• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2022

The genus Mitrula (Mitrulaceae, Helotiales), as also known as swamp beacons, inhabits submerged, decaying vegetation in standing or decaying needles, twigs, leaves, and shallow water. They play an important role in carbon cycling in some freshwater ecosystems. In the herbarium of the Korea National Arboretum (KH), seven Mitrula specimens were collected during mushroom forays in the period from 2019 to 2021. The Korean collections were found to be macromorphologically closely related to M. paludosa and M. elegans, but micro-morphologically they could be distinguished by characteristics of slightly narrower asci and aseptate ascospores. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA regions also revealed that our specimens were related to M. paludosa and M. elegans, but formed a distinct clade. Based on these results, we reported our specimens as new to science and discussed the phylogeny and diversity of Mitrula species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the creation techniques of artificial wetland, one of biotopes developed to promote biodiversity in urban areas, and to look for improvement steps. Specifically, artificial wetland creation techniques were categorized into living environment and living creature classification. Being living conditions for creations, habitat environment was reviewed with a focus on water and soil environments. Living creatures were classified into plants, insects, fish, and birds. The evaluation of creation techniques was done in post-construction evaluation while considering the creation of habitats for living creatures. Intervention by users, changes in living environment and living species, and relevance of creation techniques were reviewed. Key results of this study are as follows. (1) Water environment for the living environment of creatures provides a suitable environment conditions for the living of creatures through a process easing the use of piped water. Various water depths and embankment appear to have a positive impact on the living of aquatic life. In particular, embankment covered in soil naturally played an important role as a place for the activities of aquatic insects and young fish as well as the growth of aquatic plants. (2) Various aquatic and ground plants to promote insect-diversity, shallow water, and old-tree logs had contributed greatly in increasing the types and number of insects. Aquatic insects. Aquatic insects were seen much particularly in areas where aquatic plants are rich but water is shallow than any other areas. (3) A space piled with stone to provide habitats for fish was not much used. However, it was observed that fish used embankment built with natural stones and embankment using logs in areas where water is deep. In addition, it was confirmed that 1,500 fish that had been released propagated using various depths and places for birth. (4) It was analyzed that techniques (creation of island, log setting, and creation of man-made bird nests) to provide habitats and to attract birds are not serving their roles. In such a case, it is believed that species had not increased due to the smallness as well as isolated features of the area. Based on theoretical review, they are judged to be areas that are likely to be used when a greater variety of birds is introduced. It is judged that attracting and keeping more birds at the site, such spaces need to be linked systematically in the future in terms of building eco-network while ensuring an adequate living areas. (5) In the study areas, users intervened greatly. As a result, a blockage was created preventing the normal growth of plants and non-indigenous plants were introduced. In order to limit the intervention by users, setting enough buffer zones, and environment education programs were urgently required. D/H=1>Hyangkyo> houses on the river>temples>lecture halls. D/H ratio of the backside areas is as follows. D/H=1>Hyangkyo>houses on the river>lecture halls. 4. Inner garden were planted deciduous than evergreen trees with Lagerstroemia indica. Enclosed dominant trees were planted by Pinus densiflora, Querces seuata. construct GEM strain, and examined for the expression and functional stability in microcosms.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2014

As part of researching the feeding habit of Liobagrus somjinensis, the study of its stomach contents and benthic aquatic macroinvertebrates fauna at the waters the fish was collected were carried out monthly from January to December 2010 in Yo stream, Somjin River Sikjeong-dong, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. In the survey of the stomach contents, the prey organisms are all aquatic insects consisting of 5 orders, 14 classes and 16 species. They fed mainly on Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera including dominant insects such as Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi (79.1%), Chironomidae spp. (48.7%), Baetiella tuberculata (34.2%) at the occurrence rate. Based the result, L. somjinensis appeared to be an aquatic insect feeder that consumes only benthic aquatic insects. The feeding rate of L. somjinensis was the highest in November, whereas it was the lowest in December to next February when they did not feed in the winter season. A survey of the benthic aquatic macroinvertebrates fauna was accompanied for prey preference at the waters. They have 7 orders, 20 classes and 27 species, and among them, two species, Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi (39.0%) and Epeorus pellucidus (18.1%), were aquatic dominant insects. Among 7 orders interestingly, Odonata and Megaloptera, known as having a larger size than other aquatic insects, were not found at the stomach contents. As a result, Liobagrus somjinensis most prefer Hydropsyche kozhantscikovi which is the most dominant species with relatively a smaller size at the waters the study was performed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.313-324
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• 2010

With growing interest in biodiversity in rice paddies, efficient sampling methods for quantitative evaluation of aquatic macroinvertebrates are needed because of their important role in rice paddies' food webs. For this reason, we sought a proper sampling method through comparing data collected by using aquatic net, quadrat, and core in rice paddies located in Chuncheon-si, Kangwon-do, Hongseong-gun, and Chungcheongnam-do. Because the frame of the net was rectangular and had a flat bottom, the area, sampledwith the aquatic net, was calculated by multiplying the net width by the sweeping length, All samples were taken from the space between the rows of rice plants. Twenty four taxa of macro invertebrates were collected in Chuncheon and 28 taxa in Hongseong. In Chuncheon, the number of taxa was similar among three sampling methods (17-18 taxa), but the number of individuals was different (aquatic net, $1,317/m^2$; quadrat, $1,368/m^2$; core, $1,810/m^2$. In Hongseong, the number of taxa sampled by aquatic net was the highest (aquatic net, 25 taxa; quadrat, 21 taxa; core, 16 taxa), but the core was the highest in the number of individuals (aquatic net, $1,586/m^2$; quadrat, $2,595/m^2$; core, $3,704/m^2$. The efficiency of samplers differed among taxa. Most of aquatic insect taxa were more abundant in the aquatic net, while those living on or in the paddy substratum such as Oligochaeta and Chironomidae were collected more in the quadrat sampler. To collect quantitative data for aquatic insects as well as to produce inventory of rare taxa, we suggest, based on samplers used in this study, to take quantitative samples of 6 replications from each of the edge and inner zones of a rice paddy by using an aquatic net, and to take qualitative samples both from sides of levees and the inner zone of rice paddy by using an aquatic net.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.752-760
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• 2020

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), previously known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), is an emerging disease in shrimp caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Some V. parahaemolyticus strains are associated with foodborne diseases in humans. To date, studies on the relationship between AHPND and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are very limited. In this study, we monitored the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene and AHPND-related genes, such as Photorhabdus insect-related (pir) genes, in 892 strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated and identified in 24 areas of the West Coast of Korea from May to October 2019. The trh gene was detected in 9.6% of the isolates from short neck clam samples. However, the pirA and pirB genes related to AHPND were not found in any of the isolates despite using both duplex and nested PCR assays, suggesting that AHPND-related genes were nonexistent in the V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated. This study contributes to the current understanding of the relationship between AHPND and V. parahaemolyticus in Korea, as well as provides data on spatial and seasonal distributions of V. parahaemolyticus.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

Chironomous is aquatic insect belonging to order Diptera, family Chironomidae. Their larval stage can be found mainly in aquatic benthic environment, hence good model organism to study environmental toxicology assessments and consider as useful bio indicators of contamination of the aquatic environment. In this study, Chironomus Heat Shock Proteins, Cytochrome 450, Glutathione S-transferase, Serine-type endopeptidase gene expressions were compared between polluted field areas (Chironomus plumosus) and under laboratory conditions (Chironomus riparious) to investigate molecular indicators for environmental contaminant stress assessment. Heavy metal (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Se, Pb, As, Cd) concentrations in sediments collected from three study areas exceeded the reference values. Moreover, HSPs, CYP450 and GST gene expression except SP for C. plumosus showed higher expression than C. riparious gene expression. Similar gene expression pattern was observed in C. riparious that exposed environment waters up to 96 h when compared to C. plumosus exposed to waters that grown in lab conditions. In summary, this comparative gene expression analysis in Chironomous between field and laboratory condition gave useful information to select candidate molecular indicators in heavy metal contaminations in the environment.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.1 s.102
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

Community composition and functional feeding groups of aquatic insects according to stream order were investigated from the Gapyeong Creek, a typical mid-sized Korean stream in Gyeonggi -do, Korea, in April 2000. For field investigations, the main watercourse and three major tributaries of the stream that belong to stream order ll to Vll were divided into reaches (ca. $1{\sim}4$ km in distance). Aquatic insects were sampled from one or two sites each reach (total 30 sites) using a Surber sampler ($50{\times}50$cm, mesh 0.75 mm). As a result of the quantitative samplings(two Surber samplings at riffle and pool/run per site; total $2{\times}30$=60 Surber samplings) and additional qualitative samplings, a total of 164 species of aquatic insects in 103 genera, 54 families, and 8 orders were collected from the stream. Those aquatic insects were composed of Trichoptera (56spp.: 34.1%), Ephemeroptera (43 spp.: 26.2%), Diptera (25spp.: 15.2%), Plecoptera (23 spp.: 14.0%), Coleoptera (6 spp.: 3.7%), Odonata (6 spp.:3.7%), Hemiptera (3 spp.: 1.8%), and Megaloptera (2 spp.: 1.2%); EPT-group (122 spp.:74.4%) or EPT-group plus Diptera (147 spp.: 89.6%) occupied most of the aquatic insect community; relatively larger number of species occurred in the mid-stream reaches (order III-Vl). The quantitative samplings throughout the study sites yielded a total of 26,286 individuals of aquatic insects ($136{\sim}2522$ inds./0.5 $m^2$, mean 906.4inds./0.5 $m^2$) that belongs to Ephemeroptera (11,994 inds.: 45.6%), Diptera (8730 inds.:33.2%), Trichoptera (4123 inds.: 15.7%), Plecoptera (1213 inds.: 4.6%), Coleoptera (204 inds.: 0.8%), Odonata (13 inds.: 0.05%), Megaloptera (5 inds.: 0.02%), and Hemiptera (4inds.: inds.: 0.02%); average number of individuals of aquatic insects increased as the stream order increased: average numbers of individuals of Bllecoptera and Trichoptera decreased and increased, respectively, as the stream order increased. Tolerant species such as Chironomidae spp., Uracanthella rufa and Hydropsychidae spp. were particularly abundant in the down stream reaches (order Vll) . Species diversity indices (H`) and dominance indices (Dl) were relatively higher and lower, respectively, in the mid-stream reaches (order $IV{\sim}VI$). Shredders occupied the smallest partand collector-gatherers were most abundant among the functional feeding groups(FFGs); collector-filterers considerably increased in the down stream reaches (orders Vl and VII); scrappers were relatively evenly distributed throughout the stream reaches: predators were relatively more abundant in the uppermost stream reaches(order ll) . Overall, the characteristics of aquatic insect comminity and FFGs in the Gapyeong Creek are largely similar to those in the normal streams of temperate deciduous forest in the northern hemisphere that is explained by the river confineum concept.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 1998

Organically cultured rice fields were surveyed to compare the population density and the structure of microarthropod communities between chemically controlled and un-controlled fields. In rice fields, microarthropod communities were also compared among four treatments based on different input of fertilzer : 1)No fertilizer, 2)Chemical fertilizer(N-P2O5-K2O = 11 - 7 - 8 kg/10a, 3) Compost (5,000kg/10a), 4) Compost com-plemented with chemical N. Richness index of microarthropod communities in rice fields was greater in the chemically uncontrolled field than controlled field. Within field. the compost plot had greater value of richness index for microarthopod commuities than the non-fertilizer polt. A total of 9 aquatic insects species were identified in the water of organic farming rice field the population density was found to be higher in the compost plot than the other plot. The population of insect pests was found to be high in the late stage of plant whereas the population of insects was high in the early stage of rice plant.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.420-426
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• 2008

This study compared and analyzed EPT ratio, EPT richness and EPT number(number of species and individuals) of a total of 9 selected sites individually using EPT-group of aquatic insects in Musim stream, also compared similarity ratio between the sampling sites using UPGMA(Unweighted Paired Group Method using Arithmetic average) based on analysis subsequent to species structure of aquatic insects, and compared and analyzed a functional feeding groups(FFGs) of aquatic insects based on stream order. As a result, the aquatic insect group of 2,269 individuals is classified as 71 species, 36 families, and 8 orders, and EPT ratio and EPT richness at sites 3(0.72 and 3.89, respectively) were found to be relatively higher than those at the other sites; by contrast, those at site 9(0.03 and 0.09, respectively) were relatively low. EPT number of species and individuals was found to be lowest at site 9. As a result of UPGMA analysis, the sampling sites in Musim stream were divided into three groups, including A1(site 1, 7, 8), A2(site 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and B(site 9). According to the results of FFGs, there was not shown specific difference in the number of functional feeding groups by each sites; however, there appeared a little more shredders and scrappers in the upper and mid stream comparing to other sampling sites while collector-filterers and collector-gatherers were found to be dominant in number in the lower stream. According to this research result, the sampling sites in Musim stream were found to have an effect on not only EPT richness, EPT ratio, and EPT number but also FFGs structure.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2014

A lot of Pond Wetland (Palustrine Wetland) are distributed in agricultural landscapes, Korea. These wetlands are evaluated as important resources for conservation of biodiversity. However, the study of Pond Wetland is rarely conducted except type classification in Korea. In this study, the function of pond wetland as ecosystem services is studied for conservation and utilization of wetland. Research was conducted in three steps; functionality analysis, functionality derivation, and importance analysis. A total of 22 features were derived by analyzing the previous studies. As a result of expert survey, 4 features were selected by each in the field of biological, environmental, and socio-culture among the 22 features. Importance was calculated by conducting a cross-functional features using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Finally, 10 ecosystem service functions of pond wetland were derived through expert survey; (1) Water Storage & Irrigation, (2) Vegetation Diversity, (3) Amphibian & Reptile Habitat, (4) Water Purification, (5) Aquatic Insect Habitat, (6) Nutriments Control was derived, (7) Groundwater Recharge, (8) Fishery Habitat, (9) Eco-Experience & Education, and (10) Aesthetic landscape. It is expected that this study is able to utilize in evaluation of pond wetlands ecosystem services by further study on analysis of functional importance and economic value index.