboretum and Honam highway in Korea Highway Corporation. We have investigated thirty species of native plants and came to a conclusion that Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster koraiensis, Iris nertschinskia, Fennisetum alopecuroides, Viola kapsanensis are very suitable for highway landscaping. And, if the problems raised during this investigation are resolved, it is clear that Polygonatum odoratum var. plurijlorum, Belamcanda chinensis, Allium thunbergii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus, Disporum sessile, Lilium tigrinum, Caryopteris incana, Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila, Pulsatilla koreana, Aster spathulifolius etc. can be useful plants at highway landscaping.