• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.237-246
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• 2001

We need to have a universal system for the landscape architectural profession at the national level which focuses on public facilities from an aesthetic point of view and emphasizes the landscape architectural identity and traditional idiosyncrasy in Korea society. There should be established independent official positions in governmental systems in order to work practically in the field of landscape architecture concerned with ecological and environmental stability. Professionals should be acquired and diversity maintained for administrative efficiency, so that the governmental official position could create practical need and a theoretical approach to the human needs for environmental quality and ecological stability. In order to pursue the public good, we need to establish a new community and promote a global spirit, which include an ecologically stable environment developed through professional landscape architectural harmonization. The landscape architectural profession requires a new community spirit suitable to modern society, so that the Korean people continue a tradition of cooperative control of the common wealth and the labor market.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2018

Observations and video documentation of interactions between animals living in dens, cavities, and other enclosed spaces are difficult, but they play an important role in field biology, ecology, and conservation. For example, bird parents visiting nests and feeding their nestlings may provide crucial information for testing of ecological hypotheses and may easily attract attention of participants of citizen-science ecological and conservation projects. Because of the nest concealment of cavity-nesting birds, their behaviors in the nest can only be studied by using video surveillance. Professional wildlife surveillance systems are extremely expensive. Here, we describe an inexpensive video setup that can be constructed with relatively little effort and is more affordable than any previously described system. We anticipate that the relatively low cost of about 250 USD for a battery-operated system is an important feature for citizen-science type of projects and for applications in heavily populated areas where the potential for theft and vandalism may be high. Based on our experiences, we provide methodological advice on practical aspects of using this system in the field for ecological research on birds. We highlight the low cost, easiness of construction, and potential availability to a large number of observers taking part in wildlife monitoring projects, and we offer technical help to participants of such research projects.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.101-105
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• 2007

Lammas growth, a rare phenomenon for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), occurred in 2006. Lammas shoots showed higher frequency and longer length in Seoul's hotter urban center than in urban boundary or suburban forest sites. Frequency and length showed a close correlation with urbanization density and vegetation cover expressed in NDVI. Air temperature in the late summer of 2006 was more than $1^{\circ}C$ higher than an average year. Of the predominant environmental signals that modulate bud flush, only temperature changed significantly during the year. Differences in temperature between the urban centers, urban boundaries and suburban forests correlated with varying land-use density. The rise in temperature likely spurred lammas growth of the Korean red pine. Symptoms of climate change are being detected throughout the world, and its consequences will be clearer in the future. Considerate interest in the responses of ecological systems to the variable changes is required to prepare for unforeseeable crises. Monitoring of diverse ecological phenomena at Long Term Ecological Research sites could offer harbingers of change.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.533-536
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• 2007

The LiDAR data structure has the potential for modeling in three dimensions because the LiDAR data can represent voxels with z value under certain defined conditions. Therefore, it is possible to classify the physical damaged degree of vegetation by forest fire as using the LiDAR data because the physical loss of canopy height and width by forest fire can be relative to an amount of points reached to the ground through the canopy of damaged forest. On the other hand, biological damage of vegetation by forest fire can be explained using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) which show vegetation vitality. In this study, we graded the damaged degree of vegetation by forest fire in Yangyang-Gun of South Korea using the LiDAR data for physical grading and digital aerial photograph including Red, Green, Blue and Near Infra-Red bands for biological grading. The LiDAR data was classified into 2 classes, of which one was Serious Physical Damaged (SPD) and the other was Light Physical Damaged (LPD) area. The NDVI was also classified into 2 classes which are Serious Biological Damaged (SBD) and Light Biological Damaged (LBD) area respectively. With each 2 classes ofthe LiDAR data and NDVI, the damaged area by forest fire was graded into 4 degrees like damaged class 1,2,3 and 4 grade. As a result of this study, 1 graded area was the broadest and next was the 3 grade. With this result, we could know that the burned area by forest fire in Yangyang-Gun was damaged rather biologically because the NDVI in 1 and 3 grade appeared low value whereas the LiDAR data in 1 and 3 grade included light physical damage like the LPD.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2009

Forests store carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), one of the major factors of global warming, in vegetation and soils through photosynthesis process. In addition, woods deposit $CO_2$ for a long term until the harvested wood is decomposed or burned, and deforested areas could be expanded the carbon sinks through reforestation. Forests are a lso able to decrease temperature through transpiration and contribute to control the micro climate in global climate systems. Consequently, forests are considered as one of major sinks of greenhouse gases for mitigating global warming. It is very important to develop a Korea specific forest carbon flux model for preparing adaptation measures to climate change. In this study, we compared the climate change impact models in forests developed in foreign countries and analyzed the applicability of the models to Korean forest. Also we selected models applicable to Korean forest and suggested approaches for developing Korean specific model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 2020

National parks and other protected areas often do not adequately protect national biodiversity because they were originally created for socio-economic and/or aesthetic values. The Korean government has committed to expanding the extent of protected areas to fulfill its commitments to the Aichi Biodiversity Convention. To do so, it is necessary to quantify the current levels of biodiversity representation within existing protected areas and to identify additional conservation needs for vulnerable species and ecological systems. In this study, we assess the proportion of species ranges found in South Korea's protected areas, for the species documented in the 3^rd National Ecosystem Survey. We modeled the range distribution of 3,645 species in the following taxonomic groups; plants (1,545 species), mammals (35), birds (132), herptiles (35), and insects (1,898) using the MaxEnt species distribution model and calculated how much of each species' range is within protected areas. On average, 17.4% of plant species' ranges are represented in protected areas, while for mammals and insects an average 12.0% is currently conserved. Conservation representation for herptiles averages 9.3%, while it is 8.6% for birds. Although large proportions of species that have restricted distributions should be represented in protected areas, 17 plant species, two insects (Parnassius bremeri and Lasioglossum occidens), and one bird species (Phylloscopus inornatus) with ranges smaller than 1,000 ㎢ have less than 10% of their ranges within protected areas. Establishing specific conservation goals such as the protection of endangered species or vulnerable taxonomic groups will increase the efficiency of the biodiversity conservation strategies. In addition, lowland coastal areas are critical for biodiversity conservation because the protected areas in South Korea are mainly composed of high mountainous areas.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.961-970
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• 2003

The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment sparked off actions aimed at protecting the ocean on all scales. Physical science was essentially in the foreground, and the ecological dimension remained in the background as well. During the following two decades, ocean uses increased and spread unexpectedly, and there was an urgent need for management patterns to deal with coastal areas, regional seas, and with the ocean as a whole. Meanwhile, mainly thanks to the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme, the ecological dimension of the environmental issue became more evident, while the concept of sustainable development was designed by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). As far as the ocean is concerned, by adopting Agenda 21, the 1992 Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) could neither embrace a wholly ecology-oriented policy, nor adopt the concept of sustainable development in its whole extent. This circumstance encourages efforts to consider the ocean from an effective ecological perspective, and to explore how cultural and ecological systems have interacted. Hence the concept of diversity becomes an increasingly key factor.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-143
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• 2017

This study is conducted to estimate potential evapotranspiration of 10 weather observing systems in Andong Dam watershed with FAO56 Penman-Monteith (FAO56 PM) methodology using the meteorological data from 2013 to 2014. Also, assuming that there is no solar radiation data, humidity data or wind speed data, the potential evapotranspiration was estimated by FAO56 PM and the results were evaluated to discuss whether the methodology is applicable when meteorological dataset is not available. Then, the potential evapotranspiration was estimated with Hargreaves method and compared with the potential evapotranspiration estimated by FAO56 PM only with the temperature dataset. As to compare the potential evapotranspiration estimated from the complete meteorological dataset and that estimated from limited dataset, statistical analysis was performed using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Mean Bias Error (MBE), the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the coefficient of determination ($R^2$). Also the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was performed to conduct spatial analysis. From the result, even when the meteorological data is limited, FAO56 PM showed relatively high accuracy in calculating potential evapotranspiration by estimating the meteorological data.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.249-278
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to design metadata for management and sharing of Yeogu data produced in the ecological field. Specifically, metadata is designed based on DCAT, which is designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the web. In addition, ABCD, Darwin Core, and EML were analyzed and applied to metadata design to reflect the characteristics of the ecological field. As a result of the research, a total of 51 metadata elements were derived for managing research data in the ecological field, and 6 essential elements, 23 recommended elements, and 22 optional elements were included. The results of this study can be used to design a DB when building a research data management and sharing system based on metadata elements, and to suggest a metadata exchange format when linking with other systems.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.27-38
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• 2008

Sunlighting offers the high quality of life and has potential to improve environment, economy and human comfort. Especially mirror sunlighting system has competitive power in price, saving energy and solving problems of sunshine lack. This study aims to analyze the adequate applications of mirror type sunlighting systems available in Korea to enhance the living environment. For the purpose, contemporary applications were analyzed by spatial characteristics, size and usage in Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Japan and Korea. As the results, they are being applied for the place with lack of sunshine in housings. For culture complex, they are usually applied for atrium. Nowadays, application of complex systems is increasing to solve sunshine lack and make uniform illuminance. Therefore both aesthetic and technical consideration is needed to apply the advanced mirror sunlighting systems in various spaces.