• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
• /
• v.1 no.1 s.1
• /
• pp.155-178
• /
• 2001

As is well known, logical positivists held the theory-independent of observation thesis(TIOT). On the other hand, the theories following the logical positivism typically represented by Hanson and Kuhn denied that there was a clear borderline between observation and theory, and held the theory-ladenness of observation thesis(TLOT). In order to mediate those theses I shall suggest a natural epistemic attitude (NEA) to the relation between theory and observation on the basis of the experimentalism. First, I discuss theories of Hanson and Kuhn as examples of views which profess TLOT. Then, I make a brief introduction of experimentalism and some critical discussions about TLOT follow from a point of the experimentalism: TLOT faces considerable counter-examples such as cases, 'observation precedes theory' and 'the combination of wrong theory and right observation'. I introduce a distinction between the guiding theory and the target theory in experimental situations and illustrate that TLOT loses its alleged power if we consider the distinction. Lastly, I suggest NEA, as conclusion of the paper, which can mediate among TIOT, TLOT, and experimentalism and takes a minimal ontology.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.55-74
• /
• 2024

Objectives: This study reviewed the status of adverse event (AE) reporting in VigiAccess using anti-obesity agents as examples and explored the possibility of its use and future challenges. Methods: AE reports related to some representative drugs among herbal medicines (HMs), complex HM prescriptions, ingredients of supplements, and over-the-counter and prescription medicines were investigated using VigiAccess on February 1, 2024. Results: AE reports on prescription drugs were overwhelmingly higher than those on HMs or supplements. Although most reports were submitted from North America, reports on Ephedra sinica and green tea extract (GTE) were more from Asia and Europe, respectively. The female population reported more, and the difference in the sex ratio was the smallest for Ephedra spp. The age group was concentrated on young adults, but many older patients reported GLP-1 receptor agonist-related AEs. Symptoms related to the gastrointestinal and nervous systems were most commonly reported, but mental and cardiac disorders were common in Ephedra-type HMs. Hepatobiliary disorders are also commonly found in GTE-related reports. Conclusions: VigiAccess was useful for easily checking the global status of AE reporting for prescription drugs. However, several limitations were observed in using VigiAccess for HMs because of the few reports. Thus, it is necessary to increase the number of reports by education and to promote AE reporting among HM prescribers and users. The full range of HMs should be included in the pharmacovigilance system, and the coding and classification of HMs should be revised.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate culinary arts and hospitality students' food safety practice behaviors, intentions, attitudes, and barriers to food safety compliance. This descriptive study used the self-report questionnaire. The convenience sample was composed of 266 college students majoring in culinary arts and hospitality. The students indicated that they never or rarely use a thermometer to determine if meats have been adequately cooked. Examples of positive food handling behaviors were hand washing, sanitation of fruits and vegetables, discarding of food past its expiration date, counter top sanitation, and proper food storage. Students strongly agreed it is their responsibility to practice food safety and to educate their employees about food safety. The primary barrier to proper food safety as ranked by student respondents is the misunderstanding about food labeling. Previous food safety education and internship experience appeared to improve the student respondents' perceived attitudes toward following the principles of food safety practices (p < 0.05), although behaviors and intentions to use the correct food safety practices were not affected. The findings of this study suggest that programs should consider integrating information and experiential learning opportunities in their courses that would be enhance student understanding about food safety. The outcomes of this study can be applied to develop food safety education materials and programs for culinary arts and hospitality students.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.1083-1103
• /
• 2013

The concepts of reversible, right duo, and Armendariz rings are known to play important roles in ring theory and they are independent of one another. In this note we focus on a concept that can unify them, calling it a right Armendarizlike ring in the process. We first find a simple way to construct a right Armendarizlike ring but not Armendariz (reversible, or right duo). We show the difference between right Armendarizlike rings and strongly right McCoy rings by examining the structure of right annihilators. For a regular ring R, it is proved that R is right Armendarizlike if and only if R is strongly right McCoy if and only if R is Abelian (entailing that right Armendarizlike, Armendariz, reversible, right duo, and IFP properties are equivalent for regular rings). It is shown that a ring R is right Armendarizlike, if and only if so is the polynomial ring over R, if and only if so is the classical right quotient ring (if any). In the process necessary (counter)examples are found or constructed.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.31-49
• /
• 2002

An R$^{n}$ -geometry (P$^{n}$ , L) is a generalization of the Euclidean geometry on R$^{n}$ (see Def. 1.1). We can consider some topologies (see Def. 2.2) on the line set L such that the join operation V : P$^{n}$ $\times$ P$^{n}$ \ $\Delta$ longrightarrow L is continuous. It is a notable fact that in the case n = 2 the introduced topologies on L are same and the join operation V : P$^2$ $\times$ P$^2$ \ $\Delta$ longrightarrow L is continuous and open [10, 11]. It is a fundamental topological property of plane geometry, but in the cases n $\geq$ 3, it is no longer true. There are counter examples [2]. Hence, it is a fundamental problem to find suitable topologies on the line set L in an R$^{n}$ -geometry (P$^{n}$ , L) such that these topologies are compatible with the incidence structure of (P$^{n}$ , L). Therefore, we need to study the topologies of the line set L in an R$^{n}$ -geometry (P$^{n}$ , L). In this paper, the relations of such topologies on the line set L are studied.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
• /
• v.18C no.5
• /
• pp.287-292
• /
• 2011

Using an expanded DES key, we suggest a block cipher algorithm to generate and to use a variable P box. We also present an efficient way for the implementation of variable P box at each round. Using counter examples on Differential Cryptanalysis(DC) and Linear Cryptanalysis(LC), we show that the suggested algorithm is strong enough to overcome those attacks. Compared with the real key bits of triple DES(3DES), the new algorithm is much safer in the points of the exhaustive attack. The results of computer simulations show that the new algorithm is almost 3 times faster than 3DES regarding the cipher process time.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.5.1-5.9
• /
• 2012

Small peptide tags such as c-myc, HA, or FLAG tag have facilitated efficient Western-blotting of proteins of interest especially when specific antibodies for the proteins are not available. However, the conventional Western-blotting requires the multi-steps process taking at least several hours up to two days. With examples of various applications, here we show a convenient and time-saving method for protein detection which employs a fluorescent chemical BDED and its binding peptide RC-tag. And we propose "Estern staining", as a standard term for protein detection method using fluorescent chemicals and their binding small peptide tags. Eastern staining may substitutes for the time-consuming "immuno-staining" in many versatile applications.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.46.3-47
• /
• 2018

We present a general N-body exasolar system simulator in anticipation of upcoming searches for exoplanets and even exomoons by next generation telescopes such as James Webb Space Telescope. For habitable zones, traditionally defined by temperature, we here address the essential problem of dynamical stability of planetary orbits. Illustrative examples are presented on P-type orbits in stellar binary systems, that should be fairly common as in Kepler 16b. Specific attention is paid to reduced orbital lifetimes of exoplanets in the habitable zone by the stellar binary, that is propoesed by Maurice van Putten (2017). Especially, we focused on a classic work of complex three-body problem that is well known by Dvorak(1986). We charge his elliptic restricted three-body problem to extend unrestricted three-body problem to look into dynamical motions in view of circumbinary planet, furthermore, we suggest that opposite angular orientation of the planet is relative to the stability of orbits. In here, counter-rotation case is relatively more faster than co-rotation case for being stable. As a result, we find that various initial conditions and thresholds to approach dynamical stability and unstability with unexpectable isolated islands over enormous parameter space. Even, superkeplerian effect of binary is important to habitability of the exoplanet and we can verify that superfaster binary doesn't effect on th planet and increases survivality of planet around the binary.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.365-382
• /
• 2003

This study intends to develope and apply mathematical activities for gifted students. According to the Polya's research and Krutetskii's study, mathematical activities were developed and observed. The activities were aimed at discovery of Euler's theorem through exploration of soccer ball at first. After the repeated application and reflection, the aim and the main activities were changed to the exploration of soccer ball itself and about related mathematical facts. All the students actively participated in the activities, proposed questions need to be proved, disproved by counter examples during the fourth program. Also observation, conjectures, inductive arguments played a prominent role.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.322-329
• /
• 2001

A study of the shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction is presented. The focus of the study is the interactions of the shock waves with the turbulent boundary layer on the falt plate. Three examples are investigated. The computations are performed, using mixed explicit-implicit generalized Galerkin finite element method. The linear equations at each time step are solved by a preconditioned GMRES algorithm. Numerical results indicate that the implicit scheme converges to the asymptotic steady state much faster than the explicit counterpart. The computed surface pressures and skin friction coefficients display good agreement with experimental data. The flowfield manifests a complex shock wave system and a pair of counter-rotating vortices.