• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.109-132
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• 2009

The purpose of the introduction of this article is as follows. It was frequent to put a condition on the letter of credit without stating corresponding document. But these attempts are very dangerous to the letter of credit operation. That is, if these types of conditions would be permitted in letter of credit, the independence principle must be collapsed. So these conditions must be disregarded in order to safeguard the independence principle. It is why UCP600 article 14(h) writes that if a Credit contains a condition without stating the document(s) to be presented in compliance therewith, banks will deem such conditions as not stated and will disregard it. But scope of this article 14 should not be limited by the conditions which do not state the document to be presented in compliance therewith. That is, the purpose of this article is to preserve the independence principle, so, if it is impossible to ascertain satisfaction with a condition, it should be disregarded as the non-documentary condition, even if the condition is included in the letter of credit together with document to be presented. Conclusively, whether or not a condition would be regarded as the non documentary condition depends on whether compliance of such condition is ascertained by presented documents stipulated in the letter of credit.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.733-740
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• 2011

To analyze the cooling performance in the refrigerator truck according to frost growth, the analytical model of refrigeration system was developed under frost and non-frost condition using EES. The system performance was analyzed with outdoor temperature, storage temperature, outdoor front air velocity and compressor speed in order to investigate the system performance characteristics with operating conditions. Besides, the system performance under frost condition was compared with that under non-frost condition. As a result, the frost thickness was 0.9 mm when the refrigerating capacity of frost condition was decreased by 30%. The maximum of the system COP was shown at compressor speed of 1500 rpm for non-frost and frost condition, simultaneously. The performance under frost condition was more sensitive to the operating condition compared to that under non-frost condition.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.31 no.1 s.256
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

Enhanced lower order shear deformation theory is developed in this study. Generally, lower order theories are not adequate to predict accurate deformation and stress distribution through the thickness of laminated plate. For the accurate prediction of detailed stress and deformation distributions through the thickness, higher order zigzag theories have been proposed. However, in most cases, simplified zigzag higher order theory requires $C_1$, shape functions in finite element implementation. In commercial FE softwares, $C_1$, shape functions are not so common in plate and shell analysis. Thus zigzag theories are useful for the highly accurate prediction of thick composite behaviors but they are not practical in the sense that they cannot be used conveniently in the commercial package. In practice, iso-parametric $C_0$ plate model is the standard model for the analysis and design of composite laminated plates and shells. Thus in the present study, an enhanced lower order shear deformation theory is developed. The proposed theory requires only $C_0$ shape function in FE implementation. The least-squared energy error between the lower order theory and higher order theory is minimized. An enhanced lower order shear deformation theory(ELSDT) in this paper is proposed for smart structure under complex loadings. The ELSDT is constructed by the strain energy transformation and fully coupled mechanical, electric loading cases are studied. In order to obtain accurate prediction, zigzag in-plane displacement and transverse normal deformation are considered in the deformation Held. In the electric behavior, open-circuit condition as well as closed-circuit condition is considered. Through the numerous examples, the accuracy and robustness of present theory are demonstrated.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.333-344
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• 2012

We consider some statistical properties of the first order difference-based error variance estimator in nonparametric regression models with a single outlier. So far under an outlier(s) such difference-based estimators has been rarely discussed. We propose the first order difference-based estimator using the leave-one-out method to detect a single outlier and simulate the outlier detection in a nonparametric regression model with the single outlier. Moreover, the outlier detection works well. The results are promising even in nonparametric regression models with many outliers using some difference based estimators.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.495-510
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• 2012

Let $X_1$, $X_2$,${\ldots}$, $X_n$ be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with common distribution function $F$. Convergence rates for the moments of extremes are studied by virtue of second order regularly conditions. A unified treatment is also considered under second order von Mises conditions. Some examples are given to illustrate the results.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.66
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• pp.95-118
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• 2015

This study examines the Buyer's Remedies in respect of Defects in Title under SGA. As SGA divides contractual terms into a condition and a warranty, its effects regarding a breach of a condition or a warranty are different. Where a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition, its breach may give rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated and to claim damages. Where there is a breach of a warranty in a contract of sale, the aggrieved party may have a right to claim damages. Regarding a breach of a condition under SGA s 12(1), although the buyer may have his right to terminate the contract, he may lose that right when he accept or is deemed to have accept the goods by intimating his acceptance to the seller, acting inconsistently with the ownership of the seller, or retaining the goods beyond a reasonable time without rejecting them. Furthermore, the buyer may claim the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting from seller's breach. SGA contains the principle of full compensation and so the suffered loss and the loss of profit are compensable. As to specific performance under SGA, the court has been empowered to make an order of specific performance to deliver the goods in conformity with the terms of the contract and so it is not a buyer's right. This order should be made only where the goods to be delivered are specific or ascertained goods and the court must think fit to grant the order. However, among these remedies, the buyer cannot have the right to terminate the contract where there is a breach of warranty by the seller under SGA s 12(2).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2005

Egg has been considered as one of the most important food sources in both nutritionally and economically. However, because the hazards of egg flow chains' complexity from producers to consumers and the insufficiency of cold chain systems in Korea are still remained, preventive measures for egg safety should be established. This experiment was carried out to investigate the changes of egg qualify during storage in order to find out the proper storage condition and eggshell treatment. Eggs were stored at cold condition $(5^{\circ}C,\;relative\;humidity;\;RH:\;65\pm3\%)$ and room Condition $(1st: Sep\; 6\~Nov\; 15,\;2001,\; 10\~30^{\circ}C,\;RH\;41\~86\%,\;2nd;\; Dec\;13,\;2001\~Feb\;21,\;2002,\;4\~23^{\circ}C,\;RH\;36\~89\%)$ after eggshell treatment (unwashed, washed and coated egg) during'10 weeks and examined weight loss and interior quality periodically. Weight loss was in decreasing order room washed > room unwashed > cold washed > cold unwashed > room coated > cold coated egg. And, Haugh unit was decreasing order room washed > room unwashed > room coated > cold washed > cold unwashed > cold coated egg. Our findings show that both coated eggs and refrigeration reduces the rate of decline in Haugh units and egg weight. And, washed eggs had lower average Haugh units and a higher weight loss than any of the eggshell treatment in both storage conditions. Conclusively, for washing eggshell, 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, regular exchange and temperature control of water should be consistent and also eggs should be dried immediately after washing. Also, national guidelines for temperature and moisture of storage places, transportation and expiration data should be established to keep quality and weight loss of eggs. Storage temperature that is a critical factor in the quality and safety of eggs should be kept under 12'c and labelling of expiration date should be obligatory.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2000

In the process of crossflow microfiltration, a deposit of cake layer tends to form on the membrane, which usually controls the performance of filtration. It is found, however, that there exist a condition under which no deposit of cake layer is made. This condition is called the sub-critical flux condition, and the critical flux here means a flux below which a decline of flux with time due to the deposit of cake layer does not occur. In order to study the characteristics of the critical flux, a numerical model is developed to predict the critical flux condition, and is verified with experimental results. For development of the model, the concept of effective particle diameter is introduced to find a representative size of various particles in relation to diffusive properties of particles. The model is found to be in good match with the experimental results. The findings from the use of the model include that the critical flux condition is determined by the effective particle diameter and the ratio of initial permeate flux to crossflow velocity.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2010

As many researchers want to predict or assess more about wind condition and wind power generation, CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis method is very good way to do predict or assess wind condition and power generation. But CFD analysis is needed much knowledge of aerodynamics and physical fluid theory. In this paper, Auto-Wind CFD analysis program will be introduced. User does not need specific knowledge of CFD or fluid theory. This program just needs topographical data and wind data for initial condition. Then all of process is running automatically without any order of user. And this program gives for user to select and set initial condition for advanced solving CFD. At the last procedure of solving, Auto-Wind program shows analysis of topography and wind condition of target area. Moreover, Auto-Wind can predict wind power generation with calculation in the program. This Auto-Wind analysis program will be good tool for many wind power researchers in real field.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.62-71
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• 1994

The weighting increase varies with the condition of tannin-weight process and effects dyeability and physical properties of silk. The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimum condition of tannin-weighting process of silk and the effect of tannin-weighting process on dyeability and properties of silk. The methods of this study are first to examine the change according to the variables such as, weight increase of silk, temperature(30, 50, 70, 80, 9$0^{\circ}C$), time(30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300min), tannin concentration(3, 5, 10, 20, 30g/l) in order to present the optimum condition, sencond to examine the change of the properties such as surface morphology, strength, elongation, mechanical values, dyeing condition, Basic and Acid dye absorption on silk which are tannin-weight processed in the optimum condition.