• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.584-589
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• 2000

In order to inhibit rot of soybean sprouts, presoaking treatments of soybeans with various solutions were studied. Optimal soaking time was 20min and citric acid, chitosan, GFSE(Grapefruit seed extract) were more effective. Most of presoaking treatments decreased the rot ratio of soybeans considerably, and didn't decrease germination ratio of them compared to control. Particularly GFSE, chitosan and phosphate buffer were effective. Presoaking treatments besides ethanol showed increased weight and yield of soybean sprouts compared to control, and particularly chitosan treatment increased yield of 67%, weight of 6.9% and length of 9.5% of soybean sprouts compared to control. Presoaking treatments decreased total microbial count of soybeans and rot of soybean sprouts during cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find an optimal combination rate of castor meal for the good qualitative compost and to estimate the humification grade by physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity test during composting of the mixture with cow manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with cow manure(C), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(CCS-1), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(CCS-2) and 5 : 4 : 1(CCS-3) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting radically increased more than $63.6^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased around $42^{\circ}C$. At the 60 days after the treatment, pH was slowly increased from 7.0 to 8.0, and the C/N ratio was 12.3~13.8 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value was caused by the castor meal with high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7%). G.I.(germination index) showed in the range of 77.5 to 82.6 in all treatments. Among all treatments CCS-1 was appeared to be the best condition for composting. Therefore, the combination rate of castor meal which was used for compost humification improvement could be recommended 10% to manufacture the good qualitative cow manure compost.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate single crossing condition of M. sacchariflrous and M. sinensis for breeding of M. ${\times}$ giganteus cultivar. Compared with natural day length condition, cultivation in short day length condition shorten days to heading to 18~27 days in both species. Pollen germination ratio of were 75.8% at 6 o'clock in M. sacchariflorus and 51.9% at 7 o'clock in M. sinensis but decreased to below 10% at 8 o'clock in both species. When cut ears immerged in 150 mL of cut-flowers conservation solution and isolated with covering of white non-woven fabric, flowering and pollen dispersal were persisted for 7 days, and the ratio of pollen germination were above 40% for 4 days. The ratio of self-fertilization of both species were below 2.5%, but open pollenation ratio were above 50%. We obtained 437 seeds with experimental single cross of 14 combinations between tetraploid M. sacchariflorus and diploid M. siensis by application of developed single crossing methods. In the single cross, numbers of seed set were different by mother plants. Thus, the newly investigated single crossing condition will be used to breed M. ${\times}$ giganteous cultivar which is sterile and has superior characteristics of biomass yield.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.3 s.81
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• pp.311-318
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• 2004

This study was performed to examine engineering properties for planting of porous concrete block containing rice straw ash. Tests for void ratio, compressive and flexural strength, pH by neutralization treatment time and curing method were peformed. As results, the void ratio tends to decrease with increasing rice straw ash content. But, the compressive and flexural strength tends to increase with Increasing rice straw ash content. When the neutralization was treated at the curing age 6 days, the greatest strength was showed. The pH of porous concrete without neutralization treatment in dry and water curing are shown in 10.32 ${\~}$ 10.55 and 9.41${\~}$9.59, respectively. The pH of porous concrete by neutralization treatment in dry and water curing were shown in 9.74${\~}$10.10 and 8.13${\~}$9.32, respectively. The porous concrete block size was 23 ${\times}$ 23 ${\times}$ 4 cm, and species of planting were Tall fescue, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Lespedeza cuneata. At the 6 months after seeding, germination ratio and grown-up length of Tall fescue, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Lespedeza cuneata were shown in 90, 60, $50\%$, and 40${\~}$50, 90${\~}$110, 65${\~}$75 cm, respectively. These porous concrete block containing rice straw ash could be used for planting.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

Germination ratio on the 300 collected genetic resources showed 80 to 100 percentage, but those of some accessions were very low as below 30 percentage. Early growth phase of most of these lines were very poor while some collected lines were very vigor. Range of stem height showed from 150 to 199cm, but that of some accessions showed below 100cm as five percentage and some of them was over 250cm as eight percentage. Number of tillers per plant appeared less one but some collected lines have two to three tillers per plant. In days to tasseling, some accessions showed more four per plant. Ear length of these accession showed above 60 percentage as 11 to 15cm, while that of some collected lines showed over 10 percentage as 16 to 20cm.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.261-271
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• 2015

Toxicity results of metals, nanoparticles (NPs), and soils contaminated with metals were introduced on this review. Following methods were used: seed germination, bioluminescence, enzyme activity, and mutation. In general, different sensitivities were observed, depending on types of bioassays and pollutants. Among tested seeds, sensitivities of Lactucus and Raphanus were greater than others. Of single metal exposure, effect by As(III) was greater than others, and high revertant mutation ratio (5.1) was observed at 1 mg/L arsenite, indicating high mutagenicity. No general pattern was observed on the effect of metal mixture, but synergistic effect was observed with seeds. In case of soils, no correlation was observed between total metal contents and toxicity. Toxicity of NPs was observed as follows: CuO > ZnO > NiO > $TiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3$, $Co_3O_4$. Especially, no considerable effects were observed by $TiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3$, and $Co_3O_4$ under tested concentration (max. 1,000 mg/L). The evaluation results of interactive toxic effects using various bioassays may comprise a useful tool for the bioassessment of various environmental pollutants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.304-308
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• 2007

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in quality characteristics of meju made with 24-hour germinated soybeans according to fermentation time. The study confirmed that the amino nitrogen content immediately after soaking was 15.5 mg%, and the content rapidly increased in the beginning of the germination process and continued to increase to 312.9 mg% by 48 hours of fermentation. The number of fungi in the whole soybean meju made with 24-hour germinated soybeans was higher than the numbers of bacteria and yeast since the Aspergillus oryzae was inoculated artificially. The content of organic acids, in which the amount of citric acid was highest followed by tartaric acid and malic acid, increased with the fermentation process. The level of free amino acids in the whole soybean meju made from the 24-hour germinated soybeans increased rapidly with fermentation. The free amino acid content after 48 hours of fermentation (2,513.5 mg%) was 5.7 times higher than the content of the soaked germinated soybeans. The content of glutamic acid was highest followed by aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, and proline. The ratio of glutamic acid to the total free amino acids at 48 hours fermentation was 21.2% for the whole soybean meju. It was confirmed that the total isoflavone content, in which the content of genistein was highest followed by daidzein and glycitein, increased at the beginning of the fermentation process, but did not change thereafter.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.180-188
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• 2018

Biopolymer based on microbial ${\beta}$-glucan and xanthan gum is a rising geotechnical material that can enhance the cohesion between soil particles and consequently reduce soil erosion. Recently, biopolymer is proposed to utilize for the riverbank strengthening. As an effort of the ecological assessment of biopolymer application in civil engineering, this study examined the effects of biopolymer on seed germination and growth of nine plant species inhabiting in the Korean riverside. Responses of above-ground growth to the biopolymer differed among plant species. One species grew less but others maintained their growth when plants were grown in the soil with biopolymer. In contrast, root grew more vigorously and root/shoot ratio decreased in the biopolymer across testing plant species. These results indicate that biopolymer application on the river bank likely stimulate root growth of native plant species, which, in turn, possibly reinforces riverbank. Species specific responses of above-ground growth implies that ecological effects of biopolymer application would depend on the species composition of the ecosystem.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate in vitro mass propagation methods suitable for each growth stage of A. aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale, from spore germination to sporophyte formation. Among spores germinated in $1/8-1{\times}MS$ medium and Knop medium, Knop medium yielded the highest germination percentage (87.1%). We cultured prothalli obtained from germinating spores for 8 weeks on media with different concentrations of sucrose and active carbon, as well as different concentrations and ratios of nitrogen, to select a suitable growth medium. A. aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale prothalli grew most actively in MS medium with 3% sucrose and 20 : 40 mM of $NH_4Cl$ and $KNO_3$ (total concentration of 60 mM). We investigated sporophyte formation according to soil type, finding that bedding soil mixed with perlite at a 2 : 1(v / v) ratio yielded the highest number of sporophytes per pot ($73.8/7.5{\times}7.5cm\;pot$). By contrast, when peat moss was used alone or mixed with other substrates, prothallus development and sporophyte formation were suppressed. Therefore, the most effective propagation method for A. aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale is to grow prothalli in MS medium and to induce sporophyte formation in a mixture of bedding soil and perlite (v / v = 2 : 1).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.174-182
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• 1993

Performance of 3 indica ${\times}$ japonica(Chilseungbyeo, Samgangbyeo, and Gayabyeo), 7 japonica(Yeongsanbyeo, Yeongdeugbyeo, Hwajinbyeo, Palgongbyeo, Seumjinbyeo, Tamjinbyeo, and Milyang 95), and 2 indica(Tebonnet and Lemont) rice varieties was tested at 1, 3, 5, and 7cm seeding depths in a growth chamber and field. In the growth chamber the number of days from seeding to seedling emergence increased as seeding depth increased, while percent germination and emergence and emergence / germination ratio decreased. However, in the field seedling emergence at 1em seeding depth delayed slightly compared to 3cm probably due to lack of soil moisture. The number of seedlings and maximum tillers at 1, 3, and 5cm seeding depths was similar, but it was higher compared to 7cm seeding depth. Yield and yield components were similar among the seeding depths when all the varieties averaged although 1,000-grain weight was slightly higher at 7cm deeding depth compared to others. At 1cm seeding depth the length of mesocotyl of all varieties was similar and ranged 0.1-0.2cm and that of coleptile ranged 0.8-1.1cm. As seeding depth increased up to 7cm Tebonnet which showed the highest percent emergence emerged by elongation of both mesocotyl and coleoptile, while the other varieties emerged largely by elongation of coleoptile.