• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.829-833
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• 2016

Purpose: To investigate the work associated stress and nicotine dependence among law enforcement personnel in Mangalore, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among law enforcement personnel in Mangalore, India. Demographic details, stress factors experienced at work and nicotine dependency were the variables studied. The extent of stress factors experienced at work was assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI). Nicotine dependence was measured using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST). Logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Three hundred and four law enforcement personnel participated in the study, among whom 68 had the presence of one or more habits like tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing and alcohol use. The mean effort score was $15.8{\pm}4.10$ and the mean reward and mean overcommitment scores were $36.4{\pm}7.09$ and $17.8{\pm}5.32$ respectively. Effort/Reward ratio for the total participants was 1.0073 and for those with nicotine habit was 1.0850. Results of our study demonstrated no significant association between domains of ERI scale and presence of habits but work associated stress was associated with the presence of one or more habits. Compared to constables, head constables had 1.12 times higher risk of having a nicotine habit. Conclusions: Our study implies job designation is associated with nicotine habits. However, there was no association between work associated stress and nicotine dependence among law enforcement personnel in Mangalore.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.38-47
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• 2022

Objective : We investigated how sensory processing patterns contribute to temperament and character traits in undergraduate students. Methods : A total of 107 undergraduate students were recruited in September 2022 via convenient sampling method. They completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Multiple regression models were applied to analyze the effect of sensory processing quadrants (low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, sensation avoiding) on each temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence) and character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence) traits. Results : Sensation seeking significantly predicted high levels of novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and self-transcendence but low harm avoidance. Low registration predicted high harm avoidance but low levels of reward dependence, persistence, and self-directedness. Reward dependence was predicted by high sensory sensitivity and low sensation avoiding. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that sensory processing patterns affected novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and self-transcendence in young adults.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.803-815
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to increase our understanding of subjective well-being in adolescents and to help improve it by investigating the relationship among adolescents' temperaments, perceived parenting affective attitude and subjective well-being. For this study, the subjects were 354 students from 4 different middle schools in Gwang-ju, Korea. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted by means of the SPSS 21.0 program using Pearson's correlations and hierarchical regression. The results are as follows: First, the temperament and perceived parenting affective attitude were correlated with subjective well-being. Among the temperament traits, novelty seeking and harm avoidance showed negative correlations with subjective well-being, whereas affection, reward dependence and persistence showed positive correlations with subjective well-being. Second, after the mediating effect of perceived affection on subjective well-being was confirmed, three temperament traits, viz. harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, were identified as mediating factors. The conclusion of this study is that adolescents' temperament and perceived parenting affective attitude are related to their subjective well-being and can also predict their subjective well-being. Harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are inborn temperaments, affect subjective well-being. Affection, which is a perceived parenting affective attitude trait, affects subjective well-being as a mediation variable. This study also suggests that it is more effective to influence perceived parenting affective attitude, which has growth potential, rather than temperaments which are hard to change.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2004

Background:The dopaminergic genes have been implicated with some personality traits. Many recent studies indicated that there is a correlation between D2 dopamine receptor gene(DRD2) polymorphisms and the personality traits. The purpose of this study is to investigate a possible association between DRD2 gene (TaqI A, TaqI B) polymorphism and personality traits. Methods:The subjects were consisted of 173 blood-unrelated young female Koreans with a mean age(${\pm}SD$) of 13.88(${\pm}0.29$) years. These volunteers were recruited from one of the junior high schools in Seoul and were tested by the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI). Genotyping of the DRD2 polymorphisms by PCR methods were carried out. Two DRD2 gene polymorphisms were classified and individually assessed as follows:TaqI A1+ vs A1-, TaqI B1+ vs B-. The associations between the TCI scores and TaqI A, TaqI B polymorphisms were assessed by Student's t-test. Results:In the 173 subjects, the allele frequencies of the DRD2 TaqI A1, TaqI B1 alleles ranged from 0.42 to 0.43, and these results are quite different from the ranges of 0.15-0.20 in the case of a Caucasian population. The genotype frequencies of DRD2(TaqI A1, TaqI B1) variants showed no significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RD4(dependence vs. independence) of Cloninger's TCI, a sub-dimension of Reward Dependence, was significantly higher in the subjects having DRD2 less frequent alleles than those without these alleles. Conclusion:This study suggests that the female subjects carrying the less frequent DRD2 alleles exhibited higher reward-dependent personality trait compared to those without these alleles.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.872-882
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• 2007

Purpose: This study aimed at exploring relationships among Internet addiction, smoking, and drinking and examining the effect factors on Internet addiction, smoking and drinking. Methods: By using stratified sampling, 1,529 participants representing high school students in the Kangwon province were selected. Data was analyzed by SPSS 12.0. using ${\chi}^2$, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: One-fifth of the total participants were at the mild or moderate stage of Internet addiction. Regarding smoking, 22.7% of male subjects and 4.5% of female subjects were current smokers. Regarding drinking, the percentages of subjects who drank alcohol once or twice per month were 53.5% of male students and 40.7% of female students. Internet addiction positively correlated with depression, novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence, Internet addiction negatively correlated with persistence, self-directness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence. Significant factors affecting Internet addiction were depression, gender, novelty seeking, and self-transcendence. Important factors influencing smoking were drinking, gender, school type, satisfaction with school, novelty seeking, and reward dependence. Significant factors affecting drinking were smoking, novelty seeking, school type and ages. Conclusion: This study shows the necessity of developing and implementing effective intervention programs in order to prevent adolescents from experiencing Internet addiction and health risk behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.5-22
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• 2004

The notion of independence is currently a focal point in public discourses in relation to the elderly. In most countries, the promotion of independence, not the alleviation of dependence, has been addressed as a priority goal in the formulation of social policies for the elderly and the term of independence is used in policy documents as if it were unproblematic. In most cases, policy documents do not offer a clear definition of independence, but generally the term is interpreted as self-sufficiency and health. Accordingly, in order to promote independence of the elderly, concrete strategies such as employment, social activities, participation, direct payments are being introduced in many advanced countries. This study critically reviews these discourses and strategies, and attempts at developing an understanding of how independence and dependence is constructed in contemporary social policies for the elderly. It is our critical point that we explores the meaning of the independence and dependence from the perspective of the elderly. Findings of this study are as follows: The elderly participated in this study tended to construct the meaning of 'independence' as privacy, self-esteem, autonomy and freedom. They also tended to perceive and interpret, from their perspective, the 'dependence' as a natural law and process, affection among human beings, reward and fruit of their lives, social justice and social responsibility. In this sense current policies for the elderly have not fully reflected the perspective of the elderly. Therefore, it is argued what is important in policy formulations for the elderly is to make efforts to reflect the perspective of the elderly on policy-makings for the elderly in terms of independence and dependence.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2008

Methamphetamine, a commonly used addictive drug, is a powerful addictive stimulant that dramatically affects the CNS. Repeated METH administration leads to a rewarding effect in a state of addiction that includes sensitization, dependence, and other phenomena. It is well known that susceptibility to the development of addiction is influenced by sources of reinforcement, variable neuroadaptive mechanisms, and neurochemical changes that together lead to altered homeostasis of the brain reward system. These behavioral abnormalities reflect neuroadaptive changes in signal transduction function and cellular gene expression produced by repeated drug exposure. To provide a better understanding of addiction and the mechanism of the rewarding effect, it is important to identify related genes. In the present study, we performed gene expression profiling using microarray analysis in a reward effect animal model. We also investigated gene expression in four important regions of the brain, the nucleus accumbens, striatum, hippocampus, and cingulated cortex, and analyzed the data by two clustering methods. Genes related to signaling pathways including G-protein-coupled receptor-related pathways predominated among the identified genes. The genes identified in our study may contribute to the development of a gene modeling network for methamphetamine addiction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1171-1179
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• 2013

Recently there is show deep concern at the wellness of health and beauty. therefore this study is to investigate an empirical study on the relational characteristics and collaboration between wholesalers and oriental clinic in herb medicine supplier channel, specially focused on lycium chinense. We collected statistically usable data from 119 questionnaire respondents who live in national provinces and analyzed them with SPSS 20.0 to achieve research's goals. Analysis results revealed that, first, relational characteristics of relationalism, trust, reward power and dependence had impacts on satisfaction between wholesaler and oriental clinic in herb medicine, Second, the survey found that satisfaction has impact on collaboration. Third, this study partially supported mediating effect regarding satisfaction between relational characteristics of relationalism and reward power.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2008

Objectives : There may be methodological differences between pencil-and-paper and web-based questionnaires. But there are few reports about influences of that methodological differences. The Aim of this study is investigation of the differences in temperament characteristics in subjects who answered internet addiction questionnaires. Methods : We compare the characteristics between two groups. Four hundred thirty participants(189 males, 241 females) answered the online and offline questionnaires. We controlled sexes, addiction scores and psychiatric treatment histories using general linear model of MANCOVA. Results : There were statistically significant differences in temperament characteristics between two groups. Harm avoidance(HA) and novelty seeking(NS) scores were significantly higher in on-line group than off-line group. Reward dependence(RD) scores were significantly lower in on-line group than off-line group. Conclusion : This study suggested significant differences of temperament characteristics between on-line and off-line subjects. And there have been many studies on equivalence of on-line and off-line survey methods. Further studies on the difference are expected for the understanding of this results.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.417-424
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychobiological traits of each Sasang typology based on the Sasang Digestive function Inventory (SDFI) which measures the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological digestive symptom. The SDFI, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOPI) were measured with 199 College students. The correlation coefficient was measured with Pearson correlation among SDFI, TCI, and NEOPI. The influence of TCI, sex and age on SDFI and its subscales were analyzed with regression analysis. We also compared the psychobiological features between high and low SDFI score groups to elucidate its psychobiological profiles. There was significant correlation between SDFI and TCI Harm-Avoidance (r=-0.192, p<0.001). The SDFI subscales were showed to have significant correlations with subscales of NEOPI and TCI. The regression model with TCI can explain 8-16% of type-specific pathophysiological digestive symptoms. The low SDFI score group ($39{\pm}9.3$) has significantly (p=0.007) higher than the high SDFI group ($33.6{\pm}12.2$) in TCI Harm-Avoidance which is considered important for the gastrointestinal dysfunction and So-Eum type differentiation. We found that the TCI may explain the mechanism underneath the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptom. It was suggested that the TCI Reward-Dependence would be useful for the study on Tae-Eum Sasang type, and its clinical meanings were discussed in the pathophysiological perspectives.