• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.199-215
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• 1992

Sources of organic waste materials for aerobic and/or anaerobic degradation, or for composting of solid wastes in Germany were estimated. The basic microbiology and the energetics of these processes were compared with special emphasis on anaerobic degradation, for which a general degradation scheme of carbohydrates is presented. Advantages of anaerobic over aerobic treatment processes are pointed out and conditions for maintaining a highly stable anaerobic process as well as producing a sanitized, hygienic product are discussed. Reactor systems suitable for efficient treatment of wastes with a high or low proportion of suspended solids are principally compared and results of laboratory studies on the degradation of several wastes and animal manures summarized. Finally, a piggery slurry treatment factory for an ultimate slurry processing to obtain a dry fertilizer and a harmless, disposable liquid, as it is in operation in Helmond/Holland, is presented and preliminary process data are presented.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• v.68
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• pp.350-354
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• 2018

Lifetime study of blue phosphorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes was carried out to understand the dominant degradation process during electrical operation of the devices. Doping concentration dependence of the phosphorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes was studied, which demonstrated long lifetime at low doping concentration in the phosphorescent devices and at high doping concentration in the thermally activated delayed fluorescent devices. Detailed mechanism study of the two devices described that triplet-triplet annihilation is the main degradation process of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes, whereas triplet-polaron annihilation is the key degradation factor of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent devices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2010

In the present study, the degradation characteristics of Lindane by Advanced Oxidation Processes(UV/$H_2O_2$, Photo-Fenton process) were studied. The degradation efficiency of Lindane in aqueous solution was investigated at various initial pH values, Fenton's reagent concentrations and initial concentrations of Lindane. GC-ECD was used to analyze lindane. Lindane has not been degraded without application of AOPs over two hours. But, approximately 5% of lindane was degraded with UV or $H_2O_2$ alone. Lindane with UV/$H_2O_2$ process showed approximately 7% higher removal efficiency than $H_2O_2$ process. In the UV/$H_2O_2$ process, the pH values did not affect the removal efficiency. The optimal mole ratio of $H_2O_2/Fe^{2+}$ for lindane degradation is about 1.0 in Photo-Fenton process. Also, the experimental results showed that lindane removal efficiency increased with the decrease of initial concentration of lindane. Under the same conditions, the order lindane of removal efficiency is as following : Photo-Fenton process > UV/$H_2O_2$ process > $H_2O_2$ process. In addition, intermediate products were identified by GC-MS techniques. Than PCCH(Pentachlorocyclohexene) was identified as a reaction intermediate of the Photo-Fenton process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2024

This paper aims to study the degradation process for refractory azo dye namely Reactive Black 5(RB5) by potassium ferrate(VI) synthesized using the wet oxidation method. The process of degradation of azo dyes by Ferrate was studied with several parameters such as pH, different Ferrate(VI) dosage, different azo dye initial concentration, and temperature. A second-order reaction was observed in all degradation processes for RB5 having the highest degradation efficiency. The highest k_app value of RB5 degradation was 190.49 M^-1s^-1. In the pH experiments, the neutral condition has been identified as the optimum condition for the degradation of RB5 with 63.2% of dye removal. The efficiency of degradation also depends on the amount of ferrate(VI) available in the reactor. Degradation efficiency increased with an increase in Potassium Ferrate(VI) dosage or a decrease of RB5 initial concentration. The temperature has been reported as one of the most important parameters. From the results, increasing the temperature(up to 45℃) will increase the degradation efficiency of azo dye by Ferrate(VI) and if the temperature exceeds 45℃, the degradation efficiency will be decreased.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.561-564
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• 1998

This paper describes a performance degradation of static type input buffer due to the device degradation in menory devices using $0.8\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS process. experimental results shows that the degradation of MOS device affects the Trip Point shift in static type input buffer. We have performed the spice simulation and calculated the Trip Point with model parameter and measurement data so that how much the Trip Point(VLT) variate.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.433-436
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• 1998

Hot carrier induceed the performance degradation of sense amplifier circuit in DRAM has been measured and analyzed using 0.8.mu.m CMOS process. Simulation and experimental results show that the degradation of the MOS devices affects the decrease of the half-Vcc, voltage gain and the increase of the sensing voltage gain and the increase of the sensing voltage. The dominant degradation mechanism is the capacitance imblance in the bit-line pair. We carried out the spice simulation to investigate the degradation of the sense amplifier circuit.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.601-613
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• 2000

Existing models for the shear strength degradation of reinforced concrete members present varied conceptual approaches to interpreting test data. The relative superiority of one approach over the others is difficult to determine, particularly given the sparseness of ideal test data. Nevertheless, existing models are compared using a suite of test data that were used for the development of one such model, and significant differences emerge. Rather than relying purely on column test data, the body of knowledge concerning degradation of concrete as a material is considered. Confined concrete relations are examined to infer details of the degradation process, and to establish a framework for developing phenomenologically-based models for shear strength degradation in reinforced concrete members. The possibility of linking column shear strength degradation with material degradation phenomena is explored with a simple model. The model is applied to the results of 7 column tests, and it is found that such a link is sustainable. It is expected that models founded on material degradation phenomena will be more reliable and more broadly applicable than the current generation of empirical shear strength degradation models.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.153-161
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• 2018

Imbalance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is known to cause cellular malfunction, cell death, and diseases. Elaborate regulation of protein synthesis and degradation is one of the important processes in maintaining normal cellular functions. Protein degradation pathways in eukaryotes are largely divided into proteasome-mediated degradation and lysosome-mediated degradation. Proteasome is a multisubunit complex that selectively degrades 80% to 90% of cellular proteins. Proteasome-mediated degradation can be divided into 26S proteasome (20S proteasome + 19S regulatory particle) and free 20S proteasome degradation. In 1980, it was discovered that during ubiquitination process, wherein ubiquitin binds to a substrate protein in an ATP-dependent manner, ubiquitin acts as a degrading signal to degrade the substrate protein via proteasome. Conversely, 20S proteasome degrades the substrate protein without using ATP or ubiquitin because it recognizes the oxidized and structurally modified hydrophobic patch of the substrate protein. To date, most studies have focused on protein degradation via 26S proteasome. This review describes the 26S/20S proteasomal pathway of protein degradation and discusses the potential of proteasome as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment as well as against diseases caused by abnormalities in the proteolytic system.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.305-309
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• 2014

When sunlight irradiates a boron-doped p-type solar cell, the formation of BsO2i decreases the power-conversion efficiency in a phenomenon named light-induced degradation (LID). In this study, we used boron-doped p-type Cz-Si solar cells to monitor this degradation process in relation to irradiation wavelength, intensity and duration of the light source, and investigated the reliability of the LID effects, as well. When halogen light irradiated a substrate, the LID rate increased more rapidly than for irradiation with xenon light. For different intensities of halogen light (e.g., 1 SUN and 0.1 SUN), a lower-limit value of LID showed a similar trend in each case; however, the rate reached at the intensity of 0.1 SUN was three times slower than that at 1 SUN. Open-circuit voltage increased with increasing duration of irradiation because the defect-formation rate of LID was slow. Therefore, we suppose that sufficient time is needed to increase LID defects. After a recovery process to restore the initial value, the lower-limit open-circuit voltage exhibited during the re-degradation process showed a trend similar to that in the first degradation process. We suggest that the proportion of the LID in boron-doped p-type Cz-Si solar cells has high correlation with the normalized defect concentrations (NDC) of BsO2i. This can be calculated using the extracted minority-carrier diffusion-length with internal quantum efficiency (IQE) analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2013

Purpose: This paper presents a method to evaluate the stockpile reliability of propelling charge for performance and storage safety with storage time. Methods: We consider a performance failure level is the amount of muzzle velocity drop which is the maximum allowed standard deviation multiplied by 6. The lifetime for performance is estimated by non-linear regression analysis. The state failure level is assumed that the content of stabilizer is below 0.2%. Because the degradation of stabilizer with storage time has both distribution of state and distribution of lifetime, it must be evaluated by stochastic process method such as gamma process. Results: It is estimated that the lifetime for performance is 59 years. The state distribution at each storage time can be shown from probability density function of degradation. It is estimated that the average lifetime as $B_{50}$ life is 33 years from cumulative failure distribution function curve. Conclusion: The lifetime for storage safety is shorter than for performance and we must consider both the lifetime for storage safety and the lifetime performance because of variation of degradation rate.