• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 2002

A mixed forest community of broad-leaved trees in Guryongsan area was studied to determine the adequate number of plots of tree and shrub strata for investigating forest community structure. Fifteen 10m$\times$10m plots were set up in the tree stratum and fifteen 5m$\times$5m plots were set up in the shrub stratum. Species-area curves and performance curves were made from vegetation analysis of the plots. In tree stratum, the minimum number of plots where a given percentage increase in number of plots produced less than the same percentage in number of species was five. In tree stratum, minimum number of plots where a given percentage increase in nuts her of plots produced less than the half of the percentage increase in number of species was ten. In tree stratum, minimum number of plots where the dominant species was distinguished from the subdominant species was four In tree stratum. minimum number of plots where the subdominant species were distinguished from each other was eight. In tree stratum, the difference of species diversity(H') between seven or more plots and total fifteen plots was less than 0.05 Similarity index was more than 80% between aye or more plots and total fifteen plots, and more than 90% between nine or more plots and total fifteen plots. In shrub stratum, the minimum number of plots where a given percentage increase in number of plots produced less than the same percentage in number of species was five . In shrub stratum, the minimum number of plots where a given percentage increase in number of plots produced less than the half of the percentage increase in number of species was twelve. In shrub stratum. minimum number of plots where the dominant species was distinguished from the subdominant species was four. In shrub stratum, the minimum number of plots where the subdominant species were distinguished from each other was thirteen. In shrub stratum, the difference of species diversity(H') between six or more plots and total fifteen plots was less than 0.05. Similarity index was more than 80% between five or more plots and total fifteen plots, and more than 90% between nine or more plots and total fifteen plots. It may be given as a conclusion that adequate number of 10m$\times$10m plots for the tree stratnm was about 5 in general acse and 10 in case of requiring more accuracy, and that the adequate number of 5m$\times$5m plots for ahrub stratum was about 5 in general case and 13 in case of requiring more accuracy.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.60-69
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• 2018

Background: This study was conducted from March 2011 to February 2013 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value by examining the organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Quercus glauca forest, evergreen oak community at Seonheul-Gotjawal, Jeju Island. Results: The amount of organic carbon distribution was $124.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $132.63ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012 for aboveground biomass. And it was $31.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $33.16ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012 for belowground biomass. In total, the amount of organic carbon distribution in plants was 155.63 and $165.79ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2011 and 2012 respectively, the amount of organic carbon distribution was 3.61 and $6.39ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the forest floor and it was 78.89 and $100.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the soil. As shown, most carbon was distributed in plants. Overall, the amount of organic carbon distribution of the Q. glauca forest was $238.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $272.89ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012. In 2011, the amount of organic carbon fixed in plants through photosynthesis (NPP) was $14.22ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$ and the amount of carbon emission of soil respiration was $16.77ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$. The net ecosystem production (NEP) absorbed by the Q. glauca forest from the atmosphere was $5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The carbon storage value based on such organic carbon distribution was estimated about $23.81mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $27.29mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012, showing an annual increment of carbon storage value by $3.48mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$. The carbon absorption value based on such NEP was estimated about $500,000won\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2007

To provide the basic data essential for developing varieties of broad-leaved tree, the study investigated the utmost growth requirement for the growth characteristic and biomass production in accordance with planting density of Styrax obassia. The planting density of seedling can be a significant factor in contributing growth of seedling for tree growing in general. While growth of tree according to $1m^2$ planting density of Styrax obassia showed an excellent growth in tree height and the root collar diameter from $49no./m^2$, those low planting density showed decreased tendency with tree height growth while increasing the root collar diameter growth. As similar to the growth characteristic, the biomass production showed significant and statistic difference in $49no./m^2$, showing high volume of biomass production which is $3.12{\pm}0.80g$ compare to other processing section and high figure with T/R ratio which is 1.59. The special trait of photosynthetic also showed relatively high photosynthetic rate in $49no./m^2\;and\;64no./m^2$ of Styrax obassia and as the density increase, photosynthetic efficiency decreased. The plant showed stable and physiological planting pattern, displaying the best photosynthetic rate, which was the final metabolism through reserving proper space in the growth and development environment condition. This obstacle of required space essential for growth substantially deteriorated planting and ultimately, it demonstrated lower tendency of photosynthetic rate, which is the highest level of metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.296-307
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• 2016

Ecological restoration is an eco-technology, which heals the nature damaged by human activity by imitating organization and function of the integrate nature and thereby provide an inhabitable space for diverse organisms. Such an ecological restoration has to be carried out by applying restoration plan prepared based on the results of diagnostic evaluation discussed in the diversified respects. This study aims to prepare an ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Moodeung National Park. To arrive at the goal, first of all, we diagnosed quality of forest landscape established in Mt. Moodeung National Park based on natural (topography, climate, and distribution of vegetation) and artificial (land use, linear landscape element) factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by linear landscape element quantitatively based on geometric property and land use intensity. As the result of analysis, topography of Mt. Moodeung National Park tended to be depended on weathering property of parent rock and vegetation zones were divided to three vegetation zones. Based on land use pattern, deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen needle-leaved forest, and mixed forest occupied about 90% of Mt. Moodeung National Park. Mean score of forest landscape quality was shown in $69.86{\pm}11.41$. As a result, forest landscape elements in Mt. Moodeung National Park were influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on topographic condition. This study suggested the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Moodeung National Park based on the results of diagnostic evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2007

Forest vegetation types and growth characteristics of Seongin-bong at Ulleung Island in Korea were studied by using importance values, distributions of diameter classes, and annual growth analysis. Vegetation types were classified into 7 groups. The number of existing woody plant and herbaceous plant species varied from 17 to 21 species per $100m^2$. In case of life-forms importance values, woody and herbs showed average values of 47% and 53% across 5 groups. But in Tsuga sieboldii-Pinus parviflora and Fague engleriana- Taxus cuspidata var. latifolia groups, woody importance values were 68% and 54%, respectively. Diameter classes in most stand types were regularly distributed and showed continuous growth in annual diameter growth. from these results, this site is expected to maintain a stable vegetation structure continuously. F. engleriana, which forms major species in this site, showed 0.46-0.62 cm in annual average diameter growth. The annual average diameter growth of broad-leaved tree species was 0.2-0.6 cm, while the growth rate of T. sieboldii and P. parviflora was 0.38 cm and that of T. cuspidata var, latifolia was below 0.1 cm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 1999

To propose basic information for natural resource management and conservation strategy of Schisan-dra nigra Maxim., its habitat environment and vegetation structure of forest communities growing the species was investigated. Fourteen plots (each plot size 400 $m^2$) were set up at the distributed area of Cheju island, southern part of Korea. S. nigra is the economic useful species that scatteringly grows at 850~920 m in the western part, at 660~710 m in the northern part and at 750~1,250 m in the southern part of Mt. Halla. The community of S. nigra in Mt. Halla is the mixed secondary forest of pine and broad leaved trees that are mainly composed of Pinus densif1ora, Quercus serrata, Styrax japonica, Lin-dera erythrocarpa and Carpinus laxiflora. The density in a main distribution sector of S. nigra appears in the range of 3~39 individuals per each 20$\times$20 m plot. The distribution patterns by Morisita's Index showed that S. nigra was distributed randomly in all of the stands. The association analysis showed that the following tree species were positively associated with S. nigra. In other words, the following trees were appeared to require the same ecological niche together with S. nigra: Lindera erythrocarpa, Cornus waltri, Acer mono, and Styrax japonica.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2008

To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Bukhansanseong to Insubong in Bukhansan National park, 16 plost$(2500m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-Mixed Broad leaved community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica community was classified (or communities were classified) by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica were found as a major woody plant species in Bukhansan National park region. High positive correlation were proved between Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron; Quercus mongolica and Rhus tricocarpa; Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron schlippenbachi; Symplocos chinensis and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Magnolia sieboldii, and relatively high negative correlation was proved between Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Juniperus rigid a and Acer pseudosieboldianum; Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.236\sim1.319$ and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2002

In order to clarify the species composition, distribution and habitat of the Korean wild Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia communities, that are so expected as a useful resource plant, an investigation was carried out according to phytosociological method on Mts. Hambaek, Ilwol, Sobaek, Juwang and Gaya in Korea. In the present study, we made an attempt to elucidate the autecological characteristics of the wild Pyrus species by synecological approach. As a result, the forests including the Pyrus species were divided into the two associations and two communities, considering the existing vegetation units for the forest; Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae, Corylo-Quercetum mongozicae, Ainsziaea acerifolia- Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Pyrus ussuriensis community. Among the units, the Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae and the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae belong to southern type and middile-northern type, respectively, in their distributional type. It is inferred that the wild Pyrus species are distributed preferably in the deciduous forest zone in Korea, compared to the other forest zones. In particular the Pyrus species are present alone or dominantly in only both the tree layer or subtree layer of the forests, reflecting their shade intolerance ecophysiologically. Thus they usually were distributed in SE or SW of slope aspect. Generally the canopy of the forests including the Pyrus species was so open. Species diversity of the vegetation units was highest in the Syneizesio-Quercetum serratae and lowest in the Ainsliaea acerifolia-Quercus mongolica community. The Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae and the Pyrus ussuriensis-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community are medium between the two.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities(Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area($105,472m^2$). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(?腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area($84,029m^2$) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area($21,443m^2$). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were $4{\sim}6trees/100m^2$ and their average diameter was 7.1cm. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.446-454
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• 2013

The present study investigated the biological agents and environmental conditions of the habitats of the Kirengeshoma koreana, a class 2 endangered species class according to the South Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE), elucidated the structural characteristics of the forest stands in the habitats with the importance value and the diversity index, conducted comparative analysis of the factors, and explored their relationship with environmental factors. According to the results of direction analysis of natural habitats of the Kirengeshoma koreana, the direction was distributed to the north or the northeast, and the slope amounted to $15-40^{\circ}$, thus demonstrating that the slope has little effect. In addition, the results showed that the distribution of Kirengeshoma koreana populations dramatically increased starting in areas at least 600 m above the sea level and that the relative light intensity was 3.79% on an average. Most populations were native to gorges and crevices between rocks so that they mainly tended to inhabit areas that could see soil loss in times of precipitation. In addition, a considerable number of the populations were close to hiking trails as well, thus leading to concerns about their artificial destruction. The soil of layer a in the main growth space of the Kirengeshoma koreana was analyzed and turned out to be strongly acidic, measuring pH 4.45-4.89 (average: 4.68). All investigation sections were typical natural broad-leaved tree areas, and, judging from the fact that the Kirengeshoma koreana was most likely to appear in colonies of the Mongolian oak tree (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.), the Mongolian oak tree seems to be the species of tree that has the greatest effect on the inhabitation of the Kirengeshoma koreana.