• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5062-5069
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• 2014

In this study, professional oral care was provided and 3 times a day twice a week by a dental hygienist for 3 months from July 24 to October 25, 2011, to 43 long-term patients in a single nursing facility located at the city of D, and the number of mutans strepococci colonies within the saliva and the level of salivation were then analyzed after 3 samplings with an interval of 1 month to compare the intraoral conditions among the subjects and examine the effects of professional oral care on the Streptococcus mutans population in the intraoral region of long-term patients in a nursing facility. The level of salivation was elevated from 5.8 ml to 6.4 ml after one month and to 7.5mL after two months. The population of bacteria decreased from $6{\times}10^8CFU/ml$ to $3{\times}105CFU/ml$. In terms of the change in the bacterial population in accordance with systemic diseases, the patients with hypertension and diabetes showed a meaningful decrease in the population. As more dental charge and prosthesis are present, the number of bacteria decreased significantly. On account of the close relationship between a professional oral care and the population of Streptococcus mutans at the intraoral region of long-term patients in nursing facilities, various dental health programs should be researched and developed to consider the characteristics of long-term patients in nursing facilities and manage them continuously but effectively.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.125-139
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• 1996

The author obtained some useful information for the class III treatment from long term observation on the growing patients with class III malocclusion. 8 patients were selected for this study and presentation. From these observation so far my conclusions might be as follows: First in the early correction of the anterior crossbite, considerable forward growth changes were observed in the maxilla Second, as for the growth modification of jaws by orthopedic treatment only limited effects were recognized from the long-term observation Thrid, at early age of patients with anterior crossbite, any data couldn't make me predict the stability after treatment on the long-term basis. Fortunately, however, genial angle showed a marginal possibility of it prediction. Fourth, at an advanced age/ retraction orthopedic force on the mandible and the rapid change in the mandibular position may cause some trouble in the T.M.joint. Finally, the followings are recommendable. As for the anterior crossbite, correct it early as possible, and use orthopedic force under the age of ten. Do not enter the phase II treatment directly. Just wait and observe until the growth were almost completed, focusiong on some important factors such as airway problem, tongue position, and third molar development. Of course, these factors may have some effects on the mandibular growth. for the female, at the age of around 14 years old and the male, around 17 years old, make a final decision whether the patients will continue to be treated orthodontically or surgically Thereby, (I think) the relapse and retreatment problem after treatemnt we have observed so far might be minimized. Furthermore, the active treatment time may be also reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.898-905
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• 2019

As the positive feedback between the absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and acceleration of ice melt can impact the aquatic biota and dynamic heat budget, long-term monitoring of the CDOM variation in the polar ocean is necessary. However, the monitoring of CDOM is not easy because of harsh weather and difficult access, especially in the Antarctic Ocean. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find a suitable long-term monitoring site for CDOM variation; we selected Maxwell Bay and Marian Cove at Sejong Base and horizontal and vertical distributions of CDOM were measured. After a 72 hr time-series measurement test of the CDOM variation at Sejong Dock and Sejong Cape in Maxwell Bay, Sejong Dock was selected, as it does not haveland discharge effects. The seasonal variation of CDOM was evident and the average CDOM concentration of Maxwell Bay was comparable with the adjacent sea. The CDOM at Sejong Dock from February to November 2010 was the highest in the fall and winter and the lowest during spring and summer. Thus, based on our one-year CDOM data, we suggest that Sejong Dock in Maxwell Bay is suitable for long-term monitoring of CDOM as an indicator of photochemical and biological environmental change and an important factor in determining the heating budget in the Antarctic Ocean.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.781-791
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evaluation of long - term care institutions (evaluation rating, evaluation rating, suitability of evaluation index), quality of service of caregivers, Quality satisfaction, life satisfaction, and facility choice. After receiving the IRB, in January and February of 2018, the survey was completed for 79 long-term care institution managers, 381 nursing care workers, and 381 elderly people. The survey carried out an allocation sample reflecting the 2015 long - term care (facility benefit) evaluation results. The results of this study are as follows. First, it is found that the institutional evaluation (evaluation level, change of evaluation level, recognition of suitability of the index) has a greater impact on the quality of life of the elderly, appear. However, the intention of reselecting the facility after discharge was more influenced by the quality of services of caregivers. Therefore, except for the intention to reschedule the facility, it can be said that the evaluation of the National Health Insurance Corporation was partially validated.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.564-572
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• 2019

Numerical simulation of the sediment by the Delft3d model was conducted to examine the changes in the sediment budget transport caused by long-term wave changes at the Maengbang beach. Representative waves were generated with input reduction tools using NOAA NCEP wave data for about 40 years, i.e., from January 1979 to May 2019. To determine the adequacy of the model, wave and depth changes were compared and verified using wave and depth data observed for about 23 months beginning in March 2017. As a result of the error analysis, the bias was 0.05 and the root mean square error was 0.23, which indicated that the numerical wave results were satisfactory. Also, the observed change in depth and numerical result were similar. In addition, to examine the effect due to long-term changes in the waves, the NOAA wave data classified into each of the representative wave grades, and then the annual trend of the representative wave was analyzed. After deciding the weight of each wave class considering the changed wave environment in 2100, the amounts of sedimentation, deposition, and the sediment transport budget were reviewed for the same period. The results indicated that the sedimentation pattern did not change significantly compared to the current state, and the amount of the local sediment budget shown in the present state was slightly less. And there has been a local increase in the number of sediment budget transport, but there is no significant difference in the net and amount of sediment movements.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.403-417
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• 2014

Future changes in seasonal mean temperature and precipitation over East Asia under anthropogenic global warming are investigated by comparing the historical run for 1979~2005 and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 run for 2006~2100 with 20 coupled models which participated in the phase five of Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). Although an increase in future temperature over the East Asian monsoon region has been commonly accepted, the prediction of future precipitation under global warming still has considerable uncertainties with a large inter-model spread. Thus, we select best five models, based on the evaluation of models' performance in present climate for boreal summer and winter seasons, to reduce uncertainties in future projection. Overall, the CMIP5 models better simulate climatological temperature and precipitation over East Asia than the phase 3 of CMIP and the five best models' multi-model ensemble (B5MME) has better performance than all 20 models' multi-model ensemble (MME). Under anthropogenic global warming, significant increases are expected in both temperature and land-ocean thermal contrast over the entire East Asia region during both seasons for near and long term future. The contrast of future precipitation in winter between land and ocean will decrease over East Asia whereas that in summer particularly over the Korean Peninsula, associated with the Changma, will increase. Taking into account model validation and uncertainty estimation, this study has made an effort on providing a more reliable range of future change for temperature and precipitation particularly over the Korean Peninsula than previous studies.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.395-404
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• 2008

We explore the linkage between the long term variability of the Sun and earth's climate change by analysing periodicities of time series of solar proxies and global temperature anomalies. We apply the power spectral estimation method named as the periodgram to solar proxies and global temperature anomalies. We also decompose global temperature anomalies and reconstructed total solar irradiance into each local variability components by applying the EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) and MODWT MRA (Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Multi Resolution Analysis). Powers for solar proxies at low frequencies are lower than those of high frequencies. On the other hand, powers for temperature anomalies show the other way. We fail to decompose components which having lager than 40 year variabilities from EMD, but both residuals are well decomposed respectively. We determine solar induced components from the time series of temperature anomalies and obtain 39% solar contribution on the recent global warming. We discuss the climate system can be approximated with the second order differential equation since the climate sensitivity can only determine the output amplitude of the signal.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-472
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• 2016

We assessed the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate at four surveying sites in Upo Wetland, a Ramsar site and the largest wetland in Korea, from February 2006 to November 2013. A long-term ecological monitoring was done monthly by using quantitative sampling method with dip net for analyzing the community change and correlation between the biodiversity and the environmental factors because environmental factors have a decisive effect on the community structure of the benthic macroinvertebrates. Total samples from the Upo Wetland area were classified into 3 phyla, 6 classes, 17 orders, 68 families, 176 species, and 25,720 individuals. Among the 176 species, 62 of the species had not been previously reported in this area. Asellus sp., Diplonychus esakii, and Gyraulus chinensis were the most common species in Upo Wetland. The change patterns of annual species diversity and species richness were calculated by using the average number of monthly occurring species and individuals. Diversity index increased from March to May and decreased after that showing lower diversity indices in July and August. It increased again in September and in October. Richness index showed similar tendency and fell around February and July, followed by a rising tendency around May and October. Correlation and regression analyses were performed with the change of biodiversity and each environmental factor. We found that water temperature have very significant positive correlation with species diversity in spring, and have significant indices in autumn and winter. On the other hand, precipitation showed a significantly negative correlation value in summer and autumn suggesting it has an effect on the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2008

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the level of importance perceived by caregivers of elderly on the education of long term care nursing assistants (LTCNAs) taking care of elders with dementia or stroke. Method: Data was collected from 296 participants (112 families, 98 NAs, and 86 RNs) from October 2006 to February 2007. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Result: The item of 'attitude while caring for the aged' was identified as most important. The family group reported that 'position change' and 'understanding of geriatric diseases' were the most important for education, while LTCNAs, highly identified, 'bathing', and 'bed sheet change'. The RNs group regarded 'position change', and 'bathing' as most important. Institutions demanding LTCNAs' activities were special facilities for elderly care and special hospitals for the aged, and the need was also high in families with an elder incapacitated by illness. Conclusion: Nurses need to take an interest in education for enhancing the quality of LTCNAs and thus advance the quality of nursing care as well as the quality of life for the aged.

• Journal of Sleep Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2018

Objectives: Periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) are associated with arousals and autonomic activation, which may contribute to higher cardiovascular disease risk in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). Non-periodic leg movements in sleep (NPLM) are leg jerks in sleep that does not satisfy standard criteria of PLMS. The aim of this study was to evaluate impact of short-interval leg movements in sleep (SILMS) and isolated leg movements in sleep (ILMS) in comparison to PLMS on heart rate in both patients with RLS and healthy controls. Methods: Seven idiopathic RLS patients and 9 controls were enrolled in this study. Polysomnographic studies were analyzed and leg movements (LM) were automatically detected. NPLM can be classified as SILMS and ILMS. SILMS are LM separated by an inter-movement interval (IMI) shorter than 10 s, and ILMS are LM with IMI longer than 90 s. Frequency and heart rate associated with SILMS, ILMS, and PLMS in RLS patients were compared to those in controls. Heart rate change associated with LM were determined for a fixed time window. Results: Frequencies of SILMS and ILMS of patients with RLS were not significantly different to those of controls. RLS patients presented higher heart rate change associated with SILMS than PLMS before movement onset, while heart rate change associated with SILMS, ILMS, and PLMS were not different in the controls. Conclusions: Although the number of SILMS is not higher than PLMS, SILMS may have closely associated with higher cardiac activation of RLS than PLMS. Therefore, SILMS might be an important treatment target for patients with RLS to reduce long-term cardiovascular risk. Long-term prospective studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between NPLM and cardiovascular disease in patients with RLS.