• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1989

For the analysis of mortality differentials by socioeconomic factors based on death registration data, we have considered four variables : place of residence, educational attainment, marital status and occupation. The age range adopted were 5 to 64 years of age for place of residence, and 25 to 64 years of age for the other factors. The mortality differentials by socioeconomic variables were clear and in the expected direction: mortality levels among urban residents, better educated groups, and non- agricultural workers were lower than among the other sub- groups. The average mortality level in rural areas is much higher than in urban areas : the rural mortality levels were at least double the urban levels at ages below 40 years, but became smaller after age 40, and no clear differentials by urban I rural residence increased until 1974~76 for the both sexes, but since the then differentials have declined slowley for both sexes. This changing pattern of mortality differentials by place of residence can be explained by historical socioeconomic development : the development generally started in urban areas, and rural areas followed : in the course of socioeconomic development the differences between the death rates in the two areas became smaller and finally the mortality levels in the two areas became nearly the same, as is found in the developed countries nowadays. The inverse relationships between mortality and educational level became stronger between the periods 1970~72 and 1984~86, but showed the same atterns of mortality differentials in both period : larger differences among the younger age groups, and for males, than among the older age groups, and for females. The increasing mortality differentials in the fourteen-year period between 1970~72 and 1984~86 were caused by inadequate living standards of the non- educated, whose proportion in the total population, however, dropped sharply during that period. Also, the much lower proportions of low - educated groups or of persons with no formal education among males than females helped to establish the clearly pronounced differentials. The mortality differentials by marital status in Korea showed the usual pattern : the mortality rates of the married in each age and sex group were clearly lower than those of others during the fourteen-year period between 1970~72 and 1984~86. In Korean society which remotes universal marriage, the never married recorded especially high death rates, presumably mainly because of ill - health, but also possibly because of the stigma attached to celibacy. However, the mortality differentials by marital status changed with the changes in the proportionate distribution by marital status during the period : the differences between the death rates of the married and never married groups became smaller, the proportion of the never married group increased : in contrast, the differences between mortalities of the married and widowed / divorced / separated groups widened, with the decrease in the proportion of the later group ; this tendency was perticularly marked for females. Occupational groups also showed clear mortality differences : among four occupational groups mortality of males was highest among agricultural workers and lowest among 'professional, admi-nistrative and clerical workers, However, when the death rates were standardized by educational level, the death rates by occupation in age group 45~64 years were nearly the same (excet for the mixed group consisting of unemployed, students, military servicemen and unknown). Therefore, the clear mortality dfferentials by occupation in Korea resulted mainly from the differences in educational level between different occupation groups. Since socioeconomic characteristics are related to each other, the net effect of each variable was examined. Each of the three variables - ducational level, marital status and urban / rural residence affected significantly Korean adult mortality when the effects of the other variables were controlled. Among the three variables educational level was the most important factor for the determination of the adult mortality level. When male's occupation was added to the above three variables, the effects of occupation on adult mortality were notably smaller after control for the effects of the other three variables while the net effects of these three variables were nearly the same irrespectively whether occupation was included or not. Thus, the differences in educational level (mainly), place of residence and marital status bring out the clear differences in observed mortality levels by occupation.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the role of drinking pattern in the relationship of alcohol consumption by face-to-face interview in rural elderly(n=994) aged 60~64 in Dalsung County, April to September in 1996. Pattern of alcohol drinking included drinking status, alcohol drinking at the morning without breakfast, average drinks per day, frequency of drinks per month, quantity of alcohol drinking, kind of preferred alcoholic beverage and duration of alcohol drinking. Blood pressure was measured once in each subject using a portable automatic sphygmomanometer. Difference in means of systolic blood pressure, alcohol drinking status, alcohol drinking at the morning without breakfast, and kind of alcoholic beverage were statistically significant before adjusting covariates, but alcohol drinking status and alcohol drinking at the morning without breakfast were statistically significant after adjusting covariates. And difference in means of diastolic blood pressure, kinds of alcoholic beverage was statistically significant before adjusting covariates, but no variables was significant after adjusting covariates. Model I multiple regression for systolic blood pressure that included average drinks per day as the variable of drink pattern, age, educational attainment and, previous history of cardiovascular disease were statistically significant, and multiple regression for diastolic blood pressure, educational attainment, BMI, and previous history of cardiovascular disease were statistically significant. Model II multiple regression for systolic blood pressure that included drinking patterns variables except average drinks per day, previous history of cardiovascular disease were statistically significant. However, multiple regression for diastolic blood pressure, no variables were significant. So, inconsistent with prior research, a positive relationship was not found between average drinks per day and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The effect of alcohol drinking patterns on blood pressure has public health as well as clinical relevance. The study should be replicated to determine the reliability of our findings.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.17-43
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• 2011

With a substantial rise in divorce rates since the mid 1990s, single-parent households are increasing rapidly in Korea. Often it is believed that children in single-mother households suffer the most economically and socially with the marital disruption of the parents. This study hypothesizes that in Korea the socioeconomic status of single-father households may be lower than that of single-mother households mainly because low-income divorced women are not able to form their own households with children. The analysis is based on two sub-samples from the 2% sample of the 2005 Census, one, with children 12 years old or younger and, the other, with divorced mothers of children of the same ages. The findings support the hypothesis that previously-married single fathers show the lowest educational and occupational status among 6 groups of parents: fathers and mothers from two-parent families, fathers and mothers from married but spouse-absent families, and previously-married single fathers and mothers. Divorced mothers'likelihood of living apart from their children has a strong negative association with their educational attainment, with the highest likelihood among women of middle school or lower education and the lowest likelihood among women with college education. Although single mothers comprise a larger percentage of single-parent households, single-father households demonstrate a particular vulnerability with their weak socioeconomic status.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.89-109
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• 2006

The 'Joongsancheung(JSC)', a unique term for the middle class in Korea, is defined as a stratum sharing common lifestyles and a certain level of life chances. It involves non-economic factors such as life chance, educational attainment, occupational groups as well as economic factor. Such objective measures as the occupational status of the main breadwinner, family income, and the educational level of respondent, and subjective measures of class identification are used for the operational definition of the JSC. Data from a national survey of 1,515 respondents is analyzed to investigate the change of the JSC in size and the major determinants of class identification. The results show that while there is no strong evidence of any significant change of the JSC by the objective measures during the recent decade, there seems to be a slight decrease in the subjective class identification. In addition, binary logistical regression analysis reveals that self-identification of JSC is heavily influenced by house ownership, along with subjective evaluation of one's own income and property ownership. This study demonstrates that the apparent class polarization in Korean society reflects not so much objective conditions but subjective perception of respondent of his or her circumstance. It is suggested that problems of housing and relative derivation people have as regards income and property should be resolved to alleviate such class polarization in Korean society.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.31-53
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• 2016

This study aims to examine the effects of student's individual background and school factors on global citizenship and to provide some suggestions to improve global citizenship education in Korea. To achieve this purpose, we used International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2009 data which studied student knowledge and understanding of civics and citizenship as well as student perceptions, and attitudes related to civics and citizenship from 38 countries. The data was analyzed with a 2-level Hierarchical Linear Model. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Girls had more positive attitudes than boys toward gender equality and equal rights for different ethnic groups and immigrants. This study also showed that the level of student's global citizenship depended on whether home language was different from test language. Parental educational attainment and parental occupational status generally affected the level of student's global citizenship and students' interest in political and social issues appeared to be strongly affected by their parents. These findings suggest that parents play important role in improving global citizenship. At the school level, teacher-student relationships and the value of student participation had positive effects on global citizenship. Therefore, in order to implement global citizenship education in schools, it is necessary to consider the change of school climate.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.351-361
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• 2021

This study was conducted to identify the factors of hypertension treatment in Gwangju and to establish a hypertension cure rate management plan by using local community health surveys to provide the hypertension cure rate management plan centering around the wellness local community. The research collected 13,714 Gwangju research data among a total of 685,820 local community health surveys of KDCA (Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency) from 2017 to 2019. Among the data, 2,941 subjects, those with diagnosed hypertension aged over 30, were selected and analyzed through SAS 9.4, SAS Enterprise Miner 15.1. The results are as follows. The differences in hypertension diagnosis cure rate in Gwangju based on the subjects' socioeconomic characteristics were shown in gender, age, marital status, level of educational attainment, economic activity status, and monthly income. The significant differences in hypertension cure rate based on health behavior characteristics were shown in current smoking, monthly alcohol consumption, high-risk drinking, breakfast, recognition of good health level, diabetes and treatment, annual unmet medical needs, and annual health center use. As a result of the logistic regression analysis and interactive decision tree analysis to identify the factors affecting hypertension treatment, the research found that the factors that appear are age, marital status, diabetes and treatment, and annual unmet medical needs. Accordingly, to increase the recognition of the importance of hypertension treatment to people of young ages and not to develop complications, public health-educational effort in Gwangju is needed with an effective preparation plan.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2023

Background: This study involved a geriatric oral care expert who developed the competencies of students in the Department of Dental Hygiene and conducted preliminary research to develop an effective curriculum. Methods: A questionnaire was conducted in the last week of class targeting students who took courses in geriatric dentistry, geriatric dental hygiene, and practice. In order to confirm the educational effect according to the differences in the geriatric dental hygiene curriculum, the differences in students' achievement of major competencies, awareness of the geriatric dental hygiene process, class satisfaction, and ageism were analyzed. Results: Regarding major competency attainment, 'communication competency' was significantly higher in PBL education that combined theory and practice than that theory-oriented PBL education (p=0.038). For ageism, the tendency to avoid older adults was low in PBL education, which combined theory and practice, and was statistically significant (p=0.040). For class satisfaction, the rate of responding 'very high' for the 'class atmosphere' was significantly high (p=0.025) for PBL education that combined theory and practice. Conclusion: The PBL teaching method can be useful as a geriatric dental hygiene curriculum. However, it would be more effective to create a curriculum so that education in geriatric dental hygiene care practice can be combined with theory rather than a theoretical education alone.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.251-262
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• 2023

In this study, we examine other factors that may contribute to the decline in students' academic performance and educational attainment. Many media reports, as well as previous studies, have suggested that virtual learning is the main reason for the decline in students' academic performance. However, the 2020 National Student Achievement Survey, which was conducted in conjunction with the COVID-19 Distance Learning Environment Student Survey, showed that students were highly satisfied with distance learning (70-80%), and the analysis of the National Assessment of Educational Achievement showed that students' academic performance had already been declining year by year since 2017, with a general downward curve. For further confirmation, we analyzed the performance of high school students on mock exams and found that their performance was not normally distributed, but rather a right-skewed U-shaped distribution with a shrinking number of medians and severe polarization. We found that this phenomenon is not simply because of the mode or quality of the virtual classroom, but to a variety of factors, including environmental influences such as care and management at home, changes in investment in private education, increased time spent on online devices while taking virtual classes at the bottom, and increased time spent watching online content, games, and videos that are not related to learning.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.26-40
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• 1988

This survey was conducted to find out the present status of health education program being provided in primary schools focusing its planning, operation, contents and attitude of school nurses in September, 1988. Total 413 school nurses who are presently working in Seoul city was surveyed by mail and 167 school nurses who responded to the questionnaire were finally ana lysed. The following results were obtained. 1. The general charcteristics of the school nurses′ surveyed. As for age distribution, 30-40 age group was 60.4％ the highest and the mean age was 30. 13. As for educational attainment, junior nursing college was 71.9％. 68.3％ of the surveyed was married and 43.1％ of them has 5-10 years of working experiences. As for schools where school nurses are presently working, 31.7％ has 2,000-3,000 students, 22.8％ has 50-60 classes and 5 schools have more than 80 classes. 2. Planning of a school health education School health education was planned every semester in 55.7％, which was the highest. As for utilization status of the materials for planning of a school health education as a referance, 86.8％ of the total respondants utilized the guidelines published by Seoul city School nurses′ Association, and the administrative guidelines for school health, textbooks, school health statistics and articles related to school health in order. It was tried whether the number of referances being utilized was related to the working experiences. It was found that the shorter the experiances, the more materials were utilized. It was answered that teaching plan for health education was prepared by school-nurses themselves (95.2％), and was differentiated as three levels as the first and second grades, the third and fourth grades, and the fifth and sixth grades 3. The contents of the school health education 16 subjects offered to 6 grades of students were surveyed as follows. As for fifth and sixth grades, contents on growth and development was most widely provided as 54.5％, and 68.9％, respectively. And the next to this subject, dental health education was also frequently offered to the second, third and fourth grades as 50.9％, 68.9％, and 47.3％, respctively. 4. The operation of school health education Health education provided by school nurses was conducted formallu in 36.6％, and formally of informally accordin to grades in 43.9％. It was answered that 50.3％ of the surveyed school had started health education from 1987, when the plan for activation of school health was ordered from. Educational Committee. Teaching hours of school nurses was 6 in 32.9％, which was the highest. The lesson was provided for class unit in 77.2％, and sex education was sometimes offered to male and female students separately. As for support of health personnels out of school for health education, 79.0％ did not receive any support. If there were any aids out of school, 62.9％ received them from other related agencies and 74.3％ anwered that it was once in a semester. As for expenses for health education, 57.3％ did not input any expenses alloted to school health program as a whole. As audio-visual materials, slides were utulized most frequently and models, and charts in order. 5. Awareness of school nurses on the operation of school health education School nurses evaluated their educational quality as a health educator subjectively, 60-70％ of them answered to be average in 4 domains such as knowledge, educational skill, ability to prepare teaching plan, and cooperation. As for the awareness on the support and cooperation of the higher institutions, 46.4％ -61.8％ answered that "so and so" toward Ministry of Education and Ministry of Affairs, and 13-37％ "not supportive" Teachers of the corresponding schools were answered to be "so and so" in 55.9％-56.7％, and "very supportive" in 33.34％. There was a significant difference in formality of the lesson according to the support of the superintendent.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.161-195
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing quality of life for individuals in the family, school or workplace, leisure settings, and Korean society using the indigenous psychological analysis. A total of 3,406 participants, consisting of 1,331 elementary, middle, high school students and 2,075 parents and teacher, completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by Kim and Park (2004b). The respondents reported the factors that influence quality of life in Korean society as follows: Economic condition, collective effort, leisure and cultural life, harmonious interpersonal relationships, effective government policy, and educational attainment. The factors that reduce quality of life in Korean society are as follows: Economic uncertainty, political instability, lack of citizenry, ingroup favoritism, corruption, lack of facilities for leisure and social life, and overemphasis on educational achievement. Second, the factors that influence quality of life in the family are as follows: Harmonious family relations and financial security. For students relationship with friends and academic achievement are reported as important factors influencing quality of life at school. For adults, harmonious interpersonal relationship, financial factors and occupational achievement are reported as important factors influencing quality of life at the workplace. For leisure and social leisure life, financial security, leisure time and interpersonal relationships are reported as important factors influencing quality of life. Third, as for generational differences, students reported political instability and adults reported economic uncertainty as the most important factor reducing quality of life in Korean society. For family life, students reported conflicts among family members and adults reported financial constraints as the most important factor reducing quality of life. For leisure and social life, students reported lack of leisure time and adults reported financial constraints as the most important factor reducing quality of life. Fourth, for students the following characteristics were associated with higher quality of life: Higher socio-economic status of the family, younger, and higher academic achievement. For adults, the following characteristics were associated with higher quality of life: Higher socio-economic status of the family and greater achievement their social life. Implications of these results on the quality of life in Korea, focusing on human relationship, financial factors, self-regulation and educational achievement are discussed.