• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.448-453
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• 2011

본 연구는 학교주변에서 유통되는 어린이기호식품 중 빙과류, 음료류, 캔디류를 대상으로 인공감미료 4종(삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스)의 사용실태와 사용량을 분석하였다. 이에 따른 어린이의 일일추정섭취량 (Estimated Daily Intake, EDl)을 산출하여 일일섭취허용량 (Acceptable Daily Intake, ADI)과 비교함으로써 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 어린이기호식품 섭취에 대한 인공감미료 4종의 함량을 분석한 결과, 빙과류, 음료류, 캔디류의 평균 함량은 삭카린나트륨의 경우 각각 0.41, 0.47, 0.00 mg/kg, 아스파탐은 0.00, 20.54, 197.09 mg/kg, 아세설팜칼륨은 0.00, 28.10, 0.00 mg/kg, 수크랄로스는 9.99, 1.40, 0.00 mg/kg으로 나타났다. 섭취량 분석 결과, 그 수준이 평균적으로 매우 낮고 상위섭취군(95th)에서도 ADI의 0~2.66%에 불과한 것으로 나타나 어린이기호식품 섭취에 따른 어린이의 인공감미료에 대한 위해성 수준은 매우 낮은 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

Objectives : We supposed that identifying the influencing factors on DMFT index in the primary school children in Pocheon be indispensible for the primary school children's oral health program establishment in Pocheon. So, to prepare the basic materials for the primary school children's oral health program establishment in Pocheon, we analyzed the associated factors which could have an influence on the primary school children's DMFT index in Pocheon. Methods : We selected 3,676 primary school children in Pocheon, whose age were from 6 to 11, and surveyed those children by a questionnaire and the oral examination based on WHO's oral health survey method. Data were analyzed with a $x^2$-test and multiple regression analysis using SPSS $15.0^{(R)}$. Results : The results of oral survey in the primary school children in Pocheon revealed as follows: DMFT index, National Health Oral health survey of 2006 people nationwide in the results when compared to younger grade children and older grade in the low and the higher. Subjective oral health awareness, high of viscosity junk food snacks, fruit, gender, dental visits and humidity, oral health education classes, including the variable of attitude was 6(p<0.05). Their higher awareness of dental health, oral health education classes ever the more positive attitude to DMFT index was statistically significant(p<0.05). Solid in the habit of eating junk food snacks to the students of a liquid relative to student intake was higher DMFT index indices(p<0.05). Conclusions : We could reason that one's oral health recognition and behavior should have a relationship with his(her) DMFT index.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.37-50
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• 1986

A nutrition survey of 128 perschool children, 4 to 6 years old, in the Saemaul Youlgok day care center, located in one uplane, overpolulated, poor area of the city of Seoul, sponsered by the Korean Red Cross Society, was undertaken between August 21 and 31, 1984, to investigate dietary and nutritional status. RESULTS: Mean values of height, weight, arm circumference, girth of chest, and head circumference ranged from 95 to 100% of KIST mean. However, 4.8~14.2% of the subjects were assessed as undernourished in terms of 'weight for height'. Mean hemoglobin vcalue was 12.1±0.7gm%, and mean hematocrit value was 38.5±2.2%; 4.1% of the subjects were proven to be anemic according to the criterion of hemoglobin established by the ICNND. Mean urinary urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio was 11.4±3.8. Regarding mean energy and nutrient intake, the following percentages had intakes below two-thirds of the 1985 RDAs: 28.8% of children, for protein; 48.8% of children, for iron; and 28.8% of children, for calcium. About 25% of children had vitamin A intake below one-third of the recommended allowance. Carbohydrate provided 71% of total energy intake; protein accounted for 13%; fat provided 16%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in a percentage ration of 19:26:21:34. The lunch, and snacks which were served at the day care center provided 36.5~79.1% of daily energy and nutrient intake. The survey clarified that the day care feding largely supplemented the inadequate dietary intakes of these young children at home. According to factor analysis of energy and nutrient intake, there were two factor groups : the first factor group, for energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron and niacin, mainly provided by grains; and the second factor group, for calcium, vitamin A, thamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid, provided by vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products. The survey also revealed significant correlation coefficients between family factors such as family income, educational level of parents, and number of children; and dietary or nutritional status of the subjects.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary behaviors, eating habits, and nutrient intakes of elementary students with atopic dermatitis. Dietary conditions during infancy, dietary regularity, dietary behaviors, eating habits, and daily nutrient intakes were surveyed and compared between children with (WAD) and without (WOAD) atopic dermatitis using the 24-hr recall method. The ratio of children who responded 'I eat regular meals' was significantly lower in the WAD compared to WOAD group (76.4% vs. 81.7%, p<0.05). The ratio of children who answered 'I eat processed foods or fast foods more than once a week' (p<0.01) and 'I take nutritional supplements' (p<0.001) was significantly higher in the WAD compared to WOAD group. The scores for 'I eat milk and its products everyday' (1.4 vs. 1.5, p<0.05), 'I eat dishes fried or stirred with oil more than twice a week' (2.0 vs. 2.1, p<0.05), and 'I eat snacks such as ice cream, cake, snacks, carbonated beverages more than twice a week' (1.9 vs. 2.0, p<0.05) were significantly lower in the WAD group than in the WOAD group. Daily energy intakes were 1,859.1 kcal and 1,829.5 kcal in WAD and WOAD children, respectively, with no significant difference. However, daily intakes of fat (p<0.05), phosphorus (p<0.05), and vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.05) in WAD children were significantly higher than in WOAD children. To sum up, elementary students with atopic dermatitis had irregular eating habits and higher intake frequency of processed or fast foods, milk and its products, dishes fried or stirred with oil, and snacks compared to normal children. Dietary guidance and nutritional education are required to improve irregular eating habits and induce adequate nutrient intakes in children with atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.298-305
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eating habits and social behavior of preschool children. Six hundred twenty seven children ranging in age from 4 to 7 and their mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing the children's eating habits and kindergarten teachers were asked to rate the social behavior of their preschool children. The eating habits of children positively correlated to those of their mothers, primarily in meal regularity, breakfast frequency, unbalanced meals, overeating, eating delivery food and food preferences. The results showed that 33% of preschool children always had unbalanced meals and 50% sometimes had them. Children who had ice cream, cake, carbonated drinks or cookies as snacks more often, tend to have meals irregularly because they favored sweets and were possibly induced to have unbalanced meals. Sixty five percent of the children were graded as good in terms of having healthy eating habits and had good social behavior. The results indicate that the eating habits of children are related to problem behavior, especially social withdrawal and anxiety. That is, children who have undesirable eating habits are likely to be anxious or socially withdrawn.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2013

The food choices in childhood have high a probability of being carried through into their adulthood life, which then contributes to the risk of many non-communicable diseases. Therefore, there is a need to gather some information about children's views on foods which may influence their food choices for planning a related dietary intervention or programme. This paper aimed to explore the views of children on foods and the types of foods which are usually consumed by children under four food groups (snacks, fast foods, cereals and cereal products; and milk and dairy products) by using focus group discussions. A total of 33 school children aged 7-9 years old from Selangor and Kuala Lumpur participated in the focus groups. Focus groups were audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed according to the listed themes. The outcomes show that the children usually consumed snacks such as white bread with spread or as a sandwich, local cakes, fruits such as papaya, mango and watermelon, biscuits or cookies, tea, chocolate drink and instant noodles. Their choices of fast foods included pizza, burgers, French fries and fried chicken. For cereal products, they usually consumed rice, bread and ready-to-eat cereals. Finally, their choices of dairy products included milk, cheese and yogurt. The reasons for the food liking were taste, nutritional value and the characteristics of food. The outcome of this study may provide additional information on the food choices among Malaysian children, especially in urban areas with regard to the food groups which have shown to have a relationship with the risk of childhood obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.353-364
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• 2008

In this study elementary school children's food purchasing and consumer competency for a healthier diet were compared by their attitude toward the meal management. The subjects were 779 sixth grade elementary school children (417 boys and 362 girls) in Busan. They were classified into three groups: 'High' was composed of 226 subjects who had more than the mean +1/2 SD of attitude toward the meal management; 'Medium' was composed of 343 subjects who had the mean ${\pm}1/2$SD; and 'Low' was composed of 210 subjects who had the less than the mean -1/2 SD. The results were as follows. The high group had less pocket money than the low group, and thought that their allowances were adequate to their needs. They also had a habit of entering amounts into an account book. The children in the low group purchased mostly snacks without making or practicing a budget. The high group purchased yogurt, fruit, or bread as snacks more frequently than the low group. More children checked the nutrient facts on the package in high group than in the low group. There were no significant differences in the consumer's knowledge of a healthy diet among the groups; but there were significant differences in the consumer's skill, and the consumer's attitude toward a healthy diet among the groups. The high group had higher skills and more positive attitudes than the low group. This research suggests that education can elevate interest and can help develop more positive attitudes toward healthy diets among children. The education can help them to develop planned food purchasing habits, and improve their consumer competency for a healthy diet.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.182-185
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• 2011

본 연구는 학교 주변에서 판매되고 있는 어린이기호식품의 정확한 실태 파악과 위해분석을 통하여 어린이 기호식품의 적절한 관리방안을 마련하기 위해 수행되었다. 현재 학교 주변에서 판매되고 있는 과자류, 캔디류, 초콜릿류, 빙과류, 음료류의 어린이기호식품 총 598종을 구매하여 시료로 사용하였으며, 미생물학적 위해요소(일반세균, 진균, 대장균군, 대장균, Bacillus cereus)에 대해 식품공전법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 과자류는 일반세균, 진균이 각각 2.69, 2.65 $log_{10}$ CFU/g 이하 수준으로 검출되었고 검출율은 각각 54.55, 62.12%이었다. 파자 1개 제품에서 Bacillus cereus가 검출되었으나(1.39 $log_{10}$ CFU/g), 법적 허용기준(3 log) 이하였다. 캔디류는 일반세균, 진균이 각각 최대 2.86, 3.36$log_{10}$ CFU/g 검출되었고 검출율은 각각 46, 8%였다. 초콜릿류는 일반세균, 진균이 각각 최대 2.52, 1.87 $log_{10}$ CFU/g 검출 되었고, 검출율은 각각 33, 22%로 나타났다. 빙과류와 음료류는 일반세균이 각각 최대 3.39, 1.35 log10CFU/mL 검출되었고, 검출율은 각각 82, 5%였으며, 빙과류 1개 제품에서 대장균군이 1.00 $log_{10}$ CFU/mL 수준으로 검출되었다. 본 연구결과, 시판되는 모든 어린이 기호식품이 미생물기준에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 대부분의 학교 주변 어린이기호식품 판매점이 보관 온도나 취급조건 등을 갖추지 못한 채 제품이 유통, 판매되어지기 때문에 어린이기호식품에 대한 지속적인 미생물 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.515-526
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• 2003

The object of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eating habits of high(4th, 5th, 6th) grade elementary school students and parental behavior characteristics(affection, rational guidance, overprotect and neglect). The parenting behavior scale and demographic variables, eating habits and food frequency were administered to the subjects. In this investigation, the subjects were 396 boys and 337 girls in Chunju city in Korea, 50.1% of the mothers was in the age from 35 to 39 years and 57.8% of the mother had an occupation. Data were analyzed by using a SPSS PS package. Significant differences and correlation among variables were determined by the frequency, $x^2-test$ and pearson's correlation coefficient. Eating habits was significantly influenced by mother's employment status, but was not affected by the levels of mother's education and income. Parental behavior characteristics was significantly related to the children's snacks habits(p<0.05, p<0.01), but have no connection with dietary habits and the eating out. The survey revealed higher percentage of the children who had taken affectionate, reasonable and positively reinforced child care, answered they enjoy meals and the other groups answered they did not. Also frequency of having soup, green vegetables, fruits, dairy products had positive relationship with affective, reasonable rearing attitude, but negative relationship with neglective rearing attitude. And the survey showed children who were reared in overprotect had chocolate, candy and the like in large quantities.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.644-652
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• 2007

본 연구는 초등학교 $5{\sim}6$학년 아동의 식품군의 섭취 횟수 및 활동량을 조사하여 2005년 한국영양학회의 영양 섭취 기준에 따른 식사 구성안의 식품군 일일 권장 섭취 횟수와 비교하였으며, 또한 질병 가족력이 있는 아동의 식품군 섭취 횟수, 비만도, 활동량 등을 분석하여 질병 위험 요인을 조사하였다. 1. 남아의 경우 83.2% 정상 체중, 7.4% 경도 비만, 7.4% 중등도 비만, 2% 고도 비만으로 나타났고, 여아는 89.9% 정상 체중, 6.2% 경도 비만, 3.5% 중등도 비만, 0.5% 고도 비만으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 남아의 54%가 일일 $1{\sim}2$시간의 신체 활동을 하는 반면 여아의 대부분(80%)은 일일 1시간 미만의 신체 활동을 하는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 2. 성별에 따른 식품군 섭취 횟수는 채소군 에서만 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며(p<0.05), 일일 권장 섭취 횟수에 대한 순응도는 곡류군($4{\sim}5$회/일)에서 가장 높았으며, 어육류 군과 우유 군의 경우 순응도가 매우 낮았다. 성별에 따른 일일 고지방 스낵 섭취 횟수에는 차이가 없었으나(남아 32%, 여아 34%), 일일 고당질 스낵 섭취 횟수에는 유의적인 차이가 있었다(남아 24%, 여아 34% p<0.05). 3. 비만 가족력이 있는 아동의 경우 가족력이 없는 아동에 비해 비만 아동이 많았으며(p<0.05), 고당질 스낵(p<0.05)이나 고지방 스낵(p<0.05)을 매일 섭취하는 비율도 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 조사된 주요 식품군 중 채소군과 고혈압 가족력의 상관성(p<0.05)을 제외하고는 생활습관병 가족력 유무에 따른 주요식품군 섭취에 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 우리나라는 날로 생활 습관병의 발병율이 높아지고 있으며, 그로 인한 경제적인 손실도 증가하고 있다. 생활 습관병은 일단 발병하면 치유가 어려우므로 미리 예방하는 것이 최선의 방법이다. 생활 습관병의 위험요인 중 식생활 및 신체 활동습관은 우리의 의지로 조절이 가능하며 초등학교 5, 6학년은 특히 본인의 의지에 의해 식품을 선택할 수 있는 시기이므로 이 시기의 효과적인 영양교육은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 다양한 식품을 선택하고 균형 있는 식생활을 위한 영양섭취 기준과 식사 구성안에 대한 영양 교육이 필요하며, 특히 당뇨병이나 비만 가족력이 있는 아동에 대한 체계적인 건강 및 영양 관리가 한국인의 생활 습관병의 발병 위험을 줄이는데 도움이 될 것으로 사려된다.