• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.702-710
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• 1999

U-shaped bellows are usually used to piping system pressure sensor and controller for refriger-ator. Bellows subjected to internal pressure are designed for the purpose of absorbing deformation. Internal pressure on the convolution sidewall and end collar will be applied to an axial load tend-ing to push the collar away from the convolutions. To find out deformation behavior of bellow sub-jected to internal pressure the axisymmetric shell theory using the finite element method is adopted in this paper. U-shaped bellows can be idealized by series of conical frustum-shaped ele-ments because it is axisymmetric shell structure. The displacements of nodal points due to small increment of force are calculated by the finite element method and the calculated nodal displace-ments are added to r-z cylindrical coordinates of nodal points. The new stiffness matrix of the sys-tem using the new coordinates of nodal points is adopted to calculate the another increments of nodal displacement that is the step by step method is used in this paper. The force required to deflect bellows axially is a function of the dimensions of the bellows and the materials from which they are made. Spring constant is analyzed according to the changing geometric factors of U-shaped bellows. The FEM results were agreed with experiment. Using developed FORTRAN PROGRAM the internal pressure vs. deflection characteristics of a particu-lar bellows can be predicted by input of a few factors.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.759-777
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• 2013

In this paper, a topology optimization method based on the element independent nodal density (EIND) is developed for continuum solids with multiple load cases and multiple constraints. The optimization problem is formulated ad minimizing the volume subject to displacement constraints. Nodal densities of the finite element mesh are used a the design variable. The nodal densities are interpolated into any point in the design domain by the Shepard interpolation scheme and the Heaviside function. Without using additional constraints (such ad the filtering technique), mesh-independent, checkerboard-free, distinct optimal topology can be obtained. Adopting the rational approximation for material properties (RAMP), the topology optimization procedure is implemented using a solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method and a dual programming optimization algorithm. The computational efficiency is greatly improved by multithread parallel computing with OpenMP to run parallel programs for the shared-memory model of parallel computation. Finally, several examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed techniques.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 구조물의 부분 변위값으로 전체 구조물의 변위 형상을 예측할 수 있는 인공지능 학습기법을 개발하였으며, 개발된 기술의 성능을 실험을 통해 평가하였다. 3차원 공간에서 변위 형상 및 노드 위치 좌표의 특성을 학습에 반영할 수 있는 Image-to-Image 변위 형상 학습과 위치 특징을 결합한 변위 상관 학습 방법을 제시하였다. 개발된 인공지능 학습방법의 성능을 평가하기 위해 목업 구조 실험을 진행하였고, 3D 스캔으로 측정한 변위값과 인공지능으로 예측한 결과를 비교하였다. 비교 결과 인공지능 예측 결과는 3D 스캔 측정 결과에 비해 5.6~5.9%의 오차율을 보여 적정 성능을 보였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.601-625
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• 2014

Based on continuum mechanics and the principle of virtual displacements, incremental total Lagrangian formulation (T.L.) and incremental updated Lagrangian formulation (U.L.) were presented. Both T.L. and U.L. considered the large displacement stiffness matrix, which was modified to be symmetrical matrix. According to the incremental updated Lagrangian formulation, small strain, large displacement, finite rotation of three dimensional Timoshenko fiber beam element tangent stiffness matrix was developed. Considering large displacement and finite rotation, a new type of tangent stiffness matrix of the beam element was developed. According to the basic assumption of plane section, the displacement field of an arbitrary fiber was presented in terms of nodal displacement of centroid of cross-area. In addition, shear deformation effect was taken account. Furthermore, a nonlinear finite element method program has been developed and several examples were tested to demonstrate the accuracy and generality of the three dimensional beam element.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.95-110
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• 2010

Two-dimensional elastic contact problems, including normal, tangential, and rolling contacts, are treated with the finite element method in this study. Stress boundary conditions and kinematic conditions are transformed into multiple point constraints for nodal displacements in the finite element method. Upon imposing these constraints into the finite element system equations, the calculated nodal stresses and nodal displacements satisfy stress and displacement contact conditions exactly. Frictional and frictionless contacts between elastically identical as well as elastically dissimilar materials are treated in this study. The contact lengths, sizes of slip and stick regions, the normal and the shear stresses can be found.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2017

A local damage identification method using measured structural static displacement is proposed in this study. Based on the residual force vector deduced from the static equilibrium equation, residual strain energy (RSE) is introduced, which can localize the damage in the element level. In the case of all the nodal displacements are used, the RSE can localize the true location of damage, while incomplete displacement measurements are used, some suspicious damaged elements can be found. A model updating method based on static displacement response sensitivity analysis is further utilized for accurate identification of damage location and extent. The proposed method is verified by two numerical examples. The results indicate that the proposed method is efficient for damage identification. The advantage of the proposed method is that only limited static displacement measurements are needed in the identification, thus it is easy for engineering application.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2003

자유면 경계조건을 정착하게 묘사할 수 있는 변위근사 유한차분법을 이용하는 시간영역 탄성파 모델링법을 고안하였다. 기존의 변위근사 유한차분법의 경우 변위와 매질의 물성을 격자점에 정의하는 격자군(격자점 기반의 격자군)을 이용하였으나, 이 연구에서 제시하는 새로운 유한차분법에서는 변위는 격자점에 정의하지만 매질의 물성을 격자점으로 둘러싸인 면에 정의하는 격자군(셀 기반의 격자군)을 이용한다. 매질의 물성을 셀에 정의할 경우 자유면에서 응력이 사라진다는 자유면 경계조건을 추가로 적용할 필요가 없으며 매질의 물성 변화만으로 자유면 경계조건을 표현할 수 있다. 수치예를 통한 정확도 분석 결과 셀 기반의 격자군을 이용할 경우 계산된 수치석인 해가 해석적인 해에 매우 근사함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2003

If we use a third order approximation for the displacement function of beam element in finite element methods, finite element solutions of beams yield nodal displacement values matching to beam theory results to have no connection with the number increasing of elements of beams. It is assumed that, as the member displacement value at beam nodes are correct, the calculation procedure of beam element stiffness matrix have no numerical errors. A the member forces are calculated by the equations of $\frac{-M}{EI}=\frac{{d^2}{\omega}}{dx^2}\;and\;\frac{dM}{dx}=V$, the member forces at nodes of beams have errors in a moment and a shear magnitudes in the case of smaller number of element. The nodal displacement value of plate subject to the lateral load converge to the exact values according to the increase of the number of the element. So it is assumed that the procedures of plate element stiffness matrix calculations has a error in the fundamental assumptions. The beam methods for the high accuracy ratio solution Is also applied to the plate analysis. The method of reducing a error ratio of member forces and element stiffness matrix in the finite element methods is studied. Results of study were as follows. 1. The matrixes of EI[B] and [K] in the equations of M(x)=EI[B]{q} and M(x) = [K]{q}+{Q} of beams are same. 2. The equations of $\frac{-M}{EI}=\frac{{d^2}{\omega}}{dx^2}\;and\;\frac{dM}{dx}=V$ for the member forces have a error ratio in a finite element method of uniformly loaded structures, so equilibrium node loads {Q} must be substituted in the equation of member forces as the numerical examples of this paper revealed.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 계층적 B-spline곡선 (hierarchical B-spline curve)에 대한 새로운 다단계 편집 (multilevel editing)기법을 제안한다. 각 단계 변위함수 (displacement function)의 제어점 (control point)은 이전 단계 곡선위의 노드점 (nodal point)에서 계산되는 Rotation Minimizing Frame (RMF) [1]을 기준으로 표현된다. 이전 단계에서 곡선의 형상이 편집되면 해당노드 점에서 새로운 RMF가 계산되고, 현재 단계에서 변위함수의 제어점들은 새로운 RMF를 기준으로 적용되어, 현재 단계의 곡선은 이전 단계의 곡선에 대한 상대적인 세부 형상을 유지하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 형태의 곡선에 대한 다단계 편집실험을 통해 제안된 기법의 효율성과 안정성을 입증한다.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간정보시스템학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 제1권1호(통권1호)
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• pp.190-196
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• 2004

Thick composite laminated plates is considered in 3D finite-element. To consider continuity of transverse stresses and displacement field, mixed finite-element has been developed by using layerwise theory and the minimum potential energy principle. Mixed finite-element has been enforced through the thick direction, Z, of a laminated plate by considering six degree-of-freedoms per node. Six degree-of-freedoms are three displacement components in the coordinate axes directions and three transverse stress components ${\sigma}_z,\;{\tau}_{xz},\;{\tau}_{yz}$. The model maintain the fundamental elasticity relations that are stress-strain relation and displacement-strain relation, because the transverse stress components invoked as nodal degrees of freedom by using the fundamental elasticity relationship between th components of stress and displacement. Random vibration analysis of the model is performed by computing consistent mass matrix and computing covariance in frequency domain technique.