• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.23-38
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of family differentiation from the family of origin, marital communication, and marital intimacy on the family strengths of married women in their twenties and thirties. The subjects were 237 married women in their twenties and thirties who live in D city. The questionnaire was consisted of measures on the family differentiation from the family of origin, marital communication, marital intimacy, and family strengths. Structural equational models were conducted with Amos 18.0. The major findings were as follows. 1) Family differentiation from the family of origin had both direct and indirect influences on the perceived family strengths of married women in their twenties and thirties. 2) Family differentiation from the family of origin had a direct effect on marital communication but no direct effect on marital intimacy. 3) Marital communication had a direct effect on marital intimacy but no direct effect on married women's perceived family strengths. 4) Marital intimacy had a direct effect on married women's perceived family strengths.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.11 s.213
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• pp.31-48
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore the direct and indirect effects of premarital adult child's perceived self-differentiation and parent-child dynamics of emotional system on trait anxiety. The subjects of the study numbered 277, and correlation and path analysis was used with SPSS 10.0. The major findings were as follows: 1. It was shown that self-differentiation, over involvement and perceived criticism of premarital adult children were correlated with trait anxiety. And, among demographic variables, education, income, and marital status of the subjects' parents were related with trait anxiety. 2. Parent-child differentiation, over involvement, perceived criticism, and sex had direct effects on premarital adult child's self-differentiation. The variables that had direct effects on trait anxiety, which was the final dependent variable were self-differentiation, parent-child differentiation, perceived criticism, and income while over involvement an indirect effect on it.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.2245-2252
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• 2002

Design sensitivity analysis scheme is proposed in an elasto -plastic finite element method with explicit time integration using a direct differentiation method. The direct differentiation is concerned with large deformation, the elasto-plastic constitutive relation, shell elements with reduced integration and the contact scheme. The design sensitivities with respect to the process parameter are calculated with the direct analytical differentiation of the governing equation. The sensitivity results obtained from the present theory are compared with that obtained by the finite difference method in a class of sheet metal forming problems such as hemi-spherical stretching and cylindrical cup deep-drawing. The result shows good agreement with the finite difference method and demonstrates that the preposed sensitivity calculation scheme is a pplicable in the complicated sheet metal forming analysis and design.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.95-108
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• 2008

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intergenerational transmission of self-differentiation on psychological adjustment of college students. Specifically, the present study endeavored to test the causal model focusing on the effect of the father's and the mother's self-differentiation on college student's psychological adjustment through the student's self-differentiation. The data were collected from 254 male and 293 female college students and their parents by using self-administered questionnaire method. The casual model was tested through structural equation model by using AMOS 7.0 program. The results showed that mother's and father's self-differentiation had direct and indirect effect on student's psychological adjustment. The results showed that both mother's and father's self-differentiation had direct effect on son's self-differentiation level, which directly influenced his psychological adjustment. The test of structural equation model also revealed that daughter's self-differentiation level was positively influenced only by mother's self-differentiation, while father's self-differentiation did not influenced female student's self-differentiation. Both male and female student's psychological adjustment was directly influenced by his or her self-differentiation level.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.259-272
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of couples' self-differentiation by marital satisfaction according to couple's gender. The participants of the present study were 728 couples who lived in Chonbuk province. The data were collected by self-administered questionnaire method. Self-differentiation scale was consisted of such factors as emotional reactivity, I-position, emotional cut-off and fusion with others. The results of this research were as follows: First, there was significant difference in the level of total self-differentiation between husbands and wives. Second, there was significant difference in the levels of marital conflict and of marital satisfaction to levels of self differentiation. Third, self differentiation in both husbands and wives had an direct effect on marital satisfaction and stability through marital conflict. Fourth, marital conflict in both husbands and wives had a direct effect on marital satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 1999

Aerodynamic sensitivity analysis codes are developed via the hand-differentiation using a direct differentiation method and an adjoint method respectively from discrete two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Unlike previous other researches, Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model is also differentiated by hand to obtain design sensitivities with respect to design variables of interest in turbulent flows. Discrete direct sensitivity equations and adjoint equations are efficiently solved by the same time integration scheme adopted in the flow solver routine. The required memory for the adjoint sensitivity code is greatly reduced at the cost of the computational time by allowing the large banded flux jacobian matrix unassembled. Direct sensitivity code results are found to be exactly coincident with sensitivity derivatives obtained by the finite difference. Adjoint code results of a turbulent flow case show slight deviations from the exact results due to the limitation of the algebraic turbulence model in implementing the adjoint formulation. However, current adjoint sensitivity code yields much more accurate sensitivity derivatives than the adjoint code with the turbulence eddy viscosity being kept constant, which is a usual assumption for the prior researches.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.18
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• pp.233-240
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• 1998

In this study, ride sensitivity analysis of train with non-linear suspension elements is performed. Non-linear characteristics of springs and dampers for primary and secondary suspensions of a train is parameterized. Equation of motion of the train model is derived, and using the direct differentiation method, sensitivity equations are obtained. For a nominal ride quality performance index, sensitivity analysis with respect to various design parameters regarding non-linear suspension parameters is carried out.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.649-660
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mother's self-differentiation and marital conflict on child's behavior problems. For this purpose, the data were collected from 255 boys and 211 girls and their mothers using self-administered questionaire method by Amos 7.0 program. The results of the study was as follows: First, mother's self-differentiation had a negaitive direct effect on marital conflict. Secondly, marital conflict had a direct effect on boy's behavior problems only. Finally, mother's self-differentiation indirect effect on boy's behavior problems only.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1061-1071
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• 2018

From Xenopus embryo studies, the BMP4/Smad1-targeted gene circuit is a key signaling pathway for specifying the cell fate between the ectoderm and neuro-ectoderm as well as the ventral and dorsal mesoderm. In this context, several BMP4/Smad1 target transcriptional factors have been identified as repressors of the neuro-ectoderm. However, none of these direct target transcription factors in this pathway, including GATA1b, Msx1 and Ventx1.1 have yet been proven as direct repressors of early neuro-ectodermal gene expression. In order to demonstrate that Ventx1.1 is a direct repressor of neuro-ectoderm genes, a genome-wide Xenopus ChIP-Seq of Ventx1.1 was performed. In this study, we demonstrated that Ventx1.1 bound to the Ventx1.1 response cis-acting element 1 and 2 (VRE1 and VRE2) on the promoter for zic3, which is a key early neuro-ectoderm gene, and this Ventx1.1 binding led to repression of zic3 transcription. Site-directed mutagenesis of VRE1 and VRE2 within zic3 promoter completely abolished the repression caused by Ventx1.1. In addition, we found both the positive and negative regulation of zic3 promoter activity by FoxD5b and Xcad2, respectively, and that these occur through the VREs and via modulation of Ventx1.1 levels. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the BMP4/Smad1 target gene, Ventx1.1, is a direct repressor of neuro-ectodermal gene zic3 during early Xenopus embryogenesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.93-96
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• 2001

Design sensitivity is calculated in the sheet metal forming process with an elasto-plastic finite element analysis and a direct differentiation method The sensitivity analysis is concerned with the time integration the constitutive relation considering planar anisotropy, shell elements and the contact scheme. The present result is compared with the result obtained with the finite difference approach in deep drawing processes. The obtained sensitivity information is applied to the simple optimization process for the sheet metal forming process.