This study aims at conducting an awareness survey of three parties, namely, citizens, government officials, and developers for improvement of urban landscape and, based on the survey result, to suggest a direction to develop a landscape plan for improvement of urban landscape of Yong-in city in the future. The summary of this study is as follows. First, in case of Yong-in, the main drivers of forest landscape destruction were "residential complexes developed for apartment buildings" and "golf courses", the driver of river landscape damage was "the status of cleanliness of riverside and poor facilities", the driver of roadside landscape damage was "construction sites" that completely eliminate original natural landscape in both citizen and government official groups. When granting development-related approvals in the future, appropriate actions should be prepared such as developing a landscape management guideline or including a landscape plan in advance to assure plans and designs fully reflecting landscape. Second, citizens' commitment to participate in urban landscape creation and improvement was rated high at even willing to tolerate regulations including restriction of property rights. In the future, landscape improvement programs allowing resident participation should be developed proactively. The roles of government officials include preparing various criteria at a city level and convincing and guiding citizens to initiate landscape improvement project together with citizens and developers through proactive efforts by government officials. Third, the role of developers would be to realize development projects conserving local environment and/or harmonizing with local natural environment before preparing a development plan or launching construction rather than offering various considerations after executing development projects.

This study had researched use conditions of forty-seven arboreta in the inside and outside of the country for the suggestion of activation plan of provincial arboretum. Chungnam Keum-Kang Arboretum in Kongju-Si, Chung-Cheong Nam-Do, had been surveyed as a case study. The survey was focused on current condition, location, ecological resources, characteristics and so on. In addition, questionnaire of users of Keum-Kang arboretum were conducted. Chungnam Keum-Kang arboretum is located in the inland area and has many vegetations. It is a provincial arboretum which was planted by trees, shrubs and vines, and a public garden which was used by paid admission. It has natural recreation forests, tropical green houses and breeding grounds for birds and wild animals. It, however, has many problem in the use and management system. And the shortages of attraction and program for user are serious problem. For the use activation and the improvement of management of this arboretum, this study suggested as follows ; (1) The responsible experts in charge of the general management of arboretum are demanded. (2) Term master plan for improvement of arboretum must be established. (3) It is necessary to manage for collection, propagation, display and preservation of plant species. (4) It is necessary to hold suitable and variety events for the seasons. (5) It is needed to arrange fitly convenience facilities.

This study was conducted to development of rapid propagation method by leaf cuttings in Hibiscus hamabo native to southern seaside of Korea, and special object of this study was to determine the effects of IAA, IBA, and NAA on rooting in leaf cuttings of H. hamabo. Rooting was promoted by dipping treated with IAA and IBA. And rooting percentage was greatest at 1,000 and 2,000$mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA. At higher concentrations of IAA and IBA, more adventitious roots were developed. Also, IAA at high concentrations (above 2,000$mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) and IBA ranged from 500~2,000$mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ promoted on root number and rootingratio. However, root formation in Hibiscus leaf cuttings inhibited by NAA application.

Shindoori dune, about 2,000,000$m^2$ in area, is located in the west of the middle area in Korea. Around the sand dune, many diagnostic plants and animals are populated, so it is considered a very important ecosystematic area. This study was carried out to establish for conservation and restoration in Shindoori dune. Our surveys have been accomplished from October, 2002 to September, 2003. Plant communities formed around the sand dune in Shindoori were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 9 communities. Community A : Carex pumila community, B : Carex kobomugi community, C : Elymus moWs community, D : Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, E: Rosa rugosa community, F: Ischaemum anthephoroides community, G: Vitex rotundifolia community, H : Lathyrus japonica community, I : Oenothera biennis community. The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 19 families, 44 genera, 8 varieties, and 40 species. Wild plants such as Calystegia soldanella, Artemisia capillaris, Avena fatua, Mertensia asiatica, Glehnia littoralis and Zoysia sinica were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the salty wind. Our result from the ranking all surveyed areas by the Bray-Curtis ordination method was very similar to the results from phytosocialogical table work.

Nitrogen removal rate and emergent plant growth were investigated of a free-water-surface constructed treatment wetland system, whose dimensions were 31m in length and 12m in width. The system was constructed on floodplain in the Kwangju Stream from May to June 2001. Cattails(Typha angustifolia) were transplanted from natural wetlands and their stems were cut at about 40cm height from their bottom ends. Water of the Kwangju Stream were funneled into the system by gravity flow and its treated effluent was discharged back into the stream. The average height of the cattail stems was 45.2cm in July 2001 and 186cm in October 2001. The number of stems averaged 22 stems/$m^2$ in July 2001 and 52 stems/$m^2$ in September 2001. Volume and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2001 through December 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged 40.01 and 39.55 $m^3$/day, respectively. Hydraulic detention time was about 1.5 days. Average nitrogen uptake by cattails was 69.31 $N\;mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. Removal rate of $NO_3-N$, $NH_3-N$ and T-N averaged 195.58, 53.65 and 628.44 $mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$, respectively. The average removal rate of T-N was about 39%.

Total phosphorous removal rate was examined of a subsurface-flow treatment wetland system which was constructed on floodplain in the down reach of the Kwangju Stream in Korea from May to June 2001. Its dimensions were 29 meter in length, 9 meter in width and 0.65 meter in depth. A bottom layer of 45 cm in depth was filled with crushed granite with about 15~30 mm in diameter and a middle layer of 10 cm in depth had pea pebbles with about 10 mm in diameter. An upper layer of 5 cm in depth contained course sand. Reeds(Phragmites australis) were transplanted on the surface of the system. They were dug out of natural wetlands and stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Water of the Kwangju Stream flowed from a submerged dam into it via a pipe by gravity flow and treated effluent was funneled back into the Stream. The number of reed stems increased from 80 stems/$m^2$ in July 2001 to 136 stems/$m^2$ in September 2001. The hight of stems was 44.2 cm in July 2001 and 75.3 cm in September 2001. The establishment of reeds at early operating stage of the system was good. Volume and water quality of inflow and outflow were investigated from July 2001 through December 2001. The average inflow was 40 $m^3$/day and hydraulic detention time was about 1.5 days. The concentration of total phosphorous n influent and effluent was 0.83 and 0.33 mg/L, respectively. The removal rate of total phosphorous averaged about 60%. The removal efficiency was slightly higher, compared with that of subsurface-flow wetlands operating in North America, whose retention rate of total phosphorous was reported to be about 56%. The good abatement rate could be attributed to sedimentation of particle phosphorous in pores of the media and adsorption of phosphorous to the biofilm developed on the surface of them. Increase of standing density of reeds within a few years will develop root zones which may lead to increment in the phosphorous retention rate.

Waste landfills have been the center of environmental problems and they must be restored due to environmental pollution, disgusting landscape, and cost of management. It is suggested that they be recycled urban space as cities expand. Specially, nonsanitary waste landfills which have no pollution prevention facilities cause serious problems. Restoring the landfills as parks and golf courses, so on makes more benefits because of cheap use land, closeness to urban area, flat topography applicable to parks and golf courses, and high land values after restoration and the changes to local recreation sites. Restoration of waste landfills is a complex, costly, and interdisciplinary work. But, the waste landfill is a manmade ecosystem. Control, restoration and postmanagement of waste landfills are very important problems. The role of vegetation prevents soil erosion, reduces soil water storage, and obstructs leachate seepage. Early restoration makes derelict lands into man park artificially geared to soil, vegetation, landforms and hydrology. But, Ideal restoration is to make stable ecosystem nature-friendly and compatible with surrounding landscape without more management. Landscape is structured hierarchically with patches and stands as small components and forms forest as large components. Therefore, landscape formation of the waste landfills needs much restoration process. There are many ecological restoration techniques for the waste landfills. Those are divided into artificial and natural methods. The artificial method is anthropogenic plantings while the natural method is to trigger and use succession processes. The most important thing in the restoration of waste landfills is to consider the final restoration objectives of each waste landfill. According to these objectives, the depth of covering layer, planting degree, and structural design should be determined. The effective restoration methods should be selected of artificial and natural options.

The purpose of this study is to establish the basis of the ecological restoration on the limestone mines in Korea, through the research of the revegetation measures of the disturbed slopes in Japanese limestone mines and the analysis of the case of Ibuki and Bukou limestone mines to realize the restoration works successfully. According to the number of mines to carry out the revegetation works increase every year, the revegetation area and amount of planting also go on increasing in Japan. In the small mines the environmental problem is not recognized seriously, but some mines have muchly invested in the revegetation of the damaged land by mines. Ibuki mine in Shiga-gen is practicing the four principles for the restoring of the revegetation in the disturbed slopes by mines. Firstly, the mean slope preserves $37^{\circ}$ in the last rock cut slopes. Secondly, the last rock cut slopes to rehabilitate are covered with the soil dressing 30cm high. Thirdly, the grasses in the mining area are digged up beforehand, and then they are reused to the revegetation works of rock cut slopes. Lastly, from the upper rock cut slopes the revegetation works begin, the process of the above are repeated, as the result, the restoring works will be completed. Upon the ground of these principles, the complex of the original vegetation and the native species seeding, that is, the revegetation technique of Ibuki have established. In the difficult area to revegetate, sodding works, heaping up vegetation-sack, seed-spraying, heaping up soil-sacks and planting works are adapted variously. Bukou mine in Saitama-gen try to maintain the revegetation, the screening and the stability of the enormous mining rock cut slope, and for these works, the activity of 'Chichibu Working Group of Rock Wall for Limestone Mines' contributes largely. The chief technique of the revegetation in Bukou mine is following; after the making the berm on the rock cut slopes, the soil dressing is filled in it, and the trees is planted for the screening of the rock cut slopes. They devide the rock cut slopes into four typical types, and choose the different ways to make the berm and fill the soil dressing in characteristic. Most of the planting trees are consist ofthe native species of Mt. Bukou through the stages of the nursery and transplantation. Not only the revegetation of the demaged land but also the breeding of the conservational plants also are their important business.

The object of this paper is to correct check the tree situation and quantity around highway. Also, those data utilize in order to establish plan about how to the long and short term landscape construction and maintain program. The result of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Tree decrease rates for 8 branch offices were Jongbu(5.62%), Gangwon(4.32%), Chungcheong (3.35%), Honam(5.62%), Gyeongbuk(3.06%), Gyeongnam(5.60%), Seorak training center(0.31%), Headquarter(1.54%). Also decrease causes were traffic accidents(1.8%), air po11ution(4.7%), humid damage(0.9%), insect and disease(1.2%), wind and rainfall(3.4%), dry damage(3.5%), cold damage (1.0%), fire(3.1%), damage of the man and anima1(4.1%), remove bad tree(13.1%), bad rooting(9.5%) and etc.(53.7%). 2. Improve methods of tree death problems were regulation management(ferti1ize, irrigation and pesticide work), improvement of draining system, Pull out the weeds, Plant native plants, utilize organic matter fertilize and plant environment trees.