• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1144-1150
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• 2014

The eIF4E protein is the key regulator of translation initiation. The interaction of eIF4E with eIF4G triggers the translation of mRNA, and several proteins interrupt this association to modulate translation. Human 4E-T is one of the eIF4E-binding partners that represses the translation of bound mRNAs, and it is involved in the transport of eIF4E to processing bodies (P-bodies). Although Clast4, the mouse homolog of human 4E-T, might play critical roles in the regulation of translation, its properties are not well known. In this report, we deciphered the properties of Clast4 by determining its phosphorylation state, binding to eIF4E, and effects of overexpression on cell proliferation. Clast4 was phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) in vivo on several residues of its amino terminus. Nevertheless, the PKA phosphorylation of Clast4 appeared to have no effect on either its eIF4E-binding ability or localization. Clast4 interacted with eIF4E1 and CPEB. The conserved eIF4E-binding sequence in Clast4, $YXXXXL_{\phi}$, was important for binding eIF4E1A but not eIF4E1B. Similar to that of another well-known eIF4E regulator, the eIF4E binding protein (4E-BP), the overexpression of Clast4 decreased cell proliferation. These results suggest that Clast4 acts as a global translation regulator in cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.941-946
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• 2013

Local protein synthesis at subsynaptic sites plays a key role in the regulation of the protein composition in local domains. In this study, we carried out immunocytochemistry of cultured rat hippocampal neurons in various developmental stages to investigate the expression of eIF4E and its binding protein, eIF4EBP1. Both proteins were distributed in dendrites. In addition, eIF4EBP1 was highly expressed in the nucleus throughout the development, whereas eIF4E was not expressed in the nucleus. Punctate expression of eIF4E and eIF4EBP1 was evident in DIV 3. The colocalization rates of eIF4E or eIF4EBP1 puncta with PSD95 were higher in the dendrogenic than in the mature stages. In contrast, the colocalization rates of eIF4E and eIF4EBP1 puncta were higher in the mature than in the dendrogenic stages. As eIF4E is inactive when it is bound to eIF4EBP1, these data indicate that most dendritic eIF4E's are active during development but that they are mostly under inhibition in mature neurons.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.445-451
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• 2007

Translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a key regulator of protein synthesis. Abnormal regulation of eIF4E is closely linked to oncogenic transformation. Several regulatory mechanisms affecting eIF4E are discussed, including transcriptional regulation, phosphorylation and binding of an inhibitor protein. However it is not clear how the level of eIF4E protein is regulated under basal conditions. Here we demonstrate that Diap1 (Drosophila Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein), a cell death inhibitor, binds directly to eIF4E and poly-ubiquitinates it via its E3 ligase activity, promoting its proteasome-dependent degradation. Expression of Diap1 caused a reduction of Cyclin D1 protein level and inhibited the growth stimulation induced by overexpression of eIF4E. Taken together, our results suggest that the level of eIF4E protein is regulated by Diap1, and that IAPs may play a role in cap-dependent translation by regulating the level of eIF4E protein.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2021

Plants protect against viruses through passive and active resistance mechanisms, and in most cases characterized thus far, natural recessive resistance to potyviruses has been mapped to mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E genes. Five eIF4E copies and three eIF(iso)4E copies were detected in Brassica rapa. The eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E genes could interact with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) viral protein linked to the genome (VPg) to initiate virus translation. From the yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, the TuMV-CHN2/CHN3 VPgs could not interact with BraA.eIF4E.a/c or BraA.eIF(iso)4E.c, but they could interact with BraA.eIF(iso)4E.a in B. rapa. Further analysis indicated that the amino acid substitution L186F (nt T556C) in TuMV-UK1 VPg was important for the interaction networks between the TuMV VPg and eIF(iso)4E proteins. An interaction model of the BraA. eIF(iso)4E protein with TuMV VPg was constructed to infer the effect of the significant amino acids on the interaction of TuMV VPgs-eIF(iso)4Es, particularly whether the L186F in TuMV-UK1 VPg could change the structure of the TuMV-UK1 VPg protein, which may terminate the interaction of the BraA.eIF(iso)4E and TuMV VPg protein. This study provides new insights into the interactions between plant viruses and translation initiation factors to reveal the working of key amino acids.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1526-1531
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• 2011

Local protein synthesis in neuronal dendrites is important for site-specific regulation of synaptic plasticity. In this study, we investigated whether translation initiation factors (eIFs) are present at the postsynaptic sites. High resolution confocal microscopy showed that the eIF4E and eIF4G (which bind the 5'-terminal mRNA cap), eIF5 (which is important during the 3' direction scanning to find an initiation codon), eIF6 (which mediates upregulation of translation by external stimuli), and eIF5A (which mediate translation upregulation under adverse conditions) were localized to the post-synaptic sites. Immunoblot and detergent extraction experiments also indicated that these eIFs were present in the synapse in association with the postsynaptic density (PSD). Our data provide evidence for the strategic positioning of eIFs at the postsynaptic site for initiation of translation in diverse situations.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.283-287
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• 2001

Differential display based on PCR was employed to identify genes expressed during tuber-developing stage of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Irish Cobbler). An eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) clone isolated from a cDNA library constructed with developing micro-tuber using a probe of PCR fragment. We isolated three positive clones and ore of them contained open reading frame. This clone revealed high sequence similarity to tomato eIF 5A cDNA. At the DNA level, there is 94.8% identity with the tomato eIF-5A4, whereas at the protein level there is a high identity with 97.5%. The potato eIF 5A clone is 716 bp in length and contains a single open reading frame from 57 to 539 bp, a 56 bp 5'-untranslated region and a 177 bp 3'-untranslated region. The deduced protein composed of 160 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular mass of 17.4 kD and an estimated pl of 5.5. The sequence of 12 (STSKTGKHGHAK) amino acids among eIF-5A proteins is perfectly conserved from yeast to human. That sequence in potato eIF-5A protein is also conserved at position 46 to 57 amino acid. This region embeds the post-translational modification site of the lysine residue (at the seventh K) to hypusine that is crucial to eIF-5A activity. The northern blot analysis of eIF5A has shown abundant expression, mainly in flower organs (stamen, ovary, petal, sepal), fruit and stolen.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.1115-1123
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• 2016

Let $D{\subseteq}E$ be an extension of integral domains with characteristic zero, I be a nonzero proper ideal of D and let H(D, E) and H(D, I) (resp., h(D, E) and h(D, I)) be composite Hurwitz series rings (resp., composite Hurwitz polynomial rings). In this paper, we show that H(D, E) satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal ideals if and only if h(D, E) satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal ideals, if and only if ${\bigcap}_{n{\geq}1}a_1{\cdots}a_nE=(0)$ for each infinite sequence $(a_n)_{n{\geq}1}$ consisting of nonzero nonunits of We also prove that H(D, I) satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal ideals if and only if h(D, I) satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal ideals, if and only if D satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal ideals.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2009

To evaluate the involvement of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIFiso4E in Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) infection in pepper, we conducted a genetic analysis using a segregating population derived from a cross between Capsicum annuum 'Dempsey' containing an elF4E mutation ($pvr1^2$) and C. annuum 'Perennial' containing an elFiso4E mutation (pvr6). C. annuum 'Dempsey' was susceptible and C. annuum 'Perennial' was resistant to ChiVMV. All $F_1$ plants showed resistance, and $F_2$ individuals segregated in a resistant-susceptible ratio of 166:21, indicating that many resistance loci were involved. Seventy-five $F_2$ and 329 $F_3$ plants of 17 families were genotyped with $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 allele-specific markers, and the genotype data were compared with observed resistance to viral infection. All plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 were resistant to ChiVMV, demonstrating that simultaneous mutations in elF4E and eIFiso4E confer resistance to ChiVMV in pepper. Genotype analysis of $F_2$ plants revealed that all plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 showed resistance to ChiVMV. In protein-protein interaction experiments, ChiVMV viral genome-linked protein (VPg) interacted with both eIF4E and eIFiso4E. Silencing of elF4E and eIFiso4E in the VIGS experiment showed reduction in ChiVMV accumulation. These results demonstrated that ChiVMV can use both eIF4E and eIFiso4E for replication, making simultaneous mutations in eIF4E and eIFiso4E necessary to prevent ChiVMV infection in pepper.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.127-132
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• 2019

Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a novel tumor suppressor that function in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and appears to be involved in the regulation of transcription and translation. Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic foci at which untranslated mRNAs accumulate when cells exposed to environmental stresses. Since PDCD4 has implicated in translation repression through direct interaction with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), we here investigated if PDCD4 has a functional role in the process of SG assembly under oxidative stresses. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that PDCD4 is localized to SGs under oxidative stresses. Next, we tested if knockdown of PDCD4 has an effect on the assembly of SG using PDCD4-specific siRNA. Interestingly, SG assembly was accelerated and this effect was caused by sensitization of phosphorylation of eIF2α and dephosphorylation of eIF4E binding protein (4E-BP). These results suggest that PDCD4 has an effect on SG dynamics and possibly involved in cap-dependent translation repression under stress conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2022

In [4], the authors showed that if an h-vector (h₀, h₁, …, h_e) with h₁ = 4e - 4 and h_i ≤ h₁ is a Gorenstein sequence, then h₁ = h_i for every 1 ≤ i ≤ e - 1 and e ≥ 6. In th_is paper, we show that if an h-vector (h₀, h₁, …, h_e) with h₁ = 4e - 4, h₂ = 4e - 3, and h_i ≤ h₂ is a Gorenstein sequence, then h₂ = h_i for every 2 ≤ i ≤ e - 2 and e ≥ 7. We also propose an open question that if an h-vector (h₀, h₁, …, h_e) with h₁ = 4e - 4, 4e - 3 < h₂ ≤ (h₁)₍₁₎|⁺¹₊₁, and h₂ ≤ h_i is a Gorenstein sequence, then h₂ = h_i for every 2 ≤ i ≤ e - 2 and e ≥ 6.