• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-74
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• 1991

It has been many changes in traditional Korean food habits according to the improvement of household income levels and the rise of standard of living. Therefore, the pattern of consumption in animal origin processed/convenient foods would have changed. This research aims to find the tendency of consumption in some animal origin processed/convenient foods compared with typical Korean traditional foods according to household income levels. Therefore, this survey was made on 698 children from 10 elementary schools located in Seoul. They were divided into 6 groups according to their household income levels. The data were analysed using Chi-square test and F-test in SPSS package program. From this research, the following results were obtained: 1. Their average monthly household income levels were between 500, 000~1, 500, 000 won(64.2%) and their family were of mostly 4~5 members. There were no significant differences in children's physical status among various income groups. As the household. income level increases, the food expenditure per month increases and Engel's coefficient decreases. 2. The animal origin processed/convenient foods that have no significant differences are ham, sausage, milk, yogurt, canned fish, and fish meal. The high-income groups preferred bacon, cheese, pork cutlet, and fried chicken, compared to those of low-income groups. The low-income groups preferred crab-flavored meal, compared to those of high-income groups. 3. In some Korean traditional foods, there were significant differences according to income levels. Those were Bulgogi, baked fish, fried meat, cooked fish and meat with soy-bean sauce. Fried fish and anchovy have no significant differences in food intake frequency according to household income levels. Chicken and egg saute are liked by children in every income groups. 4. Between the animal origin processed/convenient foods and the typical Korean nonprocessed traditional foods, children preferred the former regardless of income levels. In conclusion, animal origin processed/convenient food consumption patterns were not affected by household income levels.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.65-85
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• 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the major health problems of poor children, and to provide basic information for developing health care program for low income children in underserved area. Methods: Health data were collected through medical examination(KAHP Social Welfare Service) and analysed for 3,081 poor children in 106 local children's centers nationwide. Results: 1. The mean height and weight of poor children were lower than those of nonpoor children. The differences were increased by age. 2. The rate of relative low weight was higher in poor children than in nonpoor children. On the contrary, The obesity rate was higher in nonpoor children than in poor children. 3. Poor children were more likely to have vision problem, anemia, high blood pressure, and oral health problems than nonpoor children. 4. The Health problems of children were the most serious in single father family. Conclusion: In order to improve children's health status, health promotion program for poor children should be developed and implemented. Health promotion program should include activities including regular health examination, home visiting, nutrition support, managed health care, health counseling and education. And the community support network was suggested for the efficacy of the program, including home, school and community.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1991

The purposes of this study are: 1) To find out overall family life issues percieved by the middle-classhousewives in their forties. 2) To examine detailed aspects related to middle years crises, leisure activities, children issues, family economy issues, and housing issues. 3) To clarify solutions to, and provide basic data on family issues raised by the middle-class families. The middle-class housewives in their forties living in the Seoul area were the subject of the survey. The sample size analysed in this study was 422. Data were analysed by the frequency, mean, percentile, standard deviation, X2-test, analysis of variance, multiple classification analysis, analysis of multiple regression, and Scheffe-test as a post-hoc analysis. The conclusions are as follows: First, the middle-class housewives tend to give more importance on children issues, especially on academic achievement and career development. Second, family cohesion of middle-class families is comparatively high and intra-familial conflict is low, and middle years crisis of housewives is comparatively low, too. Third, the stability of middle-class families can be found in household economic management patterns. one fourth of the families own stocks and two fifths of the families own real estate except their own dwelling house. Be based on their property income add to their labor income, middle-class families are showed their economic stability, however, intra-class inequality is found, too. Fourth, the great part of middle-class families that possess their own house, tend to be unsatisfied with their housig scale, and a half of the families expect to enlarge their housing scale for more comfortable and convient living.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-163
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• 2016

This study reviews and analyzes the current status and conditions of child-rearing issues related to single-parent families and pinpoints related problems. It undertakes for single-parent families with children in elementary and middle schools to determine limitations that prevent single-parent families from obtaining in existing policies and legislation. The study introduces policy guidelines to ensure childcare for single-parent families. The results are follows. First, the basic policies supporting single-parent families should be broadened to include not only low-income, single-parent families but also higher-income, single-parent families, which would allow all such families to be given first priority at childcare centers. Second, to resolve discrimination and prejudice toward single-parent families, articles about education and single-parent families should be included in the Single-Parent Support Act. Third, substantial and customized support policies tailored to the growth-stages of children are needed. Fourth, programs to improve the relationship between children and single parents should be developed and promoted. Finally, various family types, such as single-father or multi-cultural single-parent families, must be considered.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.259-268
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• 2008

Children's food behaviors have been expressed in a various ways because of recent changes in their family environment. Thus, this study was performed to investigate in-depth qualitative research on the mother's perception on children's food behaviors by focused group interview. This study was designed in four steps of planning, collection of participants, process, and analysis. Participants for the focus group interview were recruited and sampled from households with elementary school students in the Seoul and Gyeonggido areas. Groups were divided by total income and education expense levels. 1) High income household: It is better to improve currently existing web sites for nutrition education. 2) Mid income household: Easy, practical, and inexpensive off-line cooking class/nutrition education classes for mothers are needed. Nutrition programs for children should be developed through mass media and be promoted in the broadcasting circle. 3) Low income household: Motivation is required for mothers' educatior and the serious nutritional problems of children should be informed through mass media and home correspondence from school. And interesting educational materials should be developed for children to read whenever they want.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.43-59
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• 2018

The purpose of this study were to explorer the factors affecting the psychological well-being of working mothers and to investigate the moderating effect of spousal support and support systems for work family compatibility on relationship between work-family conflict and psychological well-being. The subjects were 300 working mothers who are aged under 50, have more than one child live in Seoul. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. The Results are follows. First, the analysis of work-family conflicts, spousal support and support systems for work-family compatibility, and psychological well-being of working mothers indicated that the working mothers perceived family-work conflict to be higher than work-family conflict. The working mothers received stronger support from support systems intended for work-family compatibility than from their spouses. The score of the psychological well-being of the working mothers was 3.27 (standard deviation = .91), which is higher than median. Second, the factors influencing the working mothers' psychological well-being were age, monthly household income, number of children, work${\rightarrow}$family and family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, and spousal support. Greater psychological well-being was linked to a young maternal age, a high monthly household income, a low number of children, low levels of work${\rightarrow}$family and family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, and strong spousal support. Third, spousal support mediated the relationship between family${\rightarrow}$work conflict and psychological well-being.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

This study explored adjustment of school-aged children from low-income divorced families. Specifically, protective factors for children's self-perceived competence and behavior problems were investigated with children's coping strategies, perceived social support, parents' childrearing style, and parental stress. Subjects of this study were 126 children of 4 to 6 grade and their custodial parents(38 fathers, 88 mothers) from divorced families. Children's self-perceived competence and behavior problems were not different neither by children's sex nor custodial parent's sex. When children used more positive and less negative coping strategies, and when parents experienced less childrearing stress, children perceived themselves to be more competent. Similarly, when children used more positive and less negative coping strategies, received more social support, they perceived themselves to be more adequate. Children whose parents had high levels of childrearing stress showed more internalized and externalized behavior problems. Furthermore, children who perceived less supports from peers showed more behavior problems.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2000

Using the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study investigates how family life-cycle stages and financial management practices affect household saving. First findings are that household income and householders education, race and ethnicity have significant effects on saving. Second, regarding the effect of the family life-cycle stages, younger married couples without children, middle pre-retired households without dependent children, and older households without dependent children are more likely to save than other similar households in the life-cycle stage of younger single households. Third, households with longer financial planning horizons, saving goals for retirement, purchase of durable goods and emergency goods, and low credit card debt are more likely to save. Based on the results, implications for financial management education and public policy are suggested.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 1999

Path analysis was used to determine variables influencing the self-esteem of 222 4th, 5th, and 6th grade children in law-income families. The children and their mothers responded to questionnaires on self-esteem, child psychological traits, mother psychological characteristics, economic hardship, and child rearing practices. Mothers' warmth-acceptance child rearing behavior was facilitating of children's self-esteem. However, mothers' economic stress had an indirect impact via their depression on decrease in the warmth-acceptance variable. Permissive-nonintervention child rearing behavior decreased the level of children's self-esteem. However, mothers' depression and marital confilct(??) deriving from economic stress increased both rejection-restriction and permissive-nonintervention styles of child rearing. Mothers who experienced much stress due to economic hardship influnced(??) children's perception of their family's poverty and thereby lowered their children's self-esteem.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.364-372
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test whether maternal uncertainty and the general characteristics of mothers and children influenced maternal coping. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 190 mothers whose children had been admitted to the pediatric ward of a general hospital completed self-report questionnaires during their children's hospitalization. The questionnaires assessed the general characteristics of the mothers and children, maternal uncertainty, and maternal coping. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the research model. Results: In the multivariable model, help from one's spouse (t=3.10, p=.002), religion (t=2.68, p=.008), overall ambiguity (t=2.64, p=.009), and family income (t=2.33, p=.021) were associated with higher coping scores. Conclusion: This research model presents possible guidelines for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive and accurate information on children's illnesses and treatments for mothers of children hospitalized in general hospitals. In particular, nurses should pay more attention to mothers who are not receiving help from their spouses, are not religious, and have a low family income.