• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.61-75
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• 2011

This study aims to investigate the changing aspects about research methodology of stone pagoda from the period of Japanese colonial to now. There were the differences in purpose, method and analysis of the research according to each period. In Japanese colonial period, the purpose of research was to make lists of almost stone pagodas in Korea. Following this, Japanese researchers conducted detailed research for academic purpose. They took measurements of stone pagodas and made drawings. After liberation the research was focused on the relics contained in pagodas. They proceeded to investigate the inner relics in order to attract the attention of the people. In the late 1900's, the repair works of cultural heritages were increased. Many reports of the repair works were released and sent to administration offices. The reports contained the change aspects of situation between before work and after with drawings or simple investigation documents. In the 1990's, the restoration works for important stone pagodas were started by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. Since then, researches from various way - architectural and conservational researches about historical interpretation, shape, structure, proportion, technique, etc. - progressed for careful restoration and accurate study. In Recent years, various professional organizations(in the field of structure, physics, chemistry, biology, lithology, etc.) started to join the researches. Researches conducted studies directly with the stone pagodas, as well as conducting indirect studies with the stone pagodas, such as the structural stability of stone pagodas, the characteristics of rock, and conservation chemicals. Today the research project 'The preservation project of stone cultural property' is being conducted by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. The purpose of this project is to gain more detailed and accurate investigation documents to be provided for the people. In conclusion, researches from various fields must be included in the research. Furthermore, a synthetic study should be done through comparing similar characteristics or different characteristics among many research results.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1964

Yung Nok Lee (Dept. of Biology, Korea University) : Studies on the phosphate metabolism in Chlorella, with special reference to polyphosphate. Kor. J. Microbiol., Vol.2, No.1, p1-11 (1964). 1. Uniformly $^{32}P$-labeled Chlorella cells which were irradiated with Cobalt-60 gamma-rays of about 70, 000 $\gamma$ dose, were further grown in a standard "cold" medium ("hot".rarw."cold"), and some portions of the algae were taken out at the begining of, and at intervals during the culture, and subjected to analyze the contents of $^{32}P$- and total P in various fractions of the cell materials. Results obtained were compared with those of nonirradiated normal cells. 2. Amounts of phosphate in various fractions of the nonirradiated normal Chlorella cells were measured using uniformly $^{32}P$--labeled cells. Analysis of the $^{32}P$--labeled algal cells showed that the highest value in P-content was the fraction of RNA followed by those of lipid, polyphosphate "C" polyphosphate "B", DNA, nucleotidic labile phosphate compounds, polyphosphate "A" and protein. It was observed that content of total polyphosphates in a single Chlorella cell was almost equal to RNA-P content in the cell, and the amount of RNA-P was almost equal to ten times of DNA-P content. 3. When the $^{32}P$--labeled algae which were irradiated with gamma-rays were grown in a normal "cold" medium, phosphate contents in the fraction of DNA, nucleotidic labile phosphate compounds and protein decreased markedly, while the contents of phosphate in the fractions of polyphosphate "C" and potyphosphate "B" increased in comparison with those of unirradiated normal cells. So, it was considered that the pretreatment of above mentioned dose of gamma-ray inhibited DNA and protein synthesis from polyphosphate in Chlorella cells. 4. Proceeding the culture of $^{32}P$--labeled Chlorella in a "cold" standard medium, whose synthetic activity of DNA and protein from polyphosphate was disturded by gamma-ray irradiation, the amounts of $^{32}P$-in the fraction of polyphosphate "C" increased, in contrast with those of polyphosphate "B" fraction. According to these experimental results, it was inferred that polyphosphate "B" could transform into polyphosphate "C" in normal growing Chlorella cells.sults, it was inferred that polyphosphate "B" could transform into polyphosphate "C" in normal growing Chlorella cells.ing Chlorella cells.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.153-162
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• 1989

난자성숙 재개와 1-세포기 배아의 세포주기에서, cAMP-의존성 protein kinase A와 diacylglycerol-의존성 protein kinase C가 핵막붕괴에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 난자성숙 재기는 dbcAMP, IBMX, TPA, 또는 diacyllycerol에 의해 억제되었다. 또한 protein kinase A와 protein kinase C 활성제를 같이 처리하면 난자성숙이 더욱 억제되었다. 그러나 1-세포기 배아의 전핵막붕괴에는 아무런 영향도 미치지 못하였으며, 단지 protein kinase C 활성제만이 세포질 분열을 억제하였다. 이상의 결과로부터, protein kinase A와 protein kinase C에 의한 단백질 인산화 양상이 GV난자의 핵막붕괴와 1-세포기 배아의 전핵막붕괴에 미치는 세포내 작용기작은 상이함을 알 수 있었으며, 전기영동 결과, 81 KD 단백질이 난자성숙 재개에 중요한 역할을 하리라 사료되었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.328-335
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• 2006

Imperatoxin A ($IpTx_a$), a 3.7 kDa peptide from the African scorpion Pandinus imperator, is an agonist of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1). In order to study the structure of the toxin and its effect on RyR1, $IpTx_a$ cDNA was PCR-amplified using 3 pairs of primers, and the toxin was expressed in E. coli. The toxin was further purified by chromatography, and various point mutants in which basic amino acids were substituted by alanine were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis. Studies of single channel properties by the planar lipid bilayer method showed that the recombinant $IpTx_a$ was identical to the synthetic $IpTx_a$ with respect to high-performance liquid chromatography mobility, amino acid composition and specific effects on RyR1. Mutations of certain basic amino acids ($Lys^{19}$, $Arg^{23}$, and $Arg^{33}$) dramatically reduced the capacity of the peptide to activate RyRs. A subconductance state predominated when $Lys^8$ was substituted with alanine. These results suggest that some basic amino acid residues in $IpTx_a$ are important for activation of RyR1, and that $Lys^8$ plays an important role in regulating the gating mode of RyR1.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2009

Development of symbiotic root nodules in legumes involves the induction and repression of numerous genes in conjunction with changes in the level of phytohormones. We have isolated several genes that exhibit differential expression patterns during the development of soybean nodules. One of such genes, which were repressed in mature nodules, was identified as a putative aldo/keto reductase and thus named Glycine max aldo/keto reductase 1 (GmAKR1). GmAKR1 appears to be a close relative of a yeast aldo/keto reductase YakC whose in vivo substrate has not been identified yet. The expression of GmAKR1 in soybean showed a root-specific expression pattern and inducibility by a synthetic auxin analogue 2,4-D, which appeared to be corroborated by presence of the root-specific element and the stress-response element in the promoter region. In addition, constitutive overexpression of GmAKR1 in transgenic soybean hairy roots inhibited nodule development, which suggests that it plays a negative role in the regulation of nodule development. One of the Arabidopsis orthologues of GmAKR1 is the ARF-GAP domain 2 protein, which is a potential negative regulator of vesicle trafficking; therefore GmAKR1 may have a similar function in the roots and nodules of legume plants.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

Radiation causes various pathophysiological alterations in living animals, and it causes death at high doses by multiple mechanisms, including direct DNA damage and indirect oxidative stress. The search for useful radioprotectors has been an important issue in the field of radiation biology. Ideal radioprotectors should have low toxicity and an extended window of protection. As many synthetic compounds have toxic side effects, the natural products have attracted scientific attention as radioprotectors. Natural products that have been recently shown to be effective with various biological activities were found to have radioprotective effect. The aim of this review is to summary the recent research of the radioprotective effects of natural foods, especially focused on the glycobiological properties of mushrooms.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2014

덜꿩나무(Viburnum erosum) 줄기를 실온에서 80% MeOH 수용액으로 추출하고 농축하였다. 이 추출물을 EtOAC, n-BuOH, 및 $H_2O$ 분획으로 나누었다. 이 중 EtOAc및 n-BuOH 분획에 대하여 $SiO_2$, ODS 및 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography를 반복 수행하여 4종의 화합물을 분리, 정제하였다. 분리한 화합물의 구조는 NMR, IR, 및 MS data를 해석하여, betulinic aldehyde (1), koaburside (2), (6R,7E,9R)-9-hydroxymegastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (3), 그리고 byzantionoside B (4)로 구조를 결정하였다. 분리된 화합물 모두 덜꿩나무에서는 처음으로 분리되었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2003

서해 중부 연안에서의 내부파 관측을 위하여 현장 관측과 인공위성의 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)센서를 이용한 관측을 함께 수행하였다. 2002년 5월 28일부터 30일까지 어청도 서쪽 10 km해상에서 thermistor chain, RCM 및 ADCP 유속계를 계류하여 관측하였으며 주변해역에 대한 CTD 관측도 수행하였다. 또한 29일 오전 6시 53분 SAR 영상을 획득하였다. 현장관측 결과 계류 지점을 통과하는 여러 개의 내부파가 관측되었고 SAR 영상에서도 관측지점 주변에서 다수의 내부파 군의 공간적인 분포를 확인할 수 있었다. SAR영상에서 관측된 내부파의 공간적인 특성과 현장 관측에서 계산된 시간적인 특성에 K-dv(Korteweg and de Vries)방정식을 적용하며 서해 중부 연안에서 발생한 내부파의 특성을 분석하였다. 이러한 내부파는 물리적으로, 군사적으로, 그리고 해양생물학적으로 매우 중요한 현상이며 서해의 중요한 여름철 특성으로 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.814-818
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• 2011

무경운 유기농업과 경운 관행농업의 벼 생육 단계별 토양 미생물 개체수 변화를 분석하였다. 수확기 토양의 호기성 세균 개체수와 곰팡이 개체수는 무경운 유기농업이 경운 관행농업 보다 유의적으로 많았으며 담수 이전 그람음성 세균 개체수도 경운 관행농업 보다 유의적으로 많았다. 호기성 세균, 그람음성 세균 그리고 곰팡이 개체수는 담수 이후 급격하게 감소하였다. 그람음성 세균 개체수는 무경운 유기농업과 경운 관행농업 토양 미생물 생태를 가장 잘 구분할 수 있는 특성을 보였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권11호
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• pp.647-652
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• 2019

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is known to play an important role in hormone-associated cancers. G-1, a novel synthetic GPER agonist, has been reported to exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties. However, the chemotherapeutic mechanism of GPER is yet unclear. Here, we evaluated GPER expression in human gastric cancer tissues and cells. We found that G-1 treatment attenuates GPER expression in gastric cancer. GPER expression increased G-1-induced antitumor effects in mouse xenograft model. We analyzed the effects of knockdown/overexpression of GPER on G-1-induced cell death in cancer cells. Increased GPER expression in human gastric cancer cells increased G-1-induced cell death via increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, -9, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase. Interestingly, during G-1-induced cell death, GPER mRNA and protein expression was attenuated and associated with ER stress-induced expression of PERK, ATF-4, GRP-78, and CHOP. Furthermore, PERK-dependent induction of ER stress activation increased G-1-induced cell death, whereas PERK silencing decreased cell death and increased drug sensitivity. Taken together, the data suggest that the induction of ER stress via GPER expression may increase G-1-induced cell death in gastric cancer cells. These results may contribute to a new paradigm shift in gastric cancer therapy.