• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2010

As an environment-friendly phytosanitary measure, CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system) has been developed to kill several quarantine insect pests infesting subtropical agricultural commodities. This study tested any possibility to apply CATTS to apples to effectively eliminate the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, which has been regarded as a quarantine insect from the imported countries. When the larvae of C. sasakii were directly exposed to $46^{\circ}C$ (an installed lethal temperature of CATTS), they showed a median lethal time at 14.66 min. Addition of high carbon dioxide to the temperature treatment enhanced the thermal limit susceptibility of C. sasakii to $46^{\circ}C$. CATTS device was constructed to automatically control $CO_2$ concentration and temperature with real-time monitoring both in the chamber and in the fruit. The larvae internally infesting apples were tested using the CATTS device and showed 100% lethality after 60 min exposure to a treatment of $46^{\circ}C$ under 15% $CO_2$ in the chamber. Relatively long exposure may be due to the deviation between the ramping temperature ($0.35^{\circ}C$/min) of the chamber and the ramping temperature (0.12-$0.23^{\circ}C$/min) inside apple fruit, where the tested larvae were located. This study suggests a possibility that CATTS can be applied as a quarantine measure to kill the larvae of C. sasakii locating inside the apples.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.24 no.4 s.65
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 1986

Identification of fruit sucking moths, their larval host plant, and degree of damages to fruits were investigated in $1982{\sim}'83$ at two orchards in Cheonnam province. In this study, 4 families 30 species were collected as fruit sucking moths and among them 10 species are newly recorded in Korea as fruit sucking moth: Catocala electa(B.), Spirama helicina(H.), Erebus ephesperis(H.), Parallelia stuposa(F.), Simplicia niphona(B.), Marumba gaschkewitschii(B. et G.), Agrius convolvuli(L.), Thyatira batis (L.), and Spilosoma niveum(M.). Larval host plants of fruit sucking moths in the vicinity of the fruit orchard include Cocculus trilobus D., Albizzia julibrissin D., Pterocarya rhoifolia S., Jaglans mandshurica M., Solanum melongena L., Brassia campestris S., Rubus idaeus C., Thalictrum aquilegifol L., and Rhus succedanea L. As the damage on different varieties of the main fruit trees, plum was orderly Santa Rosa>Beauty, Apple was Chook>Hong Og, Peach was Choseng Baeg Do>Hwang Do>Baeg Do, and Grape was Campbell Early>Neo Mascat>Golden Queen. Seasonal occurrence of main fruit sucking moth Spirama retorta(C.) showed peak 3 times in early-July, late-July, early-September. Oraesia emerginata(F.) showed peak 3 times in late-July, early-August, early- September and Lagoptera juno(D.) showed peak only in late-July and Adrias tyrannus amurensis(S.) showed peak only in mid-July. Fruit sucking moths were immigrated from p.m. 6 to a.m. 2, with peak in p.m. 10 to p.m. 12.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 1988

Fruit piercing moths were collected at every other at orchaed(16.5ha) planted with plum, peach and pear, and surrounded by forest in Gyeongnam province from jun to September in 1987. Four black light (BL) traps were lightened to attract the moths from sunset to sunrise and sweep net was also used to catch the moths on fruit and around fruit trees from 22 to 23 o'clock, 20 minutes per fruit tree species. Forty-one species, including 15 primary piercing species(PPS) and 22 secondary piercing species (SPS), from 3 families were collected and identified as fruit piercing moths. Among them, 16 species are newly recorded as fruit piercing moths in Korea. O. emarginata, L. juno, P. stuposa, C. lata and O. excavata were diminant species of PPS, comprising 86.7% of the whole PPS. Dominant species of SPS were A. ipsilon, M. turca, S. retorata, A. livida and T. oldenlandiae, comprising 80.5% of the whole SPS. The ratios of PPS to the whole fruit piercing moths collected by BL traps and net were sweep 15.2% and 79.7%, repectively. By sweep net L. juno, P. stuposa, and O. emarginata was also captured in a large numbers on peach, C. lata was on plum, and S. retorata was on pear.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 2010

Mating disruption (MD) using synthetic sex pheromone lures has been used to control the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple orchards. In Korea, where several small apple orchards are clustered but independently managed, its efficacy has been suspected mainly due to immigration of any mated females from nearby untreated cultivating areas. This study developed an edge treatment technique to decrease any local MD-free zones in a specific MD-treated farm and to trap any immigrating mated females by installing MD lures and food traps around the apple farm with 10 meter intervals. The addition of the edge treatment to the MD significantly prevented leaf and fruit damages induced by G. molesta compared to MD only. Moreover, this study tried to optimize the MD control technique by determining frequency of MD application. It suggests two MD applications with the edge treatment at the end of March and at the early of July to be effective throughout the entire apple growing seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 1988

Synthesis and biological activity test are described for the (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(2), the sex pheromone of the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana. 8-Bromoctan-l-ol THP ether was prepared from 8-bromoctan-l-ol. The lithium anion of 1-hexyne was alkylated with 8-bromoctan-l-ol THP ether gave 9-tetradecyn-l-ol THP ether. Catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/BaSO4 followed by deprotection afforded (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol. Acetylation gave (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1). l0-Bromodecan-l-ol THP ether was obtained from l0-bromodecan-l-ol. In liquid ammonia with THF and HMPA as cosolvents, sodium acetylide could be alkylated with 10-bromodecan-l-ol THP ether to give 11-dodecyn-l-ol THP ether. 11-Dodecyn-l-ol THP ether was then treated with n-BuLi in THF to give the lithium acetylide, which was alkylated with bromoethane to afford 11-tetradecyn-l-ol THP ether. Catalytic hydrogenation, deprotection, and acetylative gave (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(2). The synthetic pheromone thus obtained was attractive to the males of the summer fruit tortrix in the field.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2018

Walnuts are one of the most economically important fruit trees in forestry. In walnut orchards, however, studies examining damage by insect pests are limited. This study was conducted to investigate the rate of damage caused by Conogethes punctiferalis to walnut fruits and by Acrocercops transecta to walnut leaves. In 2017, the change of damage rate (caused by C. punctiferalis) to fruits were investigated in Buyeo. In addition, we counted fruits and leaves damaged by two lepidopteran species in Gimcheon, Buyeo, Yeongdong, and Hwaseong. Damaged fruits steadily increased in abundance with fruit growth in Buyeo, and the highest number of damaged fruits was documented in late summer. The rates of damage caused by C. punctiferalis to fruits in Buyeo, Gimcheon, and Hwaseong were 22.1%, 20.5%, and 11.7%, respectively. Additionally, the rates of damage caused by A. transecta to leaves in seedlings (58.5% on average) were significantly higher than to those in older trees (11.2% on average), irrespective of the study location. In conclusion, this study showed that C. punctiferalis and A. transecta were serious pests affecting walnut fruits and leaves, respectively. Therefore, management methods for these insect pests need to be developed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.23 no.1 s.58
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 1984

The developments of overwintering larvae of the peach fruit moth, Carposina niponensis Walsingham, were studied in Suweon. Among fully grown larvae leaving from apple fruit, the earliest diapause larva was observed late July, about $50\%-diapause$ in middle August and $100\%-diapause$ in early September. Induction of the diapause seemed to have relationships with the time of oviposition: the incidents of the diapause started with the larvae grown from the eggs which had been laid in late June or late July depending on the prevailing weather condition. The termination of the diapause seemed to be in early December, and almost all of the larvae incubated after January were pupated. For the breakage of the diapause, it required chilling period more than one month, and the most effective temperature seemed to be $5\~10^{\circ}C$, while the temperature lower than $0^{\circ}C$ seemed to be inhibitory, if not at all. The overwintered larvae started to pupate in middle May, and the developments of the over-wintered larvae were affected by the temperature as well as the moisture contents of soil in the spring. The dry condition of soil increased the mortality of the developing larvae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2014

Postharvest insect pest control is necessary for agricultural industry including domestic consumer markets and exporting products to meet quarantine issue. Especially, the organic or environmentally friendly agricultural products do not fit to the traditional chemical postharvest treatments mostly using methyl bromide. As an alternative, a physical treatment called CATTS (controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment) has been developed to control various insect and mite pests on apple and several stone fruits. This study was designed to determine the CATTS conditions to control the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, which is restricted in exporting the infested apples. To apply CATTS on this insect pest, the most heat-tolerant stage was determined. Among the immature stages locating on the fruits, the fifth instar larvae were the most tolerant to $44^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. The ramping rate (the time to increase chamber temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $46^{\circ}C$) was positively correlated with the CATTS efficiency under 15% $CO_2$ and 1% $O_2$. After the ramping step, the duration of CATTS was positively correlated with CATTS efficiency. In addition, the CATTS efficiency was highly dependent on the fruit internal temperature at $44^{\circ}C$. From all these parameters, we developed a standard protocol yielding 100% control efficiency of CATTS against apples infested by 4,378 larvae including 2,104 fifth instar individuals.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 2007

Two fruit moths of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), infest apples in Korea by internally feeding behavior. C. sasakii is a quarantine insect pest from some other countries importing Korean apples. G. molesta is not a quarantine insect pest, but can be incorrectly identified as C. sasakii especially when it is found inside apple fruits at its larval stages because it is not easy to identify the two species by morphological characters alone. This incomplete identification results in massive economical loss by fruits needlessly destroyed or turned away at border inspection stations of the importing nations. This difficulty can be overcome by molecular DNA markers. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific striction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Based on these sequences, three diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites were detected and validated for their practical uses. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.831-841
• /
• 2017

Different timings of coverage by a small paper bag at the young fruit stage were tested in order to evaluate the effect on the protection of fruit damage occurred by disease or pest, and quality deterioration during organic cultivation of 'Hwasan' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pear cultivar. The occurrence of four major moth populations and two major diseases in pears were monitored from April to September 2015. Among major moths and diseases, Grapholita molesta and pear rust were found often in the organic pear orchard, and they were observed frequently in May. Coverage by a small paper bag at the young fruit stage resulted in better fruit quality and a higher proportion of commercial fruits compared to a coverage timing of conventional paper bag. Interestingly, the fastest coverage timing of a small paper bag at the young fruit stage (when it was covered in April) showed the lowest occurrence of damaged fruits, which indicates that it successfully protected fruits from the damage caused by moths and diseases during April and May. Moreover, this timing of small paper bag coverage did not negatively affect the major qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fruits. These results suggest that early coverage by a small paper bag at the young fruit stage can be considered an efficient management strategy for organic cultivation of 'Hwasan' pear cultivar.