• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.365-372
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• 2002

The mineral medicines mean a sort of mineral or rock for medical treatment and natural material using their chemical components and physical properties. In this study, it was apprehended the mineralogical characteristics of As-bearing group mineral medicines. The extraction test is an vitro test system for predicting the bioavailability of the major and minor elements from mineral medicines and incorporates gastrointestinal tract parameters representative of a human(including stomach and small intestinal pH, stomach mixing time and velocity). The results of the extraction test are used for reaction path modeling in human body. Reaction path modeling in human body can predict digestion with gastric juice as well as bioavailability, speciation. Also, it can predict accumulation of arsenic as pH condition. As the results of the extraction test for digestion, the amounts of Fe extraction was the highest, followed by As, Ca, Ni. In addition, as the results of the reaction path modeling between arsenic compounds and gastric juice using thermodynamic data, when absorbed, major species are followed by H₃As₃S/sub 6/(aq), As₃S/sub 6/ (aq), AsO/sup +/, H₂As₃S/sup 6-/, H₂AsO/sup 3-/, HAs₃S6/sup 2-/, HAsO/sub 3//sup 2-/ and AsO/sub 3//sup 3-/. Specifically the concentration of H₃As₃S/sub 6/(aq) is the highest. As pH increases, the concentration of H₂AsO/sup 3-/, HAsO/sub 3//sup 2-/, HAsO/sub 3//sup 3-/, HAs₃S/sub 6//sup 2-/, H₂As₃S/sup 6-/, and H₃As₃S/sub 6/ increases, whereas the concentration of H₃As₃S/sub 6/ and AsO/sup +/ decreases. On the results of this study, it is able to find out effective and toxic components of poisonous arsenic group of mineral medicines and expected to be widely used for the development of new medicines.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 1998

The Creataceous volcanic rocks distributed in the southeastern part (Kyeongsang basin) of Korea peninsula are composed of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. The variation of major elements show that contents of MgO, CaO, $FeO^T$, $Al_2O_3$, $TiO_2$ and $P_2O_5$ decrease with increasing of $SiO_2$, but $K_2O$ contents are increased slightly, $Na_2O$ widely dispersed. We can show slightly inflection point and low frequency of dacites in range between 63-65 wt.% $SiO_2$, while continuous trend exit in variation diagram. Variation trends in Harker diagrams for the major, minor, trace and REEs suggest that the BAV (basaltic to andesitic volcanics) and DRV (dacitic to rhyolitic volcanics) are not related to a simple crystal fractionation process. In the regime of under 65 wt. % in silica content, fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene is predominant, while that of plagioclase happens strongly higher than 65 wt.% (e.g., $SiO_2$, vs. Eu and Sr, MgO vs. $Al_2O_3$ and CaO). The latter means low-pressure fractional crystallization for DRV. On the discriminant diagram, DRV are located in more mature environment than BAV. The $(Ce/Sm)_N$ vs. CeN digram shows that these two classes cannot be related to crystal fractionation. If they had been produced by fractionation, although they plotted in a slightly elongate cluster along the same horizontal trend, DRV should lie to the right of these primitive compositions. These diagrams clearly rule out a simple fractionation throughout from BAV to DRV. BAV had been influenced greatly subductiong slab as shown by K/Yb vs. Ta/Yb. We suggest that BAV primitive magma generated higher degree of partial melting than DRV primitive magma. LILE (K, Ba, $Rb{\pm}Th$) enriched characteristics as shown in BAV are inherited from subducting slab fluids and/or higher degree of partial melting of mantle material. However, lower degree of partial melting of mantle relative to BA V and contamination at high-level magma reservoir caused LILE enrichment to DRV.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.147-163
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• 2015

Chemical and mineralogical properties of coal ash samples from the nine thermal power plants of Korea were investigated to acquire basic data for estimating the potential of rare metal recovery. Chemical compositions of coal ash were consistent with those of average shale and foreign coal ashes. However, there were small differences between the metal contents of domestic anthracitic and imported bituminous coal ashes. Unburned coal particles were much abundant in the ash of domestic anthracitic coal. Chalcophile elements were relatively enriched in the fly ash compared to bottom ash. Silicate glass was the major component of coal ash with minor minerals such as quartz, illite (muscovite), mullite, magnetite, lime, and anhydrite. Al and Si were the major components of the glass with varying contents of Ca, Fe, K, and Mg. Glass occurred in a form of porous sphere and irregular pumace-like grain often fused with iron oxide spheres or other glass grains. Iron oxide spheres were fine intergrowth of fast-grown iron oxide crystals in the matrix of silicate glass. Chemical, microstructural, and mineralogical properties would guide successful rare metal recovery from coal ash.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.177-193
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• 2009

The Samgwang deposit consists of eight massive mesothermal quartz veins that filled NE and NW-striking fractures along fault zones in Precambrian granitic gneiss of the Gyeonggi massif. The mineralogy and paragenesis of the veins allow two separate discrete mineralization episodes(stage I=quartz and calcite stage, stage II-calcite stage) to be recognized, temporally separated by a major faulting event. The ore minerals are contained within quartz and calcite associated with fracturing and healing of veins that occurred during both mineralization episodes. The hydrothermal alteration of stage I is sericitization, chloritization, carbonitization, pyritization, silicification and argillization. Sericitic zone occurs near and at quartz vein and include mainly sericite, quartz, and minor illite, carbonates and chlorite. Chloritic zone occurs far from quartz vein and is composed of mainly chlorite, quartz and minor sericite, carbonates and epidote. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of sericite and chlorite range 0.45 to 0.50(0.48$\pm$0.02) and 0.74 to 0.81(0.77$\pm$0.03), and belong to muscovite-petzite series and brunsvigite, respectiveIy. Calculated $Al_{IV}$-FE/(FE+Mg) diagrams of sericite and chlorite suggest that this can be a reliable indicator of alteration temperature in Au-Ag deposits. Calculated activities of chlorite end member are $a3(Fe_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH)_6$=0.0275${\sim}$0.0413, $a2(Mg_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH)_6$=1.18E-10${\sim}$7.79E-7, $a1(Mg_6Si_4O_{10}(OH)_6$=4.92E-10${\sim}$9.29E-7. It suggest that chlorite from the Samgwang deposit is iron-rich chlorite formed due to decreasing temperature from high temperature(T>450$^{\circ}C$). Calculated ${\alpha}Na^+$, ${\alpha}K^+$, ${\alpha}Ca^{2+}$, ${\alpha}Mg^{2+}$ and pH values during wallrock alteration are 0.0476($400^{\circ}C$), 0.0863($350^{\circ}C$), 0.0154($400^{\circ}C$), 0.0231($350^{\circ}C$), 2.42E-11($400^{\circ}C$), 7.07E-10($350^{\circ}C$), 1.59E-12($400^{\circ}C$), 1.77E-11($350^{\circ}C$), 5.4${\sim}$6.4($400^{\circ}C$), 5.3${\sim}$5.7($350^{\circ}C$)respectively. Gain elements(enrichment elements) during wallrock alteration are $TiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3(T)$,CaO, MnO, MgO, As, Ag, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, W, V, Br, Cs, Rb, Sc, Bi, Nb, Sb, Se, Sn and Lu. Elements(Ag, As, Zn, Sc, Sb, Rb, S, $CO_2$) represents a potential tools for exploration in mesothermal and epithermal gold-silver deposits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.713-726
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• 2007

The Daebong deposit consists of gold-silver-bearing mesothermal massive quartz veins which fill fractures along fault zones($N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W,\;40{\sim}60^{\circ}SW$) within banded gneiss or granitic gneiss of Precambrian Gyeonggi massif. Ore mineralization of the deposit is composed of massive white quartz vein(stage I) which was formed in the same stage by multiple episodes of fracturing and healing and transparent quartz vein(stage II) which is separated by a major faulting event. The hydrothermal alteration of stage I is sericitization, chloritization, carbonitization, pyritization, silicification and argillization. Sericitic zone occurs near and at quartz vein and includes mainly sericite, quartz, and minor illite, carbonates and epidote. Chloritic zone occurs far from quartz vein and is composed of mainly chlorite, quartz and minor sericite, carbonates and epidote. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of sericite and chlorite range 0.36 to 0.59($0.51{\pm}0.10$) and 0.66 to 0.73($0.70{\pm}0.02$), and belong to muscovite-petzite series and brunsvigite, respectively. Calculated $Al_{IV}-Fe/(Fe+Mg)$ diagrams of sericite and chlorite suggest that this can be a reliable indicator of alteration temperature in Au-Ag deposits. Calculated activities of chlorite end member are $a3(Fe_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH){_6}=0.00964{\sim}0.0291,\;a2(Mg_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH){_6}= 9.99E-07{\sim}1.87E-05,\;a1(Mg_6Si_4O_{10}(OH){_6}=5.61E-07{\sim}1.79E-05$. It suggest that chlorite from the Daebong deposit is iron-rich chlorite formed due to decreasing temperature from $T>450^{\circ}C$. Calculated $log\;{\alpha}K^+/{\alpha}H^+,\;log\;{\alpha}Na^+/{\alpha}H^+,\;log\;{\alpha}Ca^{2+}/{\alpha}^2H^+$ and pH values during wall-rock alteration are $4.6(400^{\circ}C),\;4.1(350^{\circ}C),\;4.0(400^{\circ}C),\;4.2(350^{\circ}C),\;1.8(400^{\circ}C),\;4.5(350^{\circ}C),\;5.4{\sim}6.5(400^{\circ}C)\;and\;5.1{\sim}5.5(350^{\circ}C)$, respectively. Gain elements (enrichment elements) during wallrock alteration are $K_2O,\;P_2O_5,\;Na2O$, Ba, Sr, Cr, Sc, V, Pb, Zn, Be, Ag, As, Ta and Sb. Elements(Sr, V, Pb, Zn, As, Sb) represent a potentially tools for exploration in mesothermal and epithermal gold-silver deposits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the chemical characteristics of soils collected from the several deserts and loess in China known as the typical source areas of Asian dust (the Taklamakan desert, the Alashan desert, the Ordos desert and the Loess Plateau). Based on our analysis, we examined the possibility of adverse effects on environments and human health. In each desert and loess, major elemental compositions of soils did not show large variations, implying that the long-periodic mixing of soils in each area made their chemical compositions homogeneous. Minor elements of soils in each desert and loess showed more complicated patterns with strong correlations each other (e.g., Cr, Cu, As, Co, Ni, V, Y, Sc, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cs, Li, Th, U). These results thus enable us to discriminate the soil of the Loess Plateau from those of the other deserts in China. The results of sequential extraction experiments for soils showed that the chemical speciation of Fe was dominant in residual fraction (>85%) in all deserts and loess, but the fractions of Mn and Ca chemical speciations were very different in each area. In the case of Mn, the fraction of amorphous Fe-Mn hydroxides (55.4%) in the Central Loess Plateau and the carbonate fraction (33.8%) in Taklamakan desert were higher as much as 2 to 5 times than other deserts. The chemical speciations of Ca are dominant in carbonate fraction in Taklamakan (75.9%) and Alashan (50.5%) deserts, but carbonate fractions of Ca in the Loess Plateau and Ordos deserts were low (6.6% and 2.1%, respectively). According to the mobility of trace elements inferred from the results of sequential extraction procedure, we could classify them into five groups, and the mobility of Cd, Pb and Cu are more than 87%, 33% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, Cd, Pb and Cu in soils of deserts and loess could be easily dissolved when interacted with surface water. As such, they could give adverse effects on surficial environments and human health.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2015

The patternless potteries excavated from the Baekseokdong Gojaemigol site in Cheonan, was subdivided into talc and non-talc (including amphibole) type pottery. The potteries showed black, reddish brown and yellowish brown colors, but represent to difference with occurrences and internal texture of raw materials and temper minerals. The all potteries and paleosoils are commonly high content of temper minerals with poorly sorting and roundness of particles, and the paleosoils composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and kaolinite. Between the talc and non-talc type potteries are very similar with magnetic susceptibility, absorption ratio and specific gravity. Geochemical behaviors of major, minor, compatible and incompatible elements in talc pottery are very similar with amphibole, non-talc pottery and paleosoils, and well correspondence with enrichment and deficiency patterns of each element, and the talc and amphibole potteries are highly enriched patterns of MgO concentration. In paleosoils of Gojaemigol site, talc and amphibole are not detected, therefore, making the pottery of the site estimate the possible to artificial additions of the temper minerals of talc and amphibole used interbedded talc layer within gneiss complex near the Baekseokdong area. Based on the phase relations, differential thermal and thermal gravimetric analyses, the potteries could be classified into two groups by firing temperature. The one group of talc temper pottery fired from 800 to $870^{\circ}C$ and the other group of amphibole and non-talc temper pottery revealed of 900 to $950^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.177-212
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• 1976

The Shap granite encloses well developed quartz veins and veinlets containing molybdenite in association with other ore sulphide minerals. The preliminary study of the geochemical aspects of the granite stock and mineralisation of molybdenite in comparison with the porphyry deposits is carried out; the distribution of major, minor and ore metal elements in wall rocks, altered envelope and veins, and the molybdenum mineralisation, mainly in connexion with hydrothermal alteration are discussed. The molybdenite and other ore mineralisation, especially bismuthinite and chalcopyrite, are spatially closely related to the hydrothermal alteration adjacent to the veinings, and are dominant where the strong orthoclase alteration has taken place. A pattern of alteration and mineralisation can be recognised and forms the basic for the subdivision of the quarry into several distinct zones, which correspond with the sequence of alteration and mineralisation. The veins, veinlets and their alteration haloes can be further subdivided into a series of concentric zones.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.189-199
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• 2004

Cretaceous sedimentary rocks bearing dinosaur tracks in the Goseong interchange area were studied for their conservation and public display in the aspect of applied mineralogy. Black clay layers alternate with silt layers in the sedimentary rocks. The verical and horizontal fissures are commonly filled with calcite veinlets, supergenetic iron and manganese oxides. The rocks are composed of quartz, albite, K-feldspar, calcite, chlorite, illite, muscovite, and biotite, with minor apatite and rutile. Silt layers are relatively rich in calcite and albite, whereas clay layers are abundant in quartz, illite, and chlorite. Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ti, and P are enriched in the clay layers, while Ca, Na, and Mn in silt. Most of trace elements including V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cs, Zr, REE, Th, and U are enriched in clay layers. Inorganic carbon are present in silt layers as calcite, while organic carbon in black clay layers. The black clay layers were partly altered to yellow clay layers along the fissures, simultaneously with the decrease of organic carbon. Selective exfoliation of clay-rich black and yellow clay layers, calcite matrix of silt layers and calcite infillings of fissures are estimated as the major weakness potentially promoting chemical and physical degradation of the track-bearing rock specimens.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.207-225
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• 1999

Twenty water samples (eleven groundwater and nine geothermal water samples) were collected to elucidate hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater and geothermal water in the Dongrae hot-spring area and its vicinity. Major and minor elements were analyzed for ground and geothermal water samples. Physicochemical properties of the groundwater and the geothermal water were examined and chemical composition of the two waters were compared. Factor and correlation analyses were carried out to simplify the physicochemical data into grouping some factors and to find interaction between them. The groundwaters belong to $Ca-HCO_3$ type, while the geothermal waters belong to Na-Cl type. The Na and Cl concentrations in the Dongrae hot-spring area are higher than those of other granite areas in South Korea. The Na/Cl weight ratio ranges from 0.7 to 1.3 for the geothermal waters. On the phase stability diagram groundwaters fall effectively in the field of stability of kaolinite, while geothermal waters fall in the stability field of microcline or kolinite depending on the chemical composition system. Based on the Na-K, Na-K-Ca and Na-K-Ca-Mg geothermometers, the geothermal reservoir is estimated to have equilibrium temperature between 115 and $145^{\circ}C$.