• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

This study compares, analyzes and reevaluates color conditions and images before and after the execution of the 7th curriculum with elementary schools in Gwang-ju Metropolitan City based on the fact that color among physical environments of elementary classrooms has an important influence on children's emotion and draws problems and aims to accumulate the basic materials for preparing guidelines of improving color environment at general classrooms of elementary schools. Consequently, according to color conditions, major colors on ceiling and wall were high brightness/nigh chroma of Y and YR line regardless of division of grades and other color factors of classroom showed that wall and ceiling used similar colors, but brightness was higher after change than before it. In evaluation of color images, lower grades showed negative color images such as 'common,' 'rustic,' and 'strange' before change, but they showed positive color images after change such as 'clean,' 'unique,' and 'soft'. But, most of higher grades showed negative reactions before change such as 'common,' 'strange,' and 'rustic' and they showed positive reactions after change only in such items as 'clean,' 'warm,' and 'unique', but Indicated negative reactions in remaining items such as 'strange,' 'rustic,' 'stiff,' and 'artificial'. Accordingly, in using colors for lower grade classroom, arrangement of colors through adjustment of brightness and chroma between ceiling, wall and other components based on coloring of high brightness and low chroma of similar colors should be considered and for higher grade classroom, arrangement of colors of unique images of mid-brightness/mid-chroma among warm color lines of similar colors should be examined.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.868-873
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• 1997

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-phenylethyl chlorides (1-PEC; YC6H4CH(CH3)Cl) with phenoxides (XC6H4O-) and thiophenoxides (XC6H4S-) are investigated theoretically using the PM3 method. The Bronsted α and β values are greater for the phenoxides indicating a more advanced reaction in the transition state (TS) than for the thiophenoxides. This is supported by a greater magnitude of ρX (- 6.4 ∼ - 7.4) and ρXY (- 0.76) for the phenoxides than for the thiophenoxides (ρX = - 3.6 ∼ - 4.4 and ρXY = - 0.60). The percentage bond order changes, %Δn≠, suggest that the extents of bond making and breaking are similar for the phenoxides and hence the TS is symmetrical, but bond making is somewhat greater than bond cleavage for the thiophenoxides indicating an unsymmetrical TS. The reactions in the gas phase for both nucleophile series proceed by a SN2 mechanism with a tight TS and negative charge development on the reaction center carbon, Cα. The reactions in water investigated with model systems of benzyl and 1-phenylethyl chlorides using the Cramer-Truhlar solvation model (PM3-SM3) indicate that the reactions of 1-PEC are far more complex due to enhanced stabilization of the carbocation by the methyl substitution for a benzylic hydrogen.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.662-672
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• 2017

Child sexual crimes have increased, but there has been no effective plan to combat this. Films reporting problems, amplify the attentions and propose countermeasures, which leads to changes. The current study examined the audiences' reactions to child sexual crime faction films using text-mining. The analysis of Naver's 2,727 blogs showed realistic words while 3,000 review comments' analysis demonstrated emotional responses. The positive and negative emotional category and degree were also different. In , the higher degree of negative emotions, such as 'angry' and 'unpleasant' appeared frequently. In , only negative emotional worlds were used. On the other hand, 'sad' was the highest ranked word, and the negative level was weak. In , 'good' a positive emotional word solely emerged. The audiences perceived the accidents objectively before release while they expressed their emotions and feelings after watching the movies. caused explosive anger and organized the participating citizens for changes. This movie provided an opportunity to enforce a legislative bill intensifying heavy punishments. The present study is significant in scrutinizing the audiences' diverse emotional reactions and discusses the future direction of society prosecution movies. Based on the text analysis of the audiences' linguistic expressions, a future study will be needed to hierarchically classify the diverse emotional expressions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1994

Aqueous extreact of fresh ginseng (AFG) was examined for the antigenicity in Hartley guinea pigs in comparision with ovalbumin (OVA). When guinea pigs were sensitized with AFG emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), these animals showed negative reactions in active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA), active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) tests and passive hemagglutination (PHA) reaction. On the contrary, when guinea pigs were sensitized with OVA emulsified with CFA as positive controls, these animals disclosed positive reactions in ASA, ACA and PCA tests and PHA reaction. From these results, AFG was considered not to possess antigenic properties in guinea pigs. In addition, the dose levels of AFG empolyed in the present experiment were confirmed not to suppress immune reactions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1231-1237
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• 2004

Rate constants for photolytic reactions of p-substituted 2-diazopropiophenones were determined in acetonitrile. The reactions show a comparatively low value of activation energy and activation enthalpy to alkylcarbenes or other arylcarbenes. The transition state corresponds to the step of a new carbonyl bond formation. The high negative ρ -values are shown in Hammett plots. The kinetics results and EPR spectrum are in accord with a phenomenon that occurs in interconversion between singlet and triplet carbenes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.338-344
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• 1994

I experimented on commercial infant formula in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis inhibition methods. I used several guinea pigs for this experiment. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) Commercial infant formula showed positive reactions, while soy-based formula showed negative reactions. 2) The products from different companies showed different reactions respectively The products of "A" company showed low allergenicity compared to the products of "B" company. The Products of "C" company showed the lowest allergenicity. 3) It seemed to be that the differences of allergenicity among the products by various companies were caused by the differences of the materials used, the combination ratio of materials, the heat treatment level, and manufacturing processes., and manufacturing processes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1203-1208
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• 1995

Theoretical studies of the effect of the nonleaving group (RY) on the breakdown mechanism of the tetrahedral anionic intermediate, T-, formed by the addition of a less basic phenoxide nucleophile (X) to phenyl benzoates with a more basic phenoxide leaving group (Z) have been carried out using the PM3 MO method. The identity acyl transfer reactions (X=Z) are facilitated by an electron-withdrawing RY whereas they are inhibited by an electron-donating RY group. The results of non-identity acyl transfer reactions indicate that a more electron-donating RY group leads to a greater lowering of the higher barrier, TS2, with a greater degree of bond cleavage, and a greater negative charge development on the phenoxide oxygen atom, whereas the opposite is true for a more electron-withdrawing RY group, i.e., leads to a greater lowering of the lower barrier, TS1. The results provide theoretical basis for the signs of ρXY(>0) and ρYZ(<0) observations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.642-645
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• 1998

The aminolysis reactions of phenylacetyl chlorides with anilines and N,N-dimethylanilines (DMAS) in acetonitrile at -15.0 ℃ are investigated. The magnitude of ρx (= -2.8 ∼ -2.9) and ρy (= 0.9 ∼ 1.3, after correcting for the fall-off), and the negative sign of ρxy (= -0.12) for the reactions with anilines suggest an associative SN2 mechanism. For the reactions with DMAs, the magnitude of these Hammett coefficients increases so that tighter bond making in the transition state (TS) is predicted. A nonlinear Hammett plots obtained for the DMAs with an electron acceptor substituent is interpreted to result from a more advanced degree of leaving group departure to assist closer approach of the bulky DMA in the TS. The normal secondary kinetic isotope effects $(k_H/k_D>1.0)$ involving deuterated anilines suggest partial deprotonation by hydrogen bonding to the departing chloride ion.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.2455-2460
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• 2013

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for the nucleophilic displacement reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-cinnamates (4a-4e) and Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (5a-5e) with Z-substituted-phenoxide anions in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 4a-4e with 4-chlorophenoxide (4-$ClPhO^-$) consists of two intersecting straight lines, which might be taken as a change in the rate-determining step (RDS). However, it has been concluded that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in the RDS but is caused by stabilization of the ground state of substrates possessing an electron-withdrawing group in the cinnamoyl moiety through resonance interactions, since the Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ${\rho}X=0.89$ and r = 0.58. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl cinnamate (4c) with Z-substituted-phenoxides is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}=0.76$. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (5a-5d) with 4-chlorophenoxides (4-$ClPhO^-$) is also linear with ${\beta}_{lg}=-0.72$. The Hammett plot correlated with ${\sigma}^-$ constants for the reactions of 5a-5d results in a much better linear correlation than that correlated with ${\sigma}^o$ constants, indicating that a partial negative charge develops on the O atom of the leaving aryloxide. Thus, the reactions have been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.767-771
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• 2008

Second-order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for the Michael-type reaction of 1-(Xsubstituted phenyl)-2-propyn-1-ones (2a-f) with amines in $H_2O$ at 25.0 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ${^{\circ}C}$. A linear Brønsted-type plot is obtained with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.25 ${\pm}$ 0.02, a typical $\beta_{nuc}$ value for reactions which proceed through a stepwise mechanism with attack of amine on the electrophilic center being the rate-determining step. Secondary alicyclic amines are found to be more reactive than isobasic primary amines. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 2a-f with morpholine is not linear, i.e., the substrate with a strong electron-donating group (e.g., 4-MeO) exhibits a negative deviation from the Hammett plot. However, the Yukawa-Tsuno plot for the same reactions exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ρ = 0.62 and r = 0.82. Thus, it has been proposed that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in the ra te-determining step but due to ground-state stabilization through resonance interactions.