• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to understand the conflicts that occurred in the rural village's joint management project. This study examined the perception of conflicts among people working in agricultural related fields. A questionnaire survey was given to collected data from people who participated in nation-wide resrvice training course programs. The content of the questionnaire consisted of the factors of conflict in a rural village and the details recognized by general farmers. The data was collected from October 15 to 23, 2007. 206 samples were used for final analysis from a total of 240 samples. Frequency analysis and T-test between variables were conducted by SPSS 14.0. The results suggest that farmers have a negative perception of the business partnership. Proposal for business partnerships should be avoided because of the conflicts between partners. Accordingly, as farmers don't recognize that their joint project is a business partnership, the likehood of a conflict in the agricultural joint business operation and management is contained. Conflicts mainly exist between a village leader and villagers. The main reasons for conflicts are a lack of interest and lack of communal homogeneity, and lack of methodology to share the benefit of business. It will be necessary to understand the aspects of future conflicts in order to manage joint projects ill agricultural experience villages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2020

Up to date, the majority research on the major landscape elements in organic farming has been mainly focused on the practice of seeking efficiency. The problem is that this type of study contributes to polluting the agricultural environment and damaging the ecological circulation system. As an alternative, there is a growing body of research on organic farming, but it is not widely applied that research on how to manage the landscape considering the scenic characteristics of farming villages practicing organic farming. Therefore, this study was carried out in the conservative aspects of rural landscapes in order to effectively manage the landscape of organic agriculture and, intended to be used to maintain and preserve natural and ecologically harmonious landscapes by deriving management methods suitable for landscape elements targeting the major landscape elements of the organic farming complex. To carry out, this study performed the experts survey which is composed of 13 major landscape elements, including rice paddies and fields, monoculture and diverse crops, dirt roads, windbreak trees, accent planting, dum-bung(small pond), natural small river, natural waterways, plastic film houses, one-storied houses, and pavilion. As a result, Farm land was formed in a square shape, concentrated in an independent space, planted companion plants around the crop, and covered with plants to manage the borders. As for the surrounding environment, it was analyzed that the aspart road system circulating through the village, the evergreen broad-leaved windbreak forest around the cultivated land, and the accent plant located at the entrance of the village were suitable. The hydrological environment consists of Round small pond made of stone in an open space, natural rivers around the village, and natural channels around the farmland, and The Major facilities are suitable for greenhouses that are shielded by plants in independent regions, and wooden duck houses located inside the cultivation area are suitable and The settlement facilities were analyzed to be suitable for single-story brick houses located in independent residential areas, pavilion located with greenery in the center of the village, and educational spaces shielded with wood from arable land. If supplementary evaluation criteria suitable for the management of organic farming landscape are additionally supplemented based on the results derived from this study, It is expected to enhance the landscape value of ecologically superior organic farming.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2004

The sewages produced from small villages, rural community, drinking water reservation area and park which doesn't have sewage piping system can be caused a serious water pollution at the restricted areas. The objective of this research was to suggest an economical and effective sewage treatment method by investigating the removal of the organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the multi-soil-layering reactor. Soil, natural zeolite, and iron slag were used as a supporting media of multi-soil-layering in this research. The purpose of natural zeolite addition was to maintain the consistent ammonium exchange capacity by providing a sequential environment, and that of iron slag addition was to remove phosphorus by adsorption. Continuous experiment of lab-scale single-soil-layering (S-1), multi-soil-layering (S-2), and mixed-soil-layering (S-3) methods were studied to compare and optimize three different types of the reactors. The organic removal efficiencies showed more than 90% in all three reactors. While S-1 and S-3 reactors showed about T-N removal of 31%, 45%, respectively, the average T-N removal efficiency of the S-2 reactor represented an 87%. In conclusion, that results suggest that the multi-soil-layering reactor could be effectively utilized as a plant for treatment of small village sewage.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-53
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• 1987

It is utmostly important to establish the efficient fitable way of peoples' active participation in primary health care especially in the areas where the public or governmental service input for the basic health care is insufficient like as in rural areas of Korea. In light of above reason, this study focused mainly on the evaluation of roles and activities of village health workers (VHWs) who were selected from grass- root level of village people in order to derive further motivation for active participation. This is believed to be a sort of feedback mechanisms. Actually, the authors collected the activity reports of VHWs who had been devoting themselves in the primary health care services of Jeomdong Area, of Yeoju Gun one of Korea University Community Health Action Programmes and survey record on the VHWs activity from correspondent people. 1 hose data were analyzed through computer programmed package. The activities performed by VHWs were limited to the performance in 1985 for conveniance. The summarized results were as follows; 1) General characteristics of VHWs. Among a total of 28 VHWs in the area, about 39.3g of them have been replaced up to the date since the implementation in 1983, because of moving out, occupational employment and of others. The age of majority (75.0%) lied between the range of 30-50, and educational background of 67.9% belonged to category of primary school graduation, about 50% of them experienced to be or were also entiled "chief of women club" of corresponding villages. 2) Work-load of VHWs. Each VHW was assigned for tasks of health care for average 55 households of 248 persons. They shared approximately 6 days a month for the activity in average and it covered 17 cases of basic health care in a month. A half of the VHWs performed home visits irregularly without solidified schedule. 3) Work performance analysis. Informations collected through VHWs were compared with data from official vital registration at local administration center "Myon Office" in 1985. VHWs collected 100.8 of new born, 116.2 of death, 58.3 of move in and 74.8 of move out in comparison with 100.0 of official registration each. Pregnant women of 79.8% of mothers among the total pregnancy of 94 which were confirmed as normally delivered or aborted cases by all means afterwards had been detected by VHWs as being pregnant and all of them received some of antenatal cares by VHWs. All(100%) of delivered women were detected by VHWs through home visits and they were cared postnatally. Whereas, according to the records of birth registration, the places of delivery were clinic in 33.7%, and mother's home in 66.3%, VHWs reported them to be clinic in 48.9%, midwifery in 20.2%. It was cleared that most of misinformation was caused by uncautious filling of birth registration at notification. Among the total of 717 eligible women under age 44 years, family planning status of 92.6% was reported by VHWs confirming practice of control to be 70.8% of reported fertile women. 4) Attitude of VHW on the roles and functions. Although 92.0% of VHWs expressed VHWs to be worthwhile, only 52.0% of them had dignity and satisfaction in their activity and 44.0% of them had passive attitude of working saying they followed direction regardlessly. Concerning difficulties in performance as a VHW, 60.7% of them pointed out lacking of medical and health related knowledge by themselves. Still, 64.0% of them thought visiting unfamilier house to be awful and 40.0% complained forms of activity to be difficult and hard. It was also revealed that 56.6% confessed lack of interest on community health service itself. Most of VHWs needed more educational training especially on clinical fields such as cares of gynecological diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseaes of the aged. Regular on-the-job basic trainings were said to be needed twice a year.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.36
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• pp.347-377
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• 2003

China is a country with large agricultural areas and subject to frequent calamities. Drought is the top of them. It has been a key problem for development of agriculture in the country. In the long struggle against drought, Chinese have accumulated many rational and irrational experiences. The Dragon Kings Belief, which is popular in North China and discussed in a thesis, is one of their irrational experiences. The belief was passed together with Buddhism from India to China in the Tang Dynasty. After it settled down, it was incorporated with the local five dragons belief and a set of beliefs in dragon kings came into existence. The emergence of the dragon kings belief ended the history that the title of rain got was not clear in China and Dragon kings finally got the status. Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture in China. In a Chinese mind, Dragon kings are the most important gods who take charge of rain and thus offer the lifeblood. In understanding the nature and characteristics of Chinese traditional culture, it is important for us to make clear the origin and evolution of the belief, find out its nature, function and operation. In the every year beginning of February of the Fanzhuang calendar in the people of Hebeisheng Zhaoxian, would all hold a festival to offer sacrifices to the $^{{\circ}TM}^{\prime}longpai$. Longpai was regarded as the core of the temple fair, thus the native sons came to call this festival; "longpaihui". In this region the'Fanzhuang longpaihui'developed into a well knownand grand temple fair. It was able to attract numerous pilgrims with its special magic power, occupying a place in $China^{{\circ}TM}$ 'eryueer'festival with festive dragon activities. The dragon is a common totem among Chinese nationals. The belief worship of the dragon dates from the start time of primitive societies. Dragon oneself the ancients worship's thunder lightning. In the worship of the great universe, at first afterwards this belief with the tribe's totem worships to combine to become the animal spirit. In ancient myths legends, along with folk religion and beliefs all hold a very important position. The longpaihui is a temple fair without a temple; this characteristic is a distinction between longpaihui and other temple fairs. As for longpaihui must of the early historical records are unclear. The originator of a huitou system has a kind of organized form of the special features rather, originator of a huitou not fix constant, everything follows voluntarily principle, can become member with the freedom, also can back at any time the meeting. There is a longpaihui for 'dangjiaren', is total representative director in the originator of a huitou will. 'banghui' scope particularly for extensive, come apparently every kind of buildup that help can return into the banghui, where is the person of this village or outside village of, the general cent in banghui work is clear and definite, for longpaihui would various businesses open smoothly the exhibition provides to guarantees powerfully. Fanzhuang longpaihui from the beginning of February to beginning six proceed six days totally. The longpai is used as the ancestry absolute being to exsits with the community absolute being at the same time in fanzhuang first took civil faith, in reality is a kind of method to support social machine in native folks realize together that local community that important function, it provided a space, a kind of a view to take with a relation, rising contact, communication, solidify the community contents small village, formation with fanzhuang. The fanzhuang is used as supplies for gathering town, by luck too is this local community trade exchanges center at the same time therefore can say the faith of the longpai, in addition to its people's custom, religious meaning, still have got the important and social function. Moreover matter worthy of mentioning, Longpai would in organize process, from prepare and plan the producing of meeting every kind of meeting a longpeng of the matter do, all letting person feeling is to adjust the popular support of, get the mass approbation with positive participate. Apart from the originator of a huitou excluding, those although not originator of a huitou, however enthusiasm participate the banghui of its business, also is too much for the number.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

In 1995 the land development was executed in Songchon-dong, Daejeon-si, and the region lost the strong geographical and historical character as an old clan village of the Song family who has great influence over the country in the Josun Dynasty. Though many cultural assets related to the Song family are preserved during the land development, the region fails to keep the authentic sense of place because the preservation was fulfilled only based on the boundary of each specific buildings. The Dongchundang park is an example to reveal the issue. Besides the fact that it is the Designated Treasure, the Dongchundang has an important meaning for having been the center of the clan and its local community in Songchon-dong. While the Dongchundang park built during the land development contains the Dongchundang with closely related buildings, the Dongchungoteak and Youngurk Song's House for the purpose of preserving the historical assets, the park was planned in an irrelevant way to the place. This study investigates the discrepancy between the past and the present condition of the park and proposes a guideline to alleviate the discrepancy as to retrieve the park's genuine sense of place.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.165-179
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• 2019

This study aims to examine the difference in the rurality of rural villages near a metropolitan city. It investigated the general status and economic activities of the two villages near Ulsan Metropolitan City to find out what the differences are and to diagnose the reasons for such differences and their impact on future changes in the villages. Through this survey analysis, it found that the two villages have been continuously experiencing a decrease in population over the last 10 years, despite being near large cities. In addition, it also identified the characteristics of the agricultural and livestock industries taking center stage in economic activities. In other words, although the cases are rural villages near a big city, it was shown that the village near a provincial city is basically based on agricultural characteristics. Regarding future prospects, on the one hand, in the case of Dagae-ri, the villagers expect that the current livestock industry-oriented activities may continue to develop. On the other hand, in the case of Shinhwa-ri, the residents think that the rural characteristics may be rapidly lost and urbanized. Based on these findings, this study suggests that rural policies for villages near large cities also need to be applied in a discriminatory manner, taking into account the basis on which economic activities in the villages are developed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.81-96
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• 2009

This study has found out the status of the environment ecology(topography structure. land-use, flora, plant community structure, wildbird) in 10 uninhabited islands(i.e. Kei island, Hadon island, Sangdon island, Daewa island, Hwanggang island, Naebi island, Oebi island, Prickly castor-oil tree island, Tongin island, Yuk island), Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Moreover, It has suggested ways of improving the environment ecology status by classifying the type of environment ecology about the degree of use and damage that based on the results of environment ecology survey. According to the results of topography structure survey, the survey site altitude was ranged within 1m$\sim$25m, otherwise, the radient was classified the rock area(.i.e. slope of less than $5^{\circ}$ the dead level) and the slope area where is steep slope. Moreover, there was showed evenly a variety of aspect. Land-use were divided the field(Kei island), dry native grasslands(Hadon island), naturalized grasslands(Sangdon island), Pinus thunbergii community(Dacwa island, Hwanggang island, Naebi island, Yuk island), the rock area(Oebi island, Prickly castor-oil tree island, Tongin island). As the results of flora survey, the number of plant species were 30$\sim$115 species and the naturalized species were found 2$\sim$12 species in each site. The results of plant community structure analysis, The dominant species were Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora were in upper tree layer, furthermore, it were Pinus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Prunus sargentii, Celtis sinensis, Morus bombycis, ect. in cannopy tree layer. In shrub layer, the dominant species were Rosa multiflora, Rubus crataegifolius, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, etc. The status of wildbird bird, had been found 42 species 938 individuals, especially, there were Bubo bubo kiautschensis(natural monument No. 324) and Haematopus ostralegus osculans(natural monument No. 326). According to these synthetic results, we are able to classify the 5 types of environment ecology such as the natural coast forest that composed of Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora(Daewa island, Hwanggang island, Naebi island, Oebi island, Tongin island, Yuk island), the field in vegetation area(Kei island), vegetation succession area of fallow field type(Hadon island), vegetation damage area by the forest fire and disturbance elements(Prickly castor-oil tree island), dominant naturalized species grassland by grazing cattle(Sangdon island).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2006

The purpose of This study was to survey the present state and prospect of geriatric denture prosthetic dentistry among community dental hygienists in Korea. Questionnaires about the present state and prospect of geriatric denture prosthetic dentistry were distributed to the community dental hygienists in Korea, July 2006. Collected questionnaires from 89 cases were analyzed. All collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The significance of differences among groups were assessed using chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The results of this study were summarized as follows: The public relations of the geriatric denture prosthetic dentistry were enforced good, mainly by village offices. Appointed dental clinics made a production of full dentures connecting in Korean Dental Association. Above findings suggest that further study about the present state and prospect of geriatric denture prosthetic dentistry is necessary in improving the oral health related quality of life in elders.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.189-199
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• 2015

This study made use of 9 types of utilizing idle farmland deducted from existing research in order to examine cases by type of idle farmland, and selected representative cases by type after analyzing contents of 165 available newspaper articles. Selected Cases were assorted into agricultural use and nonagricultural use, and agricultural use are as followed. (1)Community Service/Farming type is the case of Gimhae city reported on 'Busan Ilbo', (2)High Income/Farming type is the case of cooperative unit of Geumjeong crude drug in Yeongam appeared in 'Newsis', and the case of Omija industry in Mungyeong reported on 'Hankyoreh', (3)Tourism/Landscape/Farming type is the case of rape flowers and buckwheat flowers in Gupo village reported on 'Asia News Agency', (4)Stock Raising/Farming type is the case of growing foraging crops published in 'The Daejeon Ilbo', (5)Weekend farm type is the case of utilizing idle farmlands and creating weekend farm reported on 'Mediawatch', (6)High income/Forest type is creating Mulberry cultivation areas in Hamyang-Gun published in 'Yonhap News', (7)Ecology/Landscape/Forest type is forestation project of idle land reported on 'Newsis', (8)Agricultural Experience Study type is the case of managing agricultural experience study center in Dosun elementary center published in 'Sisajeju' and the case of non-agricultural application case, (9)Ecological Environment type is the case of wetland restoration of idle farmland in Gochang. This study investigated and arranged detailed contents by the literature search and interview investigation according to investigating items such as utilizing area, main agent, purpose, utilizing item, utilizing content, etc. by case. With that, it deducted implications as well as case characteristics, and finally suggested political proposals through the case analysis.