• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.207-223
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• 2013

Revenue management (RM) has been widely used to model products characterized as perishable. Classical RM model assumed that price is the sole factor in the model. Thus price adjustment becomes a crucial and costly factor in business. In this paper, an optimal pricing model is developed based on minimization of soft customer cost, one kind of price adjustment cost and is solved by Lagrange multiplier method. It is formed by expected discounted revenue/bid price integrating quantity-based RM and pricing-based RM. Quantity-based RM consists of two capacity models, namely, booking limit and overbooking. Booking limit, built by assuming uncertain customer arrival, decides the optimal capacity allocation for two market segments. Overbooking determines the level of accepted order exceeding capacity to anticipate probability of cancellation. Furthermore, pricing-based RM models occupancy/demand rate influenced by internal and competitor price changes. In this paper, a mathematical model based on game theoretic approach is developed for two conditions of deterministic and stochastic demand. Based on the equilibrium point, the best strategy for both hotels can be determined.

• Architectural research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2017

Dynamic pricing refers to a system in which a tariff varies, according to a level of charging and applied time depending on time change. The power billing system used in the Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is based on time of use (TOU) pricing, which is one of the dynamic pricing systems. This paper aimed to determine the operational results of a variable refrigerant flow system, to which a new control algorithm was applied, in order to respond to dynamic pricing, in summer and the utility of the new control. To do this, real measured data was acquired from a VRF system installed in a building for educational purposes, where dynamic pricing was applied for about 100 days during summer time. At the maximum load operation time period in TOU, the new control minimized operation within the indoor comfort range, an increase in refrigerant evaporation temperature in the indoor unit and the number of revolutions in a compressor in the outdoor unit was limited. As a result, power usage was decreased by 11%, and the operational cost by 14.6%. Furthermore, measurement results using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model, that represented satisfaction of thermal environment, showed that 82.8% to 90.4% of the occupants of the building were satisfied during operation when the new control was applied.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.111-126
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• 2013

As the gaps become narrower in interconnection fee and volume rate, the MNOs began to introduce flat pricing for unlimited voice traffic competitively in Korea wireless telecommunication market : 'unlimited talks within intra-network' by the 1st operator, followed by the 3rd operator's 'unlimited talks over all networks'. As a result, subscribers tip in toward the third ranked operator and could bring a substantial change to steadfast market structure over the last decade in Korea. This paper aims to develop a simple economic model to analyze competition with flat pricing for unlimited voice traffic, and to check whether the pricing can be appropriate for the MNOs. The results show that MNOs already step in the necessary conditions to launch flat pricing for voice traffic. It also predicts that the MNOs compete with unlimited talk over all networks and set a single fee in an equilibrium. At present, the MNOs run virtually identical pricing for unlimited talk over all networks, considering their differentiation with respect to service quality, coverage and brand preference.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2020

Purpose: This study reexamines the test on the pricing of accruals quality. Theory suggests that information risk is a priced risk factor. Using accruals quality as the proxy for information risk, researchers have tested the pricing of information risk. The results are inconsistent potentially because of the information shock in the realized returns that are used as the proxy for expected returns. Based on this argument, this study revisits this issue excluding information-shock-free measure of expected returns. Research design, data and methodology: This study estimates expected returns using the vector autoregression model. This method extracts information shocks more thoroughly than the methods in prior studies; therefore, the concern regarding information shock is minimized. As risk premiums are larger in recession periods than in expansion periods, recession and expansion subsamples were used to confirm the robustness of the main findings. For the pricing test, this study uses two-stage cross-sectional regression. Results: Empirical results find evidence that accruals quality is a priced risk factor. Furthermore, this study finds that the pricing of accruals quality is observed only in recession periods. Conclusions: This study supports the argument that accruals quality, as well as the pricing of information risk, is a priced risk factor.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제6권
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• pp.135-152
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• 1993

The optional market segmentation pricing policy for rooms of hotels are investigated under the assumption of a linear demand function, and for four different situations: (1) single price market, (2) optimal segmentation of the unused capacity of a single-price-maeket, (3) optimal segmantation for all rooms, and (4) opimal segmentation for infiltration from higher priced to adjacent lower priced segments. The purpose of tis study is th show that with proper pricing policy, it would be possible to increase profits considerably. Such a profit increase might be achived by market segmentation coupled with product differentiation, where the different market segments are identified, sperated, and in each segment a different price per room is called for. The different prices are determined based on the specific price elasticity typical for each market segment and the relavant costs. The pricing model implied in this study is based on basic economic pricing theory and optimization techniques. While somewhat complex in its mathmatical solution, it can be easily programmed for use by practitioners, avoiding the need to cope with the technical aspects of the solution. In section II-1, the optimal single-market Single-price policy is evaluated. The optimal strategy under the constraint that only the previously unutilized rooms are segmented is analysed in section II-2, while the optimal strategy without this constraint is determined in section II-3. In section II-4, the optimal market-segmentation pricing policy is derived for the case in which market seperation is allowed for all the rooms under the assumption of custtomer infiltration from each market segment to the adjacent lower priced segment Finally, some considerations relating to the practicality of the model as a decision support tool and the requirements for its implementation are discussed in section III.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2024

본 논문에서는 점프 항을 포함하는 이자율 기간구조 모형의 채권 가격을 결정하기 위하여 이토의 보조정리(Ito's Lemma)를 적용하여 채권가격편미분방정식(Partial Differential Bond Price Equation; PDBPE)을 유도한다. PDBPE으로부터, 지수함수에 대한 매클로린 급수 (Maclaurin series; MS)와 적률생성함수(moment-generating function; MGF)를 이용하여 채권 가격의 수치해(Numerical Solution; NS)를 구한다. 그리고 몬테 카르로 시뮬레이션(Monte Carlo Simulation; MCS) 기법을 이용하여 채권의 가격을 결정하기 위한 알고리즘을 제안하고, 시뮬레이션 과정을 통하여 채권의 가격을 결정한다. 수치적 분석을 이용한 채권 가격의 NS와 MCS를 이용하여 얻은 채권 가격의 결과를 비교하기 위하여, NS의 값과 MCS의 값의 비율인 상대오차(Relative Error; RE)를 구한다. 이로부터 얻은 RE가 약 2.2%보다 작음을 확인할 수 있고, 이것은 수치적 분석뿐만 아니라 제안한 알고리즘을 이용해도 채권의 가격을 매우 정확하게 예측할 수 있음을 의미한다. 또한, 지수함수에 대한 MS를 이용하여 얻은 채권 가격의 NS가 MGF를 적용하여 구한 채권 가격의 NS보다 상대적으로 오차가 작다는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 기존 연구된 원가계산방법과 모델을 검토하고, 설문조사를 통한 실태분석과 사례연구를 바탕으로 온라인 데이터베이스 서비스의 원가계산과 가격결정 을 위한 방향을 제시하였다. 데이터베이스화된 정보를 유통시키기 위해서는 데이터베 이스의 합리적인 가격의 책정이 이루어져야 한다. 최적의 가격결정을 위해서는 합리 적인 원가계산이 선행되어야 한다. 첫째, 합리적인 원가계산을 위해서 원가요소와 원 가요소배분에 대한 기준을 설정하였다. 둘째, 원가요소와 배분기준을 적용한 가격결 정 모델을 개발하였다. 셋째, 개발한 가격결정 모델을 대상으로 국내 온라인 데이터 베이스 업체에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 끝으로 미국과 일본의 온라인 데이터베이스 업체들에 설문조사를 실시하여 각사에서 특별히 고려하는 요소를 수출하였다. 일률적 으로 모든 데이터베이스 업체가 같은 가격결정 모델을 사용할 수는 없다. 가격결정은 데이터베이스 서비스를 제공하는 업체 자체의 현상황을 고려해서 자사의 특징과 실정 에 맞는 중요요소들을 개발하여 이루어져야 한다. 결론적으로 최적의 가격결정을 위 해서는 데이터베이스 업체의 미래상과 목표에 부합하는 지속적인 노력이 요구된다. 결국 최적의 가격결정은 데이터베이스 산업의 육성에 초석이 될 것이다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

주식은 그 자체로도 투자의 대상이며, 또한 옵션의 기초자산으로서 옵션의 가격을 평가하는 기본도구로 사용되고 있기에, 주식에 대한 정확한 예측값 도출은 매우 중요하다고 불 수 있다.주식의 가치평가를 위하여 기존 연구들은 대표적으로 GARCH 류의 모형과 SV(stochastic volatility, 확률변동성)류의 모형을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 SV 모형에 대해서 초점을 맞추어 KOSPI200 지수를 실증분석하였다. 특히 Durham (2008)의 방법론에 따라서 로그 SV 모델에 변동성지수(VKOSPI 지수)를 추가로 고려하여 모델의 정확도 향상을 기대하였다. VKOSPI 지수는 KOSPI200의 옵션으로부터 계산된 미래에 대한 기대 변동성으로, 주식과 옵션간의 유기적 관련성을 바탕으로 추정하기에 그 의미가 있다. 자료는 2003년 1월2일부터 2010년 9월 24일을 기간으로 사용하였다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제31권5_6호
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• pp.769-784
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• 2013

We consider the modulus-based successive overrelaxation method for the linear complementarity problems from the discretization of Black-Scholes American options model. The $H_+$-matrix property of the system matrix discretized from American option pricing which guarantees the convergence of the proposed method for the linear complementarity problem is analyzed. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical analysis, and further show that the modulus-based successive overrelaxation method is superior to the classical projected successive overrelaxation method with optimal parameter.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.207-219
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• 1995

This paper develops an equilibrium asset pricing model with taxation in the economy. The expected excess rate of return on a risky asset is shown to be an increasing function of the covariance of asset return with aggregate consumption rate changes and the covariance of asset return with the tax rates as well. Thus, the expected execss rate of return can be decomposed as the consumption risk premium and the tax premium. The capital asset pricing model derived in the absence of taxes is shown to understate the expected excess rate of return and to have a misspecification error in the economy with taxation.