• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.890-896
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• 2016

Paulownia tomentosa is one of fast-growing wood species in Korea. In order to evaluate the solid bioenergy properties of Paulownia tree, this study examined the heating value, moisture content (MC), pH and proximate analysis of stem, branch, root, bark and leaf. The heating values of wood parts were slightly higher than those of bark and leaf, and that of branch was the highest among all the samples. The higher moisture content of bark and leaf referred to their lower heating value. Also, the pH of stem, branch and root was similar and lower than those of bark and leaf. The ash content of bark and leaf was much higher than that of wood parts, which is the one of the reasons for effect on the lower heating value and higher pH. While, the volatile matter content (VMC) of bark and leaf was lower than those of wood parts. The bark showed the highest fixed carbon content (FCC), while the FCC of stem was the lowest among all the samples. The obtained results are encouraging that the Paulownia tree could be totally utilized as alternative fuels for bioenergy production.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.337-342
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the bark production from a top branch(Woojuk) of lacquer tree(Rhus verniciflua) that collected Rhus lacquer in summer, analyzing a relationship between several factors - diameter, tree weight, weight of Woojuk and bark. The weight of Woojuk averaged was made up $48\%$ of the tree on average. As the weight of the tree increased, however, the Woojuk showed the rising trend. It was turned out that the tree size for making 1kg of dry bark must be at least DBB 8cm. The result on Woojuk's bark was that $43.3\%$ of total trees produced a green bark of 1.1kg to 1.5kg, and most of them put out 1.5kg and less. Also the rate of trees to make 0.6kg to 1.0kg of dry bark was highest in $50.8\%$, but its production in most trees was 1.0kg and below. As the moisture content of a green bark averaged $39\%$, it is estimated that the production of 1kg in dry bark requires at least 6kg of top branch in lacquer tree.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2015

The variations of wood density and mechanical properties of Juniperus polycarpos trees were studied in a natural forest in Iran. Sample disks were taken from each tree to examine wood density and mechanical properties (MOE and MOR) from pith to bark at breast height, 50%, and 75% of total tree height. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that radial position and height significantly affected all wood properties. The wood density, MOE and MOR were decreased along horizontal position from the pith to the bark and vertical direction from base upwards. Regression analysis showed that modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) had a positive correlation with wood density.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 1988

This study was carried out to estimate the aboveground-biomass of Machilus thunbergii, warm-temperature evergreen broad leaved tree, growing in the seashore near Bogil island located at the southern part of the Korean peninsula. The bark of M. thunbergii was used for medicine in the Korea. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The aboveground-biomass was 123.708 tons/ha and the biomass of branch bark greater than 3cm in branch diameter was 1/5 of total bark mass(8.095 tons/ha). Dry matter density was $1.77ha/m^3$ and leaf area index 8.08. 2) Net production of the stand was estimated as 16.051 tons/ha/yr and the leaf was the greatest, followed by stemwood, branchwood, stem-bark and branch-bark. 3) The net assimilation rate of the stand was 1.384 kg/kg/yr. The efficiency of leaves to produce stem was 0.451 kg/kg/yr and that of bark 0.051 kg/kg/yr. Biomass accumulation ratio was 7.707 kg/kg/yr.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity, antioxidative activity and whitening effect of 75% ethanol extracts from different parts of Prunus sargentii. The total phenolic compound content of the branch extract was 277.92 mg/g as the highest level. In the measurement of DPPH radical scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the cork layer and branch extract were 26.79 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and 30.13 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the branch and leaf extract were 49.19 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and 55.55 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. All extracts exhibited higher NO scavenging ability than ascorbic acid used as positive control. On the other hand, in antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus by disc diffusion assay, the pure bark extract showed the highest activity. Moreover, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of cork layer, pure bark and branch extracts showed higher activity than arbutin used as positive control. In the cytotoxicity measurement by MTT assay, leaf extract was exhibited Raw 264.7 cell viabilities of 44.68~61.83% as cytotoxic result in tested concentration. In conclusion, the branch extract of Prunus sargentii will be a functional materials without damage compared to other parts such as pure bark or cork layer in the plant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.5
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• pp.706-710
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• 2010

Understanding of chemical composition and energy contents in tree is important to develope strategies of renewable energy policy to cope with climate change. Residual biomass as renewable energy source was evaluated and focused on the bark-containing branches. Chemical analysis studies were conducted for different part of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), which were partitioned to inner bark, outer bark, small branches, medium branches, big branches and trunk. The variations in hydrophobic extractives, hydrophilic extractives, lignin, carbohydrate compositions, energy contents (higher heating value) and the ash content were determined. The inner and outer bark had higher ash content, hydrophobic and hydrophilic extractives content, and higher energy content than those of tree trunk. Polysaccharides content in inner and outer bark was quite lower than those of stem or branches. Based on the energy content of residual biomass, replacement of fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission abatement were calculated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.584-592
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of pruning intensity on the vigor and cambial growth of the treated trees, and on the closure of pruning wounds for one year after pruning treatment. Two tree species, Pinus strobus and Acer palmatum, planted broadly in the urban forest of Korea were selected for the experiment. Intensity of pruning, which was estimated by proportion of removed branches, was categorized into five levels with about 10% intervals from lowest 8% up to 46%. Following parameters were examined; cambial electrical resistance (CER) and the cambial growth of trunk at 30 cm above the ground for the years before and after pruning, the cambial growth of stem at 1.5 cm above the branch bark ridge (BBR) of the pruned branch, and closure of pruning wound for one year after pruning. Tree vigor inferred from CER had a tendency to be weakened as pruning intensity increased in P. strobus, while that of A. palmatum was not affected. The trunk growth decreased significantly when the pruning intensity was higher than 30% in both species. The closure of individual pruning wound was related more to the cambial growth of stem at 1.5 cm above BBR than to the pruning intensity. Comparing the closure rate of pruning wound for one year, P. strobus with 72.1% was faster than A. palmatum with 39.3%, which corresponded with the rate of cambial growth of the two species.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.135-136
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• 2008

Chinese crude drug 'Gye Ji(桂枝)' is listed in Shen-nung-pen-tsao-ching(神農本草經), as the remedy for dispelling pathogenic factor from the exterior of the body by diaphoresis. In Korean, herbals origin of Gye Ji is branch of Cinnamomum cassia. Considering the descriptions in many herbals(本草書), the origin of Gye Ji reported by Su-Ching(蘇敬), Han-Pao-Sheng(韓保昇) and Li -Shin-Chen(李時珍) is regarded as the bark of branch of Cinnamomum cassia.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.307-312
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• 2003

Antioxidative activities of Methanol and Ethanol extract of branch, bark, leaves, fruits, wood of Hovenia dulcis THUNBER var. koreana Nakai were analyzed for total poly phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity and DPPH free radical scavanging activitiy. The most total polyphenol and flavonoid contents measerd extract from bark and fruits. Extract from fruits and bark show hight on antioxidant capacity and DPPH free radical scavanging activitiy. There was a good correlation between total polyphenol or flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2008

"Ga Si O Gal Pi" is one of the Korean crude drugs used mainly to cure arthritis, acute gastritis, and beriberi. With regard to the botanical origin of "Ga Si O Gal Pi", it has been considered to be Acanthopanax species of Araliaceae, but there was no pharmacognostical confirmation on it. To clarify the botanical origin of "Ga Si O Gal Pi", the anatomical characteristics of the branch of Acanthopanax species growing wild in Korea and Japan, A. chiisanensis, A. divaricatus, A. koreanum, A. rufinerve, A. senticosus, A. seoulense, A. sessiliflorus, A. sieboldiaum were studied. As a result, it was clarified that "Ga Si O Gal Pi" was the branch and rarely the bark of branch of Acanthopanax senticosus.