• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Hot carrier degradation and roll off characteristics of threshold voltage ($V_{t1}$) on NMOSFETs as I/O transistor are studied as a function of Lightly Doped Drain (LDD) structures. Pocket dose and the combination of Phosphorus (P) and Arsenic (As) dose are applied to control $V_{t1}$ roll off down to the $10\%$ gate length margin. It was seen that the relationship between $V_{t1}$ roll off characteristic and substrate current depends on P dopant dose. For the first time, we found that the n-p-n transistor triggering voltage ($V_{t1}$) depends on drain current, and both $I_{t2}$ and snapback holding voltage ($V_{sp}$) depend on the substrate current by characterization with a transmission line pulse generator. Also it was found that the improved lifetime for hot carrier stress could be obtained by controlling the P dose as loosing the $V_{t1}$ roll off margin. This study suggests that the trade-off characteristic between gate length margin and channel hot carrier (CHC) lifetime in NMOSFETs should be determined by considering Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) characteristic.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2009

Opioids profoundly inhibit evoked discharges of spinal nociceptive neurons, thereby inhibiting the transmission of pain. Intrathecal administration of opioids using implantable continuous infusion systems is an effective method of pain relief when other treatments have failed, as well as for patients with adequate analgesia on high dose therapy that produces unacceptable side effects. We report two cases of intrathecal pump implantation performed in patients suffering from intractable chronic pain. A test dose of 3 mg morphine was injected into the epidural space. No side effects were noted and patients experienced considerable pain relief. Implantation was performed one day after the test. The initial intrathecal morphine delivery dose was half of the equivalent dose of daily oral intake opioids and the infusion rate was increased gradually under close observation for opioid side effects. Two days post-implantation, both patients were discharged without any complications.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2022

The authors are making a prototype flexible board of a radio-frequency transmitter for measuring an electromyogram (EMG) of a flying moth and plan to apply for an experimental station license from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan in the summer of 2022. The goal is to create a continuous low-dose exposure standard that incorporates scientific and physiological functional assessments to replace the current standard based on lethal dose 50. This paper describes the technical evaluation of the hardware. The signal of a bipolar EMG electrode is amplified by an operational amplifier. This potential is added to a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (27 MHz, bandwidth: 4 kHz), frequency-converted, and transmitted from an antenna about 10 cm long (diameter: 0.03 mm). The power source is a 1.55-V wristwatch battery that has a total weight of about 0.3 g (one dry battery and analog circuit) and an expected operating time of 20 minutes. The output power is -7 dBm and the effective isotropic radiated power is -40 dBm. The signal is received by a dual-whip antenna (2.15 dBi) at a distance of about 100 m from the moth. The link margin of the communication circuit is above 30 dB within 100 m. The concepts of this hardware and the measurement data are presented in this paper. This will be the first biological data transmission from a moth with an official license. In future, this telemetry system will improve the detection of physiological abnormalities of moths.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2001

목적 : 비인강암 환자의 국소제어율을 향상시키기 위한 목적으로 보상 여과판을 이용한 전방위 강도변조 방사선치료방법(intensity modulated radiation therapy : IMRT)을 계획하고 기존 3차원 입체조형치료방법과 비교하여 최적의 방사선치료방법을 모색하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 3-차원 입체조형치료계획으로 치료받았던 비강암환자(T4N0M0) 1예를 선택하여 치료면의 굴곡과 뼈, 공동 등 불균질 조직으로 인하여 발생되는 표적체적의 선량분포를 균일하게 만들고 주변 정상장기의 손상을 최소화하기 위한 일차 입사선량의 강도 조절을 보상여과판으로 시행 하였다. 환자는 열변성 plastic mask로 고정시킨 후 치료조준용 CT Scan (PQ5000)을 이용하여 3 mm 간격으로 scan 하고 가상조준장치(virtual simulator)와 3차원 방사선치료계획 컴퓨터$(ADAC-Pinnacle^3)$를 이용하여 보상여과판을 제작하였다. 각 조사면을 세분한 소조사선(beamlet)의 강도 가중치(weighting)를 계산하고 가중치에 따른 선량 감약을 보상여과판의 두께로 환산하여 판별이 쉽도록 도표화하였다. 방사선 치료성과의 기준은 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 선량체적표(dose volume histogram : DVH)와 종양억제확율(tumor control probability : TCP)및 정상조직 손상확율(normal tissue complication probability : NTCP)의 수학적 관계식을 이용하여 치료효과를 평가하였다. 결과 : 전방위 IMRT에서 계획용표적체적(planning target volume: PTV)내의 최소선량과 최대선량의 차이가 입체조형치료계획보다 약간 증가하였으며 평균선량은 강도조절치료계획에서 약 $10\%$, 더 높았고 전체 방사선량의 $95\%$가 포함되는 체적(V95)은 비교적 양쪽 설계방법에서 비슷한 양상을 보이고 있었다. 주위 건강장기들의 DVH에서 방사선에 민감한 장기인 시신경, 측두엽, 이하선, 뇌간, 척수, 측두하악골관절 등은 강도조절치료계획에서 많이 보호되었다. PTV의 종양제어확율은 입체조형치료계획과 강도변조치료계획에서 모두 비교적 균일하였으며 계획선량이 50 Gy에서 80 Gy로 증가함에 따라 TCP가 0.45에서 0.56으로 완만하게 증가하였다. 척수, 측두하악골 관절, 뇌간, 측두엽, 이하선, 시신경교차, 시신경 등 정상장기의 손상확율은 입체조형치료계획보다 강도조절치료계획에서 월등히 감소되었으며 특히 뇌간(brain stem)의 NTCP는 입체조형치료계획에서 보다 강도조절치료계획에서 훨씬 적은 값(0.3에서 0.15)으로 감소되었다. 계획선량의 증가에 따른 TCP와 NTCP를 입체조형치료계획과 강도조절치료계획에서 TCP는 공히 완만한 증가를 보였으나 NTCP값은 선량증가에 비례적으로 증가하였고 입체조형치료계획이 강도조절치료계획보다 월등히 증가하였다. 결론 : 보상여과판을 이용한 전방위 강도변조 방사선치료에서 PTV내의 선량 균일도의 개선은 없었지만 뇌간, 척수강 등 정상장기의 피폭을 줄일 수 있었다. 특히 인체표면의 굴곡이 심하거나 뼈, 동공 등으로 종양에 도달하는 방사선량분포가 균일하지 않을 경우 매우 유리한 치료방법이였다. 방사선치료성적을 평가함에 있어 DVH와 TCP, NTCP 등 수학적 척도를 이용함으로서 치료성과의 예측, 종양선량의 증가(dose escalation), 방사선수술의 지표 및 방사선치료의 질적 상황을 정량적 수치로 평가할 수 있어 방사선치료성과 향상에 기여할 수 있다고 생각한다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2020

Chronic hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection remains a major health threat, especially in high-prevalence areas. Most infants infected by mother-to-infant HBV transmission become chronic carriers. In Taiwan, many important preventive interventions have been implemented to block the perinatal transmission of HBV in the past 35 years. The first nationwide universal HBV vaccination program was launched in Taiwan in July 1984. The three-dose HBV vaccine completion rate reached 98.1% in 2018. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decreased from 9.8% in pre-vaccinated period in 1984 to 0.5% in the vaccinated cohort in 2014. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children aged 6-9 years significantly declined from 0.52 to 0.13 per 100,000 children born before and after 1984, respectively. Furthermore, we have performed a maternal HBV screening program during pregnancy since 1984, with the screening rate peaked at 93% in 2012. The HBsAg- and HBeAg-seropositive rate in pregnant women declined from 13.4% and 6.4% in 1984-1985 to 5.9% and 1.0% in 2016, respectively. To closely control perinatal HBV infection, we have administered hepatitis B immunoglobulin immediately after birth and checked the serum level of HBsAg and anti-HBs in high-risk babies born to HBsAg-seropositive mothers, irrespective of their HBeAg status, since July 2019. We have also adopted short-term antiviral treatments such as tenofovir 300 mg daily in the third trimester for highly viremic mothers and reduced the perinatal infection rates from 10.7 to 1.5%. Through all these efforts, we expect to meet the global goal of eliminating HBV infection by 2030.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2023

Background: Synaptic plasticity contributes to nociceptive signal transmission and modulation, with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) playing a fundamental role in neural plasticity. This research was conducted to investigate the role of CaMK II in the transmission and regulation of nociceptive information within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of naïve and morphine-tolerant rats. Methods: Randall Selitto and hot-plate tests were utilized to measure the hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) in response to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli. To induce chronic morphine tolerance, rats received intraperitoneal morphine injection twice per day for seven days. CaMK II expression and activity were assessed using western blotting. Results: Intra-NAc microinjection of autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (AIP) induced an increase in HWLs in naïve rats in response to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli. Moreover, the expression of the phosphorylated CaMK II (p-CaMK II) was significantly decreased as determined by western blotting. Chronic intraperitoneal injection of morphine resulted in significant morphine tolerance in rats on Day 7, and an increase of p-CaMK II expression in NAc in morphine-tolerant rats was observed. Furthermore, intra-NAc administration of AIP elicited significant antinociceptive responses in morphine-tolerant rats. In addition, compared with naïve rats, AIP induced stronger thermal antinociceptive effects of the same dose in rats exhibiting morphine tolerance. Conclusions: This study shows that CaMK II in the NAc is involved in the transmission and regulation of nociception in naïve and morphine-tolerant rats.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2012

본 논문의 목적은 쐐기필터를 사용한 방사선조사면에서 다양한 조직전자밀도가 선량분포에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 함이다. 구성된 물질에 따라 밀도가 다른 고체 팬텀, 코르크팬텀, 그리고 공기층에서 동적쐐기필터와 금속쐐기필터를 이용하여 선량분포의 변형정도를 평가하였다. 본 실험에서는 매질 내 삽입이 용이하고 우수한 선량특성을 가지고 있는 레디오크로믹 필름(Gafchromic EBT2, International Speciality Products, NJ)을 사용하였다. 선형가속기 6 MV 광자선을 이용해서 $10{\times}10cm^2$ 조사면에 400 MU를 조사하였다. 필름의 선량분포는 선량 분석프로그램을 이용하여 조사면 내 영역과 반음영 영역을 분석하였다. 조직의 밀도가 같을 때 동적쐐기필터와 금속 쐐기필터의 선량분포는 금속 쐐기필터 선량이 동적쐐기필터 선량보다 높게 나타났다. 조직전자밀도가 다른 부위에 쐐기필터의 종류에 따른 선량분포는 고체팬텀과 코르크 팬텀에서 2% 이내 차이를 나타내고 있었다. 그러나 공기층에서 선량분포는 고체팬텀이나 코르크 팬텀의 선량분포와 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. 공기층에서 쐐기필터의 선량분포는 쐐기 사용 효과가 나타나지 않고 있다. 쐐기필터의 두꺼운 부분과 얇은 부분 밖에서 반음영의 크기는 1 cm에서 2 cm 정도 크게 두꺼운 부분에서 크게 나타났다. 그리고 금속 쐐기필터에서 반음영이 동적쐐기필터 보다 평균 6.4%정도 높게 반음영이 나타났다. 본 실험을 통해 공기층과 같이 조직전자밀도 현저히 작은 매질에서는 쐐기필터의 효과가 크게 떨어지는 것과 불균질 물질에 따라 흡수되는 선량분포가 크게 변형되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 조직전자밀도의 차이가 큰 부위의 방사선치료계획 시 쐐기필터의 적용에 따른 적절한 보정이 이루어져야 한다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.165-169
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• 2012

방사선 조사된 남양진주는 광투과 검사, 확대 검사, 형광반응 검사 등의 보석학적 검사방법으로는 감별이 어렵지만, ESR 분석을 통해 조사된 남양진주와 조사되지 않은 남양진주의 감별이 가능하였다. 본 연구에서는 조사선량이 증가함에 따른 $CO^-_2$ radical의 변화와 관련된 정보를 제공할 목적으로 진주층과 핵을 분리하여 분석하였으며, 핵보다는 진주층에서 $CO^-_2$ radical이 더 명료하게 나타남을 발견하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 1994

The damage which radiation produces in tissues such as the lungs can be discussed at the molecular, biophysical, cellular, and organ levels. The cellular effects of irradiating the lungs are related to the histologic and clinical sequelae. In the present study the right lung of rabbits were exposed to single dose of 20 Gy of X-irradiation. Animals from each group were sacrificed monthly for 6 months postexposure. Sections of lung were examined by light microscopy(LM) and by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Multiple exudative lesions were seen at 2 months after the 20Gy irradiation,and they progressed to a proliferative and then reparative fibrotic lesion by 6 months. Changes in epithelial lining of lung components, particulary the presence of type II pneumocytes were found by both LM and TEM. Capillary endothelial damages were less pronounced. The possible implication of cellular components in radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis is discussed.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.83-85
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• 2002

Yonsei Cancer Center introduced an IMRT System at the beginning of February, 2002. The system consists of CORVUS(NOMOS) inverse planning machine, LANTIS(SIEMENS), PRIMEVIEW and PRIMART Linac(SIEMENS). The optimization of CORVUS planning system with PRIMART is an important work to get an efficient treatment plan. So, we studied two Finite Size Pencil Beams, 1.0 x 1.0 cm$^2$ and 0.5 x 1.0 cm$^2$, and four leaf transmission sets, 5%, 10%, 20%, 33%. We compared the dose distribution of target volume and delivery efficiency of the plan results.