• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.391-405
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to discover unique personality traits which the children of 5 social status types using 10 clinical scales of Korea Children's personality test (KCPI-S) in order to define the characteristics of 5 social status types developed as the Korean type. For this purpose, two hypotheses were set and tested. The subjects of this study were 502 children who were 4, 5th and 6th grade elementary school boys and girls in A city. 5 social status types and gender of children were set as the independent variables each, and 10 clinical scales of Korea Children's personality test as the dependent variables. The research hypotheses were analyzed in turn by the multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and t-test. The results are as follows: First, the results of analyzing differences in 10 clinical scales in accordance with 5 social status types how the significant differences in all 9 clinical scales except for language development scale, and ${\eta}^2$ representing the explanatory power of the independent variables to dependent variables was found to be in the range of the lowest at 2% up to 10% for each scale. Second, the results of analysis of the gender difference show that in the case of the children with controversial and neglected children, the significant difference was appeared between boys and girls in 8-9 scales among the 10 clinical scales, but in the case of rest 3 social status types (average, popular, rejected children) the difference was appeared between boys and girls only in 2-3 scales. Depending on these results it seems that each of 5 social status types of the children has its own unique personality structure. It is necessary to attend to the fact that in the case of the children with controversial and neglected children, the average value of boys are significantly higher than that of the girls. There is a big possibility that the boys have more psychological problems that the girls. It is judged that in case of these two types the personal traits applying gender should be interpreted. Therefore, the follow-up study should conduct the exploratory research on the structure of the relationship between children's language development and sociality measure. Further, it is necessary to conduct the psychological comparison between genders in the children with controversial and neglected children, and to study the structure of their relationship with rest social status types by genders.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the level of stress recognition of urban housewife and the method of coping, and to explore bow these factors are influenced by socio-demographic variables such as the age of housewife, level of education, status of employment, number of children, durations of marriage, types of family, religion and socio-economic status. The research was conducted on 431 housewives in Seoul in August, 1985. As for the measurement of the instrument, 48 item questionnaire made by investigator was used. The questionnaire was based upon modified and upplemented Holme & Rahe's SRRS and Bell's 18-item Questionnaire to be appropriate to Korean culture. Data were analyzed by percentage, frequency and mean, and verified significant difference by ANOVA and performed Spearman's correlation coefficient. The results of this study are as follows; 1) There is some similarity in distribution of the level of stress recognition of urban housewife. 2) the level of education and the durations of marriage have influence upon the level of stress recognition of urban housewife. In each area, there are differences among groups : age, level of education, durations of marriage, number of children and types of family in the area of education ; age, status of employment, and durations of marriage in the area of health; level of education, durations of marriage, number of children and socio-economic status in the area of finance; status of employment in the area of household work. 3) There are several methods in the method of coping to stress of housewife and the score of long-term coping method appears higher than that of short-term. 4) The level of education, number of children, religion and socio-economic status were variables to have influence on the method level of education, religion and socio- economic status were variables to have influence and in the long-term coping method level of education, number of children, religion, and socio-economic status were to have influence. 5) There is very low positive correlation between the level of stress recognition of urban housewife and the method of coping to stress( ρ=.10, P<.05). 6)In the relation between several variables in socio-demographic variables and the method to coping to stress, the lower the level of stress recognition there are negative correlation (ρ=-.28, P<.01) between religion and the method of coping and also negative correlation (ρ=-.16, P<.05) between number of children and the method of coping. There are positive correlation between socio-economic status and the method of coping.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.20-25
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• 2010

Aim : This study was conducted to assess the oral health status of deaf and mute children attending special school. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 137 deaf and mute children with ages ranging from 7 to 18 years. A total of 76 males (55.47%) with mean age of $14.2{\pm}4.5$ and 61 females (44.53%) with mean age of $13.8{\pm}4.2$ years and studying in a school for deaf and mute children in Warora were considered. Data were collected using a standard method recommended by WHO for the oral health survey in 1977. Oral health status was assessed using OHIS, Loe and Sinless, and CPI Index along with DMFT and DMFS Index. Gingival position was considered for measuring attachment loss. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (version 17.0). Results : The mean DMFT was found to be $2.53{\pm}1.72$, and mean DMFS, $3.37{\pm}3.16$. The prevalence of dental caries was pegged at 35.32%, with mean OHIS score at $1.49{\pm}0.76$. Overall gingival index among deaf and mute children was $0.81{\pm}1.4$, whereas that for the upper arch and lower arch was $0.92{\pm}0.84$ and $1.19{\pm}0.95$, respectively. The mean score for the CPI Index among deaf and mute children was found to be $0.42{\pm}0.32$. Gingival clinical attachment loss was found to be $0.26{\pm}0.15mm$. Conclusion : These findings suggest that children with hearing disabilities can also have good oral hygiene comparable to normal individuals of the same age group. These results may be attributed to the fact that the study sample was taken from a single school of a private organization with a well-equipped dental setup.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.5-32
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences of young children's emotional intelligence and happiness according to the socioeconomic status of their fathers. The subjects were 264 young children attending daycare centers and kindergartens in Busan, Korea. Data were analyzed with one-way MANOVA to find out the differences of young children's emotional intelligence and happiness according to education, income level or career of their fathers. Results of this study as follows: First, there were significant differences in emotional intelligence according to education, income level and career of their fathers. Second, there were significant differences in happiness according to education, income level and career of their fathers. Therefore, their father's socioeconomic status variables are the best variables in order to predict emotional intelligence and happiness of young children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.304-311
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between household food insecurity and nutritional status of children in low-income households. A cross sectional study involved a survey of households (n = 223) receiving the financial assistance. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Eligible mothers that fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as non-pregnant, non-lactating mothers, aged 18 to 55 years with their youngest children aged 2 to 12 years, were purposively selected. The Radimer/Cornell hunger and food-insecurity instrument was administered and children's height and weight were measured. RESULTS: About 16.1% of the households were food secure, while 83.9% experienced some kind of food insecurity. Out of food insecure category, 29.6% households were food insecure, 19.3% women were individual food insecure and 35.0% fell into the child hunger category. Education of the mother (P = 0.047), household size (P = 0.024), number of children (P = 0.024), number of children going to school (P = 0.048), total monthly income (P < 0.001), income per capital (P < 0.001), number of household members contributing to the income (P = 0.018) and food expenditure (P = 0.006) were significant risk factors for household food insecurity. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in children were 61.0%, 61.4% and 30.6% respectively. Based on multinomial logistic regression, children in food-insecure households were 2.15 times more likely to be underweight and three times to be stunted than children in the food-secure households. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that household food insecurity is associated with the nutritional status of the children in the rural area of Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 2014

This paper was examined socio-demographic characteristics influencing married women's fertility plans in Korea. Few studies have focused on fertility plans by using census data, and therefore this study employs 2010 census 2% sample data. It focuses on differential characteristics influencing not only whether women have plans for additional children but also how many additional children women plan to have. Women's age, age at marriage, employment status, number of children, and number of sons are consistently associated with their fertility plans and planned number of additional children. The educational level is positively related to plans for additional children for both men and women, and the effect weakens or disappears with an increase in the planned number of additional children. The result showing consistent positive effect of the number of sons reflects son preference in Korea. Positive effects of women's high educational attainment and employment status on fertility plans may reflect the importance of economic stability but requires further research.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.153-168
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• 2001

The objects of this study were to find out the effects of peer relations and perceived cognitive self-competence according to 1) grade, sex, and self-care, 2) parental social status and monitoring. 429 3rd- and 6th-graders (238 boys and 191 girls) were included as subjects. For measuring variables, RCP, Harter's Perceived Cognitive Self-Competence Rating Scale, and Parental Monitoring Questionnaire based on Crouter et al.(1990) were used. The data were analysed by MANOVA, t-test, and univariate ANOVA. The results were as follows.‘Social-Leadership’of peer relations was influenced by children's grade, grade $\times$ sex effects. 3-way interaction of children's variables and parental monitoring made significant differences in ‘Shy-Isolation’. Children's perceived cognitive self-competence was influenced by their grade and parent's social status. These results confirmed the significant roles of self-care and parental monitoring in children's development.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.8 s.210
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• pp.13-23
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mind understanding, popularity, and friendship of preschool children. A total 1444-and 5-year old children participated in this study. The children were assessed on false belief, emotion understanding, language skill, and popularity in peer groups. Their teachers rated the children's friendship qualities. Significant differences in mind understanding based on social status and friendship status were found. Popularity, number of mutual friend, PPVT, and positive interaction between friends were found to be significant predictors of children's mind understanding.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

This study investigated topic continuity in 5-year-old children during verbal interactions with peers by socioeconomic status and type of task. Each of the 78 children in this study participated in topic continuity sessions consisting of 4 l0-minute play periods with a same-sex peer : 2 in familiar and 2 in unfamiliar situations. Sessions were videotaped and transcribed. Transcripts were analysed by a modified version of the Kertoy and Vetter (1995) topic coding system; categories included topic initiation, topic continuation(collaboration and incorporation), and off-topic. Results showed that children from middle-income families stayed on topic and collaborated more than children from low-income families. Children displayed more topic continuation, collaboration and incorporation in familiar than in unfamiliar situations.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of family characteristics of the baby boomer generation on the level of their later life preparation. This study randomly sampled a birth cohort between 1955 and 1963 consisting of participants living in Seoul, South Korea with a spouse and a child/children. This study investigated a total of 455 subjects from March 2 to March 20, 2016. The study findings are summarized as follows. This study analyzed the characteristics of baby boomers' family relationships and their effects on their later life preparation. It was found that 55.4% of the subjects had at least 2 children, and 44.6% had 1 child. Concerning their children's marital status, 33.8% had married children and 66.2% had unmarried children. The level of their children's support was found at 2.82 points (standard deviation [SD] = .64), which is slightly higher than the mean value of 2.5. The spouse satisfaction among the subjects was found to be 3.59 (.79) which is higher than the mean value of 3. The general status of later life preparation was 2.70 (SD = .44), which is lower than the mean value of 3. In the sub-dimension, the level of social preparation was 2.98 points (SD = .61); the level of economic preparation was 2.60 (SD = .64); and the level of physical preparation was 2.53 (SD = .45). All the values were lower than the mean value of 3. The overall status of later life preparation of the subjects in this study was low. The physical preparation level was particularly low. To analyze the factors that affect baby boomers' later life preparation, a hierarchical regression analysis was implemented. As a result, a significant effect was found in specific factors, such as spouse satisfaction (${\beta}$ = .32, p < .001), age (${\beta}$ = .26, p < .001), number of children (${\beta}$ = -.18, p <.001), health status (${\beta}$ = .18, p < .001), gender (${\beta}$ = -.11, p < .05), household income (${\beta}$ = .10, p < .05), and children's marital status (${\beta}$ = .10, p < .05). That is, the higher the spousal satisfaction, the older the age, and the lower the number of children, the higher the levels of later life preparation. Further, a higher level of later life preparation was observed in women, those with higher household incomes, and those with married children.