• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-51
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• 2015

The present study tested the effect of a top-down influence on recalling the colors of Stroop words. Participants remembered the colors of 1, 2, 3 or 6 Stroop words. After 1 second of a memory delay, they were asked to recall the color of a cued Stroop word by selecting out its corresponding color on a color-wheel stimulus. The correct recall was defined when the participants chose a color that was within ${\pm}45^{\circ}$ from the exact location of Stroop word's color on the color-wheel. Otherwise, the recall was defined as incorrect. The analyses of the frequency distribution of the participants' responses in the error trials showed that the probability of choosing the color-name of the target Stroop word was higher than the probability of other five color-names on the color-wheel. Further analyses showed that increasing the number of Stroop words to manipulate memory load did not affect the probability of the Stroop interference. These results indicate that the top-down interference by Stroop manipulation may induce systematic distortion of the stored representation in visual working memory.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.61-75
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• 2009

Generally, the development of the database application includes the requirement analysis phase of creating ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) and process models, coding, and testing. From the above phases, the analysis phase is not most formalized. It is usually hard task because (1) customers don't know the details of the desired system; (2) developers can't with ease understand the business logic of the customers; (3) the outcomes of the analysis, which are ERD and process models, are not easy to understand to the customers. This paper propose that the executional forms, which are better to understand the systems, should be presented to the customers instead of the ERD. These forms should accept the data input so that customers can review the various aspects of the outcome models. The developers should be able to instantly implement the business logic and also should be able to visually demonstrate the logic in order to get the details of it. For this goal, the customer supplied business logic should be able to be implemented by the references between forms, actions, constraints from the perspective of the data flow. The customers try to execute the forms implementing the business logic and review their supplied logic find new necessary business logic of their own. Iterating these processes for the requirement analysis would result in the success of the analysis which is sufficiently detailed without conflicts.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.689-695
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• 2010

The effect of the code conversion process of Korean script (Hangul), also known as words for numbers, was investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) during mental arithmetic operations. Study subjects were asked to determine whether the arithmetic results of a given target stimuli were correctly matched. Visual inspection and statistics of mean ERPs showed stimulus type-dependent processing rather than task-dependent processing. Results of addition and multiplication tasks revealed that the overall temporal profiles of the Arabic numerals were similar to the Hangul words for numbers. The only exception to this observation was a delayed positive-slope peak occurring around 300 ms, which was likely related to the encoding process of Hangul words for numbers to Arabic-digits, defined as a 'transcoding-related potential.' Source analysis confirmed that the topography of different waveforms for the two conditions was attributed to a single dipole located in the left temporo-parietal area; this area is known to be involved in Hangul words for number processing. These results suggest that the initial processing for encoding words for numbers was followed by arithmetic operations without direct access of internal number representation. Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.818-834
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine parents' mental model of media environment and children's media use and to provide some educational suggestions. For this purpose, twelve parents of second-graders to fourth-graders sampled in elementary schools were interviewed with three activities such as a word-association experiment, a sentence completion task and a in-depth interview. The result was categorized into 8 elements such as interaction, source of supply and adverse effects. Furthermore, the analysis on the mental model of media use shows that firstly, the parents understand modern media reflects competence while they have a feeling of fear and newness on media themselves. Secondly, the parents show an ambivalent understanding on media use in terms of both negative and positive effects and have a tendency to control them. Another finding is the fact that the parents understand digital media as a representation of both connection and disconnection. Also, the parents realize media as a cause of conflict and as a place for reconciliation as well. Finally, it is showed that media is not only a personal territory but also a part of social system in the parents' understanding. Based on these findings, some interpretations and parents' educational applications are provided in terms of the Meyrowitz(1998; 1999)'s three perspectives on media.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.60
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• pp.104-124
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to explore how North Korean woman defectors' memories of their past lives are represented in Korean television talk show, (Channel A, 2011~) and its social implications. In order to carry out this task, this study first discusses the emergence of the concept of 'memory' in its relations with 'collective memory', 'cultural memory' and 'history', and its social appropriation in media such as television. And, the ideological aspects of the recent trend of television talk show that deals with people's private memories were also discussed. The study used the method of structural narrative analysis. The findings are the following. First of all, North Korean woman defectors' memories in collide with the dominant public memories in South Korea. In any case, it has been found that the show tended to make North Korea and their defectors as exotic 'others' and thereby reinforce the existing public memory. After all, this study argues that the representation of the defectors' memories in the talk show only results in stressing the melodramatic narrative emotionally packaged with 'laughing' and 'crying' without any sincere consideration of them.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.63-80
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• 2020

This study analyzed 3,114 articles published in KCI journals and 1,636 articles published in SSCI journals from 2000 to 2019 in order to compare domestic and international research trends of mathematics education using a topic modeling method. Results indicated that there were 16 similar research topics in domestic and international mathematics education journals: algebra/algebraic thinking, fraction, function/representation, statistics, geometry, problem-solving, model/modeling, proof, achievement effect/difference, affective factor, preservice teacher, teaching practice, textbook/curriculum, task analysis, assessment, and theory. Also, there were 7 distinct research topics in domestic and international mathematics education journals. Topics such as affective/cognitive domain and research trends, mathematics concept, class activity, number/operation, creativity/STEAM, proportional reasoning, and college/technology were identified from the domestic journals, whereas discourse/interaction, professional development, identity/equity, child thinking, semiotics/embodied cognition, intervention effect, and design/technology were the topics identified from the international journals. The topic related to preservice teacher was the most frequently addressed topic in both domestic and international research. The topic related to in-service teachers' professional development was the second most popular topic in international research, whereas it was not identified in domestic research. Domestic research in mathematics education tended to pay attention to the topics concerned with the mathematical competency, but it focused more on problem-solving and creativity/STEAM than other mathematical competencies. Rather, international research highlighted the topic related to equity and social justice.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

The present study investigated the mental representation and processing of an ambiguous word in the bimodal processing system by manipulating the lexical ambiguity of a visually or auditorily presented word. Homonyms (e.g., '물었다') with more than two meanings and control words (e.g., '고통을') with a single meaning were used in the experiments. The lemma frequency of words was manipulated while the relative frequency of multiple meanings of each homonym was balanced. In both experiments using the lexical decision task, a robust frequency effect and a critical interaction of word type by frequency were found. In Experiment 1, spoken homonyms yielded faster latencies relative to control words (i.e., ambiguity advantage) in the low frequency condition, while ambiguity disadvantage was found in the high frequency condition. A similar interactive pattern was found in visually presented homonyms in the subsequent Experiment 2. Taken together, the first key finding is that interdependent lexico-semantic processing can be found both in the visual and auditory processing system, which in turn suggests that semantic processing is not modality dependent, but rather takes place on the basis of general lexical knowledge. The second is that multiple semantic candidates provide facilitative feedback only when the lemma frequency of the word is relatively low.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.283-309
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• 2021

Achieving profound anesthesia in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis is a tedious task. This review aimed at evaluating the success of buccal/lingual infiltrations administered with a primary inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) injection or as a supplemental injection after the failure of the primary injection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with irreversible pulpitis in human mandibular molars. The review question was "What will be the success of primary and supplemental infiltration injection in the endodontic treatment of patients with irreversible pulpitis in human mandibular molars?" We searched electronic databases, including Pubmed, Scopus, and Ebsco host and we did a comprehensive manual search. The review protocol was framed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. We included clinical studies that evaluated and compared the anesthetic outcomes of primary IANB with primary and/or supplementary infiltration injections. Standard evaluation of the included studies was performed and suitable data and inferences were assessed. Twenty-six studies were included, of which 13 were selected for the meta-analysis. In the forest plot representation of the studies evaluating infiltrations, the combined risk ratio (RR) was 1.88 (95% CI: 1.49, 2.37), in favor of the secondary infiltrations with a statistical heterogeneity of 77%. The forest plot analysis for studies comparing primary IANB + infiltration versus primary IANB alone showed a low heterogeneity (0%). The included studies had similar RRs and the combined RR was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.44, 2.34). These findings suggest that supplemental infiltrations given along with a primary IANB provide a better success rate. L'Abbe plots were generated to measure the statistical heterogeneity among the studies. Trial sequential analysis suggested that the number of patients included in the analysis was adequate. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses, we concluded that the infiltration technique, either as a primary injection or as a supplementary injection, given after the failure of primary IANB, increases the overall anesthetic efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.51-76
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• 2002

Using open-ended questionnaires, two studies were conducted to explore social representations held by Korean undergraduates on children, adults and adolescents. Study 1 compared between children and adults with responses reported by 97 undergraduates(men: 28, women: 69). According to the results, characteristics of children distinctive from adults were basically personality-related and in particular, typical children were marked by high extroversion, low agreeableness, conscientiousness and culture. Further, happiness for both children and adults was determined mainly by interpersonal relationships, physical health and socio-economical status. However, good(or desirable) children characteristic of high agreeableness and conscientiousness were more similar to adults worthy of the name than to children worthy of the name. Using 57 undergraduates(men: 16, women: 41), Study 2 explored social representations of adolescents. The results indicated that overall adolescence were on the bridging state between childhood and adulthood. Happiness for adolescents, like both children and adults, was determined mainly by interpersonal relationships and socio-economical status. Finally, agreeableness, conscientiousness, self-, task- and relationship-related characteristics were involved in judging good(or desirable) adolescents. These findings were discussed in terms of features of Korean culture and human development.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.573-597
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• 2016

Recent fMRI and EEG research for neural representations of action concepts insist that processing of action concepts evoke the simulation of sensory-motor information. Moreover, there are several behavioral studies showing that understanding of action verbs or sentences describing actions interfere or facilitate current action performance. However, it is unclear that online interaction between processing of action concepts and current action is based on the simulation of sensory-motor information, or other neural mechanisms. The present research aims to explore the underlying neural mechanism that how the perception of action language influence the performance of current action using high-spacial temporal resolution EEG and multiple source analysis techniques. For this, participants were asked to perform a cued-motor reaction task in which button-pressing hand action and pedal-stepping foot action were required according to the color of the cue, and we presented auditorily action verbs describing the responding actions (i.e., /press/, /step/, /stop/) just before the color cue and examined the interaction effect from the semantic congruency between the action verbs and the current action. Behavioral results revealed consistently a facilitatory effect when action verbs and responding actions were semantically congruent in both button-pressing and pedal-stepping actions, and an inhibitory effect when semantically incongruent in the button-pressing action condition. In the results of EEG source waveform analysis, the semantic congruency effects between action verbs and the responding actions were observed in the Wernicke's area during the perception of action verbs, in the anterior cingulate gyrus and the supplementary motor area (SMA) at the time when the motor-cue was presented, and in the SMA and primary motor cortex (M1) during action execution stage. Based on the current findings, we argue that perceived action verbs evoke the facilitation/inhibition effect by influencing the expectation and preparation stage of following actions rather than the directly activating the particular motor cortex. Finally we discussed the implication on the neural representation of action concepts and methodological limitations of the current research.