• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.128-138
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• 2013

The purpose of the research is to provide the basic information to broaden a population in marine sports and mark the beginning of the era of the marine sports with a yacht, water ski and a various of marine sports activities by researching the effect of sailing school participants' motive and satisfaction on continuous participation, preparing for the era of a 30,000~40,000 dollars per capita GDP in the near future. To achieve this purpose, through the research from December 2009 to April 2012, the following is concluded. First, in regard to psychological satisfaction and facility satisfaction, all subordinated factors of participating motive affect, health-oriented and social relations in the aspect of social satisfaction, and health-oriented, home entertainment and social relations in the aspect of self satisfaction. Second, sports capability affects health-oriented and pastime entertainment, sports habit and peer affect health-oriented, and sports environment affects home entertainment. Third, sports capability affects psychological satisfaction, sports habit affects psychological satisfaction and facility satisfaction, sports environment affects social satisfaction.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.727-736
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• 2016

Excessive rainfall can cause runoff flows over the soil surface and as a consequence some amount of water will infiltrate into the soil. From a hydrologic modeling perspective it is necessary to estimate infiltration rate in order to calculate the actual runoff discharge. There are many parameters that can affect the infiltration rate such as soil texture, moisture and compaction. However, the most common equations used in hydrological calculations for estimating the infiltration rate do not consider the soil properties directly and estimate infiltration rate without any soil properties expressions. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relations between infiltration rate and soil texture, moisture and compaction. To achieve this purpose an experimental study was performed to show the effect of soil properties and their relations on infiltration rate by using non-linear regression.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.19-32
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• 2002

This study is objected to identify the relations between surface- and shallow ground-water and the seasonal variation of their qualities in watersheds near Muju area. The water type shows mainly Ca-$HCO_3$type. Heavy-metal contamination of surface water is locally detected, due to the mixing with mine drainage. In October nitrate concentration is especially high in densely populated area. Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis are implemented to interpret the complexity of the chemical variation of surface- and ground-water with large amount of chemical data. Based on the cluster analysis, surface-water was divided into five groups and ground-water into three groups. Principal Component Analysis efficiently supports the result of cluster analysis, allowing the identification of three main factors controlling the water quality. There are (1) hydrogeochemical factor, (2) anthropogenic factor and (3) heavy metal contaminated by mine drainage.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.157-165
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to explain the relations between pine needle tyrosinase's activity and quantity of minerals in the Waters' mineral water. Pine needle tyrosinase's activity was measured by metal ions' concentration like Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Fe in different kinds of drinking water. 1. Pine needle tyrosinase has the highest activity when Ca's concentration is 14.40mg/L while the activity decreases by 92% when it is 108.10 mg/L. Therefore, the resonable range of Ca concentration for drinking water is 10-100.0 mg/L. 2. Mg has higher Pine needle tyrosinase's activity than Ca by three times. The reasonable range of Mg concentration for drinking water is 3.0-10.0 mg/L. 3. Pine needle tyrosinase has the highest activity when Na's concentration is 15.70 mg/L. The reasonable range of Na concentration for drinking water is less than 15 mg/L. 4. The activity increases as K concentration rises. In normal kinds of drinking water, K concentration is less than 10 mg/L. Since K has impacts on the activity only when its concentration is more than 10 mg/L, no problem in expected. 5. Fe has some impacts on the activity when its concentration is more than 10mg/L. As most kinds of drinking water contain less than 0.3 mg/L, no problem is expected. With above-mentioned observations, it is concluded that Water's mineral water contains reasonable levels of minerals like Ca, Mg, K and Na.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2004

This study was conducted to provide a national forest management method for natural Pinus densiflora forest stands in central South Korea based on growth characteristics and water relations. Average stand volume per hectare was 259.3㎥ in the pine study site. Basal area, volume, annual mean increment and periodic annual increment of DBH for 10 years at each slope aspect appeared to decrease as the aspect shifts from north to south. Stems per hectare showed the lowest value at the northern aspect. Maximum water potentials measured between 12 and 14 o'clock were analyzed by aspect and elevation. Water potential of pine decreased as the aspect changed from north to south, and water potential increased at lower elevations. Soil water content for the pine stands tended to decrease as the aspect shifted from north to south. Water potential and soil moisture content were highly correlated. Soil water deficits indicate that pines have a higher moisture requirement on the ridge and the southern aspect.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.170-175
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• 2000

A pot-lysimeter experiment was conducted with 3-year-old 'Tsugaru' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees to examine the changes in oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) with lateral flow velocity of water through soil. The influence of lateral water flow velocity on water relations and elemental content in leaf, and sap temperature distribution patterns of the xylem of trees were also determined. Trees were grown under four soil water regimes: (1) fast laterally flowing (FWT, $2.50{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$), (2) slow laterally flowing (SWT, $0.25{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$), and (3) stagnant water table (WLT) at 60-cm, and (4) drip-irrigation at -40 kPa of soil matric potential as a control. The rate of $O_2$ diffusion converged near $2{\times}10^{-3}g\;m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$ for FWT and control soils, but decreased below $1{\times}10^{-3}g\;m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$ 40 days after treatment (DAT) for WLT soils. For SWT soils, however, the ODR at 15 cm below the soil surface was similar to that of control, but at 45 cm below the soil surface, ODR was similar to that of the WLT treatment. Leaf water potential of FWT and SWT plants was similar to that of control plants, but the values for SWT plants declined by 98 DAT. Leaf water potential of WLT plants decreased from -1.86 MPa (9 DAT) to -2.41 MPa (59 DAT) and finally down to -2.70 MPa. The sap temperature measured at 1100-hr was lowest at top and highest at bottom for FWT and control plants, but this pattern of SWT and WLT plants was disturbed from 29 DAT. However, for SWT plants, such thermal disturbance of sap temperature disappeared from 63 DAT.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.208-216
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• 2019

This study investigated design factors and removal efficiencies of a sheet flow channel as natural type water improvement techniques in the stream. The channel was designed considering the design factors, then constructed and monitored in the test bed of the Osan stream's floodplain. Water lever, velocity, discharge, T-P, T-N, and NO₃-N were monitored and the removal efficiencies and design formula were suggested. Overall efficiencies of T-P, T-N, and NO₃-N range 10 - 20%, and they show consistent relations with residence times. Minimum velocity requirement is also suggested from the relation of algae conditions and velocities. Relation formula of residence time and removal efficiency will be applicable in the design and operation process of a sheet flow channel.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.815-826
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• 2018

The intense drought affecting olive production in Northern Chile underscores the need to research non-traditional irrigation strategies to obtain the best crop performance. Accordingly, this study aimed to obtain preliminary data to guide future research on this topic. Different water replenishment levels on crop evapotranspiration ($ET_c$ ; 13.5, 27.0, 40.5, and 54%) were established in a young orchard, cv. Arbequina, from the end of fruit drop (EFD) to full bloom in the next season. We evaluated the influence of plant water status (${\Psi}_{stem}$ ) and crop load, considered as function of fruit number divided by trunk cross-sectional area, on reproductive and productive variables using multiple linear regressions. Our results show that crop load and ${\Psi}_{stem}$ measured from EFD to harvest affected yield components. Nevertheless, ${\Psi}_{stem}$ had the strongest influence on fruit size, pulp development, oil accumulation, and yield. Oil content and yield were reduced by 54% and 50% for each MPa, respectively, from ${\Psi}_{stem\;EFD-H}$ -1.8 MPa, an effect that intensified as crop load increased. During the period of flower development (September-November), the number of flowers per inflorescence and percentage of perfect flowers were reduced when ${\Psi}_{stem}$ was less than -2.0 MPa. These preliminary results showed that bud differentiation, inflorescence and flower formation are highly sensitive to water deficit.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.617-623
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• 2003

The following conclusions are drawn from a review on the theory of correlation between the jang-bu organs in 'Ojangchunchaklon(五臟穿鑿論)' which is quoted in 'Uihakipmoon(醫學入門)' and 'Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑)'. The three yangs and three yins are trisections each of yang ki and y1n ki. They represent three aspects of change in powers of yin ki and yang ki. The theory of Kaehapchu(開闔樞 the opening, closing and pivot) is thought to be the concept which explains the three states of jang-bu organs and meridians in terms of three yangs and three yins. The three yangs and three yins are assigned to twelve months according to the generation, prosperity and vanishment of the water, the fire, the wood and the metal in the circulation of nature with the lapse of time. Most of all, the change of the water and the fire is the main guide to the assignment. Both the theory of exterior-interior relations in jang-bu organs and meridians and the theory of Kaehapchu are founded on the assignment of three yangs and three yins to twelve months. The correlation between jang-bu organs is based on the monthly assignment of three yangs and three yins described in 'Internal classic(內經)' and the theory of Kaehapchu. In the correlations between jang-bu organs and meridians, the exterior-interior relations are the correspondences of Hand to Hand and Foot to Foot. but the relations of Kaehapchu are those of Hand to Foot and Foot to Hand. Jeesan's diagram of pulse is grounded on the correlations between jang-bu organs. On the left of the diagram, jang organs are arranged in the order of hierarchic positions in body. On the right, bu organs are disposed according to the correlations with the jang organs. Jeesan's diagram includes the principles of triple harmony and diagonal groups in twelve earthly branches(十二支). Jeesan's diagram is the frame through which correlations of jung-ki-shin-hyul, five jang and six bu organs, twelve meridians and six intrinsic factors can be observed at once.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 1991

In order to study the community structure and distribution patterns of primary producers and their relations to abiotic environmental factors, phytoplankton and environmental parameter were determined during the five times from October, 1989 to July. 1990. 159 taxa of phytoplankton have been identified and the most important species group is diatom which contributes to 70.4% of the total number of species. Ratios of phytoplankton group (neritic species, fresh water species, oceanic species) clustered by habitats were 52%, 18%, 12%, respectively, suggesting study area be the typical estuarine environment which is strongly affected by both fresh water discharge and sea water penetration. Species composition could be governed by the variations of salinity. the standing stocks of primary producer in the study area vary with space and time, showing close correlation with water transparency, and exhibit relatively larger than those of other coastal regions in the Yellow Sea. Spectransies diversity also showed large variation with space and time. According to the cluster analysis, the study area could be divided into two regions (inner part and outer part): in fall and winter, outer area affected by the oceanic water, but in spring and summer, inner estuarine area heavily influenced by fresh water.