• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

The Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) is here extended to perform free-vibrational analyses of rotating structures. CUF is a hierarchical formulation, which enables one to obtain refined structural theories by writing the unknown displacement variables using generic functions of the cross-section coordinates (x, z). In this work, Taylor-like expansions are used. The increase of the theory order leads to three-dimensional solutions while, the classical beam models can be obtained as particular cases of the linear theory. The Finite Element technique is used to solve the weak form of the three-dimensional differential equations of motion in terms of "fundamental nuclei", whose forms do not depend on the adopted approximation. Including both gyroscopic and stiffening contributions, structures rotating about either transversal or longitudinal axis can be considered. In particular, the dynamic characteristics of thin-walled cylinders and composite blades are investigated to predict the frequency variations with the rotational speed. The results reveal that the present one-dimensional approach combines a significant accuracy with a very low computational cost compared with 2D and 3D solutions. The advantages are especially evident when deformable and composite structures are analyzed.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2006년 창립20주년기념 정기학술대회 및 국제워크샵
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• pp.290-293
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• 2006

From the hydraulic experiment, it was concluded that upwelling could be enhanced when the relative structure height (the ratio of structure height to water depth) was 0.3 and stratification parameter was 3.0. In addition, the optimum size of rubbers was determined that the effect of the mean horizontal length of block was affected incident velocity than size of block. In the numerical experiment, the relation between the shape of rubber and stratification parameter was verified, ana the hydraulic characteristics of 3-D flow field around the artificial structures were investigated. Phenomena of flow field around the artificial upwelling structures corresponded with the results of hydraulic experiment. The position with maximum velocity in artificial upwelling structure was the center of top of its front side and the slip stream occurred at the inside and behind-bottom of artificial upwelling structures. The velocity of slip stream and early amplitude of velocity were higher in the inside than the behind-bottom.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2015

This paper discusses a new model for investigating the micro-mechanical behavior of beam-like structures composed of various elastic moduli and complex geometries varying through the cross-sectional directions and also periodically-repeated along the axial directions. The original three-dimensional problem is first formulated in an unified and compact intrinsic form using the concept of decomposition of the rotation tensor. Taking advantage of two smallness of the cross-sectional dimension-to-length parameter and the micro-to-macro heterogeneity and performing homogenization along dimensional reduction simultaneously, the variational asymptotic method is used to rigorously construct an effective zeroth-order beam model, which is similar a generalized Timoshenko one (the first-order shear deformation model) capable of capturing the transverse shear deformations, but still carries out the zeroth-order approximation which can maximize simplicity and promote efficiency. Two examples available in literature are used to demonstrate the consistence and efficiency of this new model, especially for the structures, in which the effects of transverse shear deformations are significant.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2006년도 제32회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.205-212
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• 2006

Three-dimensional numerical study was carried out for the investigation of the detonation wave structures propagating in tubes. Fluid dynamics equations and conservation equation of reaction progress variable were analyzed by a MUSCL-type TVD scheme and four stage Runge-Kutta time integration. Chemical reaction was modeled by using a simplified one-step irreversible kinetics model. The variable gas properties between unburned and burned states were considered by using variable specific heat ratio formulation. The unsteady computational results in three-dimension show the detailed mechanisms of rectangular and diagonal mode of detonation wave instabilities resulting same cell length but different cell width in smoked-foil record. The results for the small reaction constant shows the spinning mode of three-dimensional detonation wave dynamics, which was rarely observed in the previous numerical simulation of the detonation waves.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

The main goal of this paper is to study vibration of damaged core laminated sectorial plates with Functionally graded (FG) face sheets based on three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The structures are made of a damaged isotropic core and two external face sheets. These skins are strengthened at the nanoscale level by randomly oriented Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and are reinforced at the microscale stage by oriented straight fibers. These reinforcing phases are included in a polymer matrix and a three-phase approach based on the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka scheme and on the Halpin-Tsai approach, which is developed to compute the overall mechanical properties of the composite material. Three complicated equations of motion for the sectorial plates under consideration are semi-analytically solved by using 2-D differential quadrature method. Using the 2-D differential quadrature method in the r- and z-directions, allows one to deal with sandwich annular sector plate with arbitrary thickness distribution of material properties and also to implement the effects of different boundary conditions of the structure efficiently and in an exact manner. The fast rate of convergence and accuracy of the method are investigated through the different solved examples. The sandwich annular sector plate is assumed to be simply supported in the radial edges while any arbitrary boundary conditions are applied to the other two circular edges including simply supported, clamped and free. Several parametric analyses are carried out to investigate the mechanical behavior of these multi-layered structures depending on the damage features, through-the-thickness distribution and boundary conditions.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.503-515
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• 2018

In this research, the three-dimensional structural and colorimetrical modeling of yarn-dyed woven fabrics was conducted based on the Kubelka-Munk theory (K-M theory) for their accurate color predictions. In the K-M theory for textile color formulation, the absorption and scattering coefficients, denoted K and S, respectively, of a colored fabric are represented using those of the individual colorants or color components used. One-hundred forty woven fabric samples were produced in a wide range of structures and colors using red, yellow, green, and blue yarns. Through the optimization of previous two-dimensional color prediction models by considering the key three-dimensional structural parameters of woven fabrics, three three-dimensional K/S-based color prediction models, that is, linear K/S, linear log K/S, and exponential K/S models, were developed. To evaluate the performance of the three-dimensional color prediction models, the color differences, ${\Delta}L^*$, ${\Delta}C^*$, ${\Delta}h^{\circ}$, and ${\Delta}E_{CMC(2:1)}$, between the predicted and the measured colors of the samples were calculated as error values and then compared with those of previous two-dimensional models. As a result, three-dimensional models have proved to be of substantially higher predictive accuracy than two-dimensional models in all lightness, chroma, and hue predictions with much lower ${\Delta}L^*$, ${\Delta}C^*$, ${\Delta}h^{\circ}$, and the resultant ${\Delta}E_{CMC(2:1)}$ values.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.209-216
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• 1997

Three dimensional structures of envelope protein from Korean isolates and Nakayama-NIH strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were deduced by a computer program (HyperChem 4.0 Chemplus 1.0) based on the data of the three dimentional structure of Tick-borne encephalitis virus. In the three dimensional structure of envelope protein, neutralizing epitope and T-helper cell recognition site of C-terminal region of Korean isolates were structually similar to those of Nakayama-NIH but the N-terminal region was not. Korean JE isolates were compared with Nakayama-NIH strain by using cross-neutralization antibody test. Neutralizing activities of Korean isolates derived from guinea pigs were higher than those of Nakayama-NIH strain against Korean isolates, although the polyclonal antibody titers of Nakayama-NlH showed 1:160 to 1:640 against Korean isolates. According to the results from three dimentional structures and cross-neutralization analyses, the antigenic difference between Korean JE isolates and Nakayama-NIH strain may be dependent on structural difference of envelope protein.

• 한국전자파학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전자파학회 2001년도 종합학술발표회 논문집 Vol.11 No.1
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• pp.140-144
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• 2001

This paper describes to extend the MLFMA(Multi-Level Fast Multipole Algorithm) for three-dimensional capacitance computation in the case of conductors embedded in an arbitrary dielectric medium. The triangular meshes are used and refined in the area which has heavy charge density. This technique is applied to the capacitance extraction of three-dimensional structures with multiple dielectrics. The results show good convergence with the comparable accuracy, and this adaptive technique coupled with MLFMA is useful to reduce computing time and the number of elements without additional computational efforts in large three dimensional problems.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.673-687
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• 2017

A three-dimensional; structural health monitoring; vertical; planar; cross-sample entropy; multiscaleA three-dimensional structural health monitoring (SHM) system based on multiscale entropy (MSE) and multiscale cross-sample entropy (MSCE) is proposed in this paper. The damage condition of a structure is rapidly screened through MSE analysis by measuring the ambient vibration signal on the roof of the structure. Subsequently, the vertical damage location is evaluated by analyzing individual signals on different floors through vertical MSCE analysis. The results are quantified using the vertical damage index (DI). Planar MSCE analysis is applied to detect the damage orientation of damaged floors by analyzing the biaxial signals in four directions on each damaged floor. The results are physically quantified using the planar DI. With progressive vertical and planar analysis methods, the damaged floors and damage locations can be accurately and efficiently diagnosed. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed system, performance evaluation was conducted on a three-dimensional seven-story steel structure. According to the results, the damage condition and elevation were reliably detected. Moreover, the damage location was efficiently quantified by the DI. Average accuracy rates of 93% (vertical) and 91% (planar) were achieved through the proposed DI method. A reference measurement of the current stage can initially launch the SHM system; therefore, structural damage can be reliably detected after major earthquakes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.361-374
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• 2017

In this study, the influences of triaxial magnetic field on the wave propagation behavior of anisotropic nanoplates are studied. In order to include small scale effects, nonlocal strain gradient theory has been implemented. To study the nanoplate as a continuum model, the three-dimensional elasticity theory is adopted in Cartesian coordinate. In our study, all the elastic constants are considered and assumed to be the functions of (x, y, z), so all kind of anisotropic structures such as hexagonal and trigonal materials can be modeled, too. Moreover, all types of functionally graded structures can be investigated. eigenvalue method is employed and analytical solutions for the wave propagation are obtained. To justify our methodology, our results for the wave propagation of isotropic nanoplates are compared with the results available in the literature and great agreement is achieved. Five different types of anisotropic structures are investigated in present paper and then the influences of wave number, material properties, nonlocal and gradient parameter and uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial magnetic field on the wave propagation analysis of anisotropic nanoplates are presented. From the best knowledge of authors, it is the first time that three-dimensional elasticity theory and nonlocal strain gradient theory are used together with no approximation to derive the governing equations. Moreover, up to now, the effects of triaxial magnetic field have not been studied with considering size effects in nanoplates. According to the lack of any common approximations in the displacement field or in elastic constant, present theory has the potential to be used as a bench mark for future works.