• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.197-210
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to Investigate men's clothing in regard to (1) the effect of wearer's age and clothing: rues on impression formation, and (2) the effect of perceiver's age on impressions formed by the wearer's age and the fuction of clothing cues. The experimental design of this study was between-subjects 24_full factorial design by 4 independent variables. The subjects consisted of 192 subjects in each of two male perceiver groups according to age(20s and 50s). The experimental moterials developed for the study were a set of stimuli al)d a response scale. The stimuli consisted of 16 color photographs made by identical manipulations of 4 independent variables consisting of 2 levels each. Each one of the sixteen sub-samples included 12 subjects from 2 perceiver groups. The independent variables provided by the photographs were (1) wearer's age (20s and 50s), (2) suit color (navy blue and beige),' (3) suit style (single breasted and double breasted), and (4) necktie color (analogous and complementary colors) . The 7-point semantic differential response scale which was designed to measure the impression of the stimuli was composed of 30 bipolar adjectives. The responses to the semantic differential scales were analyzed using factor analysis and ANOVA. The results were as follows:1) Wearer's age, suit color, suit style, and necktie color had significant effects on impression of the 3 factors (appearance·potency, individuality activity, and evaluation) partiafly. However, the suit style was the most dominent clothing cue : the single breasted suit conveyed positive impression of individuality' activity to both of the wearer's age groups than double breasted suit did on both of the perceiver's age groups. 2) Perceiver's age partially influenced impressions formed by the age and the clothing cues of men clothed in suits : the young perceiver's group was less affected by them than middle aged group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.3_4
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• pp.395-406
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• 2003

The Purpose of this study is to find out the effect of clothing style and color, tone combination on impressions formation. The experimental materials developed for this study are a set of stimuli and response scale(The 7-point semantic). The stimuli are 36pictures manipulated with clothing style, color and tone variation by computer drawing. The subjects are 216 female undergraduate students and 216 female of middle age(40~50) in Chin-ji city. The resulte of this study are as follows : Impression factor of the stimulus was consisted of the 5 different demensions(attractiveness, elegance, activity, revealation, tenderness). Among there, attractiveness and elegance factors proved to be more important. In the attractiveness and tenderness, clothing style, color, tone combinations and perceiver's age had the significant effect. In the elegance and revealation, color and perceiver's age had the significant effect but in the activity, only color did not have the significant effect. Significant interaction effects of clothing style and color, style and tone combination, and color and perceiver's age on attractiveness and revealation were found. Interaction effect of color and tone combination was significant on the elegance and revealation, and that of color and perceiver's age was significant on tenderness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.43
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• pp.187-202
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of dress(Korean traditional dress and suit) of elderly Women and situation on impression formation. The experimental design was $10\times{2}\times{2(dress}\times{perceiver's age}\times{situation)}$ factorial design by 3 independent variables. The stimuli of color photographs of female in her 60's model and the semantic differential scale were used. Six variables of impression formation were used: preference: elegance: potency: activity: feminine: and modernity. Samples were 400 women 200 were in their twenties and 200 in their forties and fifties. The data were analyzed by $\alpha$-reliability t-test ANOVA and duncan's multiple range test. The Korean traditional dress with the combination of Korean traditional color(light blue upper dress with dark red purple collar and string.dark blue skit) had the most positive effect on impression of elegance. Pink traditional dress and light blue traditional dress had a negative effect on impression of potency activity and modernity. Red purple suit had a positive effect on potency and modernity. The interaction between dress perceiver's age and stituation was significant for the impression of activity. Women in their 40's and 50's perceived the activity of red purple suit positively in the situation of alumnae meeting more than in the wedding ceremony. The perceived age of the stimulus person was different according to dresses. Traditional dresses was perceived older than suits were. Women in their 40's and 50's evaluated preferences of the dresses positively more than 20's did. This means that 40's and 50's feel similarity with the stimulus person more than 20's as the age of model was in their 60's The result supports the theory that similarity is basic factor in interpersonal attraction.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out differences of women's professionalism and attractiveness according to the perceiver's level of interest on accessory, the object person's age, and accessory wearing. Subjects were 178 college women in Seoul. The evaluation of the accessory wearing was divided into five dimensions: professionalism, attractiveness, loveliness, femininity, and individuality. The look of accessory wearing had significant influences on the evaluation of professionalism and attractiveness. The women in their 40's wearing the scarf on a jacket were evaluatedhigh in professionalism, attractiveness, and femininity. The 40's wearing the cap with a T-shirt were evaluatedlow in professionalism and attractiveness. The women in their 20's wearing the cap with a T-shirt were evaluatedhigh in attractiveness and loveliness. Wearing of scarf enhanced professionalism, femininity, and individuality, wearing necklace enhanced femininity, and wearing cap enhanced loveliness of women. Perceiver's level of interest on accessory gave significant influences on perception of professionalism and attractiveness. The object person's age gave significant influences on loveliness, femininity, and individuality. Professionalism, attractiveness, loveliness, and femininity had interaction effects according to object person's age and accessories. When women in their 40's wore scarf or necklace, their professionalism was raised more than those in their 20's. Therefore accessory wearing was more effective to the women in their 40's than the 20's.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1-17
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the effects of clothing styles on impression formation of middle and high school students and 2) the differences in impression in relation to perceiver variablex(sex, age, residence). The sample consisted of 60 subjects in each of 8 perceiver groups according to sex, age and residence. Stimuli consisted of 10 color photographs of male and female adolescent wearing each of 5 clothing styles respectively. Questionnaires consisted of 43 seven-point semantic differential scales measuring perceivers responses to the stimuli, open-ended Question and perceiver’s clothing style preference. Responses to the semantic differential scale were factor analyzed and 4 factors - Self-confidence/refinement, Sincerity, Intelligence, and Sociability - were emerged to account for the structure of the impression of the male stimuli. Five factors - Sincerity, Refinement, Self-confidence, Sociability, Intellience - were emerged in case of female stimuli. One-way ANOVA results showed that clothing styles had the effects on all the factors of impression except Sincerity. From the reset analyzing the effects of perceiver variables on impressions, age had the effects in all the clothing styles, sex had the effects in 6 clothing styles, and residence in 5 clothing styles. Clothing style 5(male stimuli) and style 10(female stimuli) were the most preferred clothing style in all the subject groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.311-326
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify 1) the effect of two contexts (job interview, Informal outing) and clothing cues (type, style, color) on male impresssions 2) the effect of perceiver's age on male impressions created by the clothing cues and contexts. The subjects consisted of 256 male undergraduate students and 256 middle-aged men. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimuli and response scales. The stimuli were 8 color photographs of drawings of a male figure in clothing which were manipulated in two levels, each of three clothing cues including type, style and color. The experimental design was full factorial design of $(2^4contex^2{\times}clothing type^2{times}clthing color^2$. Each of the 16 sub-samples includes 16 subjects from the two perceiver group. Questionnaires used to measure perceivers responses to the stimuli were 7-point semantic differential scales composed of 37 bipolar adjectives representing personal traits. The data was processed by factor analysis, ANOVA, multiple classification analysis, Duncan's multiple range test. The major findings drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Three factors emerged to account for the dimensional structure of the impressions of the male figure in clothing in two social situations. These factors involved evaluation, activity and uniqueness. 2. The contexts, clothing types and clothing styles had significant effects on evaluation, activity and uniqueness. The clothing styles had a considerable effect on both evaluation and uniqueness while the clothing types affected activity. The clothing color had least effect on the impression and had only moderate effect on evaluation. 3. Perceiver's age influenced impressions formed by the social contexts and clothing cues. Male college students were least affected by contexts and clothing cues, while middle-aged men wert affected most.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.131-140
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the color of jacket. dress shirt, necktie. and perceiver's gender on image perceptions of male, and to examine how clothing color preferences varies according to perceiver's gender and age. The stimuli of 8 pictures of male and the semantic differential scale were used to evaluate image perception. Subjects were 192 males and females in Seoul. The colors of jacket gave significant influences on perception of potency. elegance, preference, and manliness. The colors of dress shirt gave a significant influence on perception of manliness, the necktie's colors gave influences on elegance and visibility. Perceiver's gender did not give significant influences on the image perception. Visibility had an interaction effect by the colors of jacket and dress shirt. Potency and preference evaluation had interaction effects by the colors of jacket. dress shirt. and necktie. White dress shirt had positive effects on the perception of potency and preference in the case of matching with dark blue jacket and red necktie, and blue shirt had a positive effect on the perception of potency and preference in matching with dark blue jacket and blue necktie. The preference of dark grey suit and black shirt showed significant differences according to gender. Dark blue suit, white shirt, and blue shirt had significant differences according to the age group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.7 s.98
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• pp.89-100
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to find out differences of visual evaluation according to perceiver's personality(introvert-extrovert) and clothing styles. Subjects were 120 women in age from 18 to 31 years in Seoul. The stimuli of 7 clothing styles were used for visual evaluation. Three dimensions of visual evaluation were derived by falters analysis: elegance, activity individuality, and fashionability. The pants suit was estimated low in activity individuality and fashionability, but the hip-hop style high in activity individuality. The skirt suit was rated high in elegance, but the 8th length pants low in elegance. Personality had significant influences on the evaluation of activity individuality. Extrovert women perceived all stimuli to be more active and individual than introvert. Fashionability factor had an interaction effect by personality and clothing expenses. The introvert women in low clothing expenses group evaluated the stimuli to be more fashionable than the introvert in high clothing expenses group. There were significant differences in preference of all clothing styles according to personality. Extrovert women liked 8th length pants more than introvert. The introvert women in low clothing expenses group liked the skirt suit less than the extrovert.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.340-351
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of clothing type and hair style on men’s impression formation. The experimental design was 4×2×2×2 (clothing type×hair style×perceiver’s age×perceiver’s role) factorial design with between-subjects design. The stimuli of color photographs of male in his 20's model and semantic differential scale were used. The data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 881 men and women in the metropolitan area of Seoul. The SPSS package was used for data analysis which includes factor analysis, t-test, and Cronbach’s a to measure the reliability. This study showed the following results. Four factors were derived to account for the dimensions of impression formation. These were dignity, activity, individual character, and social intercourse. Men evaluated individual character factor higher than women did. Dignity factor was evaluated higher by students, while social intercourse factor was evaluated higher by office workers. The clothing type of shirts/pants was evaluated to be more active and more sociable than of jacket/pants. Men wanted to exhibit natty image and women did elegant image through clothes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.757-768
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of religious habits and hair styles on korean catholic sister's impression. The subject consisted of 256 female high school students and 256 female undergraduated students The experimental materials developed for this study were 16 color photographs stimuli of drawing and 7-point semantic differential scale composed of 30 bipolar adjectives representing personal traits. The major findings drawn from this study were as follows: 1) Four factors emerged to account for the dimentional structure of the impression of the Korean catholic sister's in religious habits. Four factors involved purity, formality, potency, appearance. 2) The clothing types and hair styles had significant effect on purity, formality, potency, appearance. The clothing types had an effect on purity, formality and potency while the hair styles affected formality. 3) Perceiver's age influenced impressions formed by clothing and hair styles. Female high school students were affected by clothing and hair styles in formality, potency, appearance while female undergraduate students in purity, formality, potency. Therefore the religious habits and hair styles had significant effect on korean catholic women's impression of purity, formality, potency, appearance and impression formation was varied according to perceiver's age.