• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.210-213
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• 1997

This study for development of close-to nature revetment techniques is conducted to rehabilitate disturbed stream ecosystem. For this objective, the experimental reach as on-site dimonstrated research was set up in Hakyoul, the Yangjaech'on from Oct. 1995 to Nov. 1996. Special emphasis on the developing process of the design of revetments was given to geomorphic character of 3 types of low flow channel bank: point bar, attack point and shallow bay. Each revetment was developed with the consideration on revegetation of emergent plants. And designed techniques were applied to the experimental reach, and were evaluated with monitoring for 1 year. As a result of the process, the experiment suggested ecological alternatives to enhance technical feasibility and to replace the conventional river-work.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.279-289
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• 1998

To monitor vegetation structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest, twenty plots were set up at Wando Arboretum in 1996. Twenty plots were divided into ten experimental plots and control plots. A few evergreen broad-leaved species were planted after selective cutting at ten experimental plots. Dominant species of twenty plots were Quercus acuta, Q. acuta and Carpinus tschonoskii, Pinus densiflora, etc.. Vegetation structure of the experimental plots showed seral stage of succession from P. densiflora community or deciduous broad-leaved forest to Q. acuta community. Dominant species of the experimental plots were changed to Q. acuta or P. densiflora after selective cutting. And a number of species and individuals, coverages etc. were increased at shrub and ground cover layer after treatment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 1999

Thirty-two plots have been set up and surveyed to investigate the plant community structure and distribution density of Pinus thunbergii-P. densiflora forest in Kojedo District, Hallyo-Haesang National Park. By DCA ordination technique P. thunbergii-P. densiflora forest was classified into P. thunbergii community, P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community, and P. densiflora community. The trend of plant community succession was invalid. The results of simple regression analysis between mean DBH(cm), mean distribution distance(m), and number of individual of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora were as follows: Distribution distance(m) = 0.094$\times$DBH(cm)-0.1248, Number of individual=1,820.1$\times$(cm)$DBH^{-1.6734}$ , Distribution distance(m)=6.6805$\times$Number of $individual^{-0.5425}$ .

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2015

The inappropriate hydraulic design criteria on the new revetment technique for the ecological river restoration project happens to lead to economic loss during the flood season. In this study, the hydraulic stability of the developed non-toxic revetment was evaluated at a maximum discharge of $3.0m^3/s$ and a maximum velocity of 3.0 m/s in a real scale experimental channel. The vertical movement of the non-toxic revetment block was in the range of ${\pm}3mm$ mm in the experimental conditions. The results show that the non-toxic revetment block was sufficiently hydraulically secured.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.665-675
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for judging cultivation suitability by analyzing the growing environment of Zanthoxylum schinifolium habitats in Gyeongnam-do. The site environment, soil environment and community structure were analyzed in habitats of 7 cities and counties. The habitats were distributed in slopes at 87~764 m above sea level. It was found habitats was distributed in the well-drained soil with high content of sand and soil texture of habitats was mainly loamy sand and sandy loam. Bulk density and particle density were 0.89 g/cm³ and 2.65 g/cm³ on average, respectively. The soil had 5.10 of pH, 6.41% of OM content, 0.29% of TN content, 3.84 ppm of available P content, and CEC of 12.3 cmol⁺/kg on average. The habitats were classified into four communities (Z. schinifolium-Lindera erythrocarpa, Castanea crenata-L. erythrocarpa, Pinus densiflora-Z. schinifolium, P. thunbergii-Z. schinifolium by clustering analysis. Ecological niche breadth was highest of 0.885 in site (T VI ongyeong) and lowest of 0.608 in site (Goseong).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.962-969
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• 2016

This study assessed the ecological and behavioral characteristics of the sika deer from April 2012 to August 2016. To obtain basic information on the behavioral patterns of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) including their annual home range, sika deer wearing GPS tracking collars were released into 1,385 locations at a different altitude around where they had been captured in Songnisan. The released individuals were studied through home range analysis. According to our observations, annual home ranges of the sika deer (n=6) is seen to be $2.24{\pm}1.50km^2$ (t=3.648, p<0.05) of MCP 95% for the entire area of home range and $0.46{\pm}0.31km^2$ (t=3.666, p<0.05)$km^2$ of FK 50% for the home range core area respectively. The annual home ranges of the sika deers by sex were $2.94km^2$ for female and $1.53km^2$ for male. This study is expected to provide basic data for habitat management and ecological study of sika deer and to contribute to the management of wild animals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.650-656
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• 2014

This study was executed in Woraksan National Park from Febuary, 2008 to December, 2013 in order to study the behavioral characteristics of introduced four female gorals using annual home range, seasonal home range, and elevation use characteristics. Annual home range of reintroduced female gorals were $1.13{\pm}0.32km^2$ of MCP 95%, $0.37{\pm}0.18km^2$ of MCP 95% and $0.07{\pm}0.03km^2$(t=0.607, p>0.05) of FK 50% respectively. In seasonal home range and elevation use characteristics of MCP 95%, autumn($0.73{\pm}0.26km^2$) and summer($0.77{\pm}0.06km^2$) were the largest home range and spring($0.58{\pm}0.38km^2$) and winter($0.47{\pm}0.25km^2$) had a smaller home range and it showed that there was a difference between summer and winter home ranges(F=3.868, P<0.05). As a result of seasonal elevation analysis, elevation use was 435m(28.4%) in spring, 464m(26.7%) in summer, 414m(28.8%) in autumn, and 393m(21.2%) in winter, respectively. It showed that these gorals used higher elevation in summer(F=0.783, P>0.05). We could not analyze the characteristics of introduced gorals, because only introduced female gorals were used for this study. However, we could understand that habitat use characteristics were of statistical significance in introduced gorals from the analyses of their home range, seasonal home range and elevation use.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.109-126
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• 2015

This study is for constructing detailed data to secure biological diversity and maintain a healthy ecosystem in Backsasil Valley Ecological and Scenery Conservation Area, and for preparing an ecological management plan fit for the protected area. The period for this study was from April 2010 to May 2013. Recently, the increase of visitors to Baeksasil Valley, as well as the plantation and dissemination of introduced vegetable species, become factors accelerating ecological disturbance. Major research contents included the reviews of the management system of the protected areas, the necessity of ecological management at the basin level, establishing the system of a management plan, research and analysis of environment ecology, analysis of threatening factors, goal-setting, management strategies, and a plan through SWOT analysis. Survey items were the natural environment, major components of ecosystem, and human-use. The goals of ecological management were basin zone management for amphibians, conservation and restoration of forest vegetation for conservation habitat of Dryocopus martius, conservation habitat of Zelkova serrta for nature landscape, and management of users for environment protection. The conservation management plan at a basin zone level contains the management of point and non-point pollution sources in the upstream, securing growing conditions for native plants, securing safe habitats for amphibians, and securing of habitats for major wild birds. Also, restoration of natural forests, management of native plants and introduced vegetable species, and restoration of degraded forest paths are suggested for the restoration plans.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2010

We evaluated the restoration effect by introducing willows as a means of controlling invasions of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) on a riparian site. Our preliminary survey demonstrated that a problematic exotic species, giant ragweed and the representative riparian species, Salix koreensis are in competitive exclusive relationship. We planted willows at 1 m intervals on the bank of the Dongmun stream at Munsan, Paju, in Central Western Korea as an experimental restoration practice. We installed two 50 m $\times$ 5 m sized restored and non-restored for this experimental study. The non-restored plots were located on river banks, which were covered with concrete blocks and left in itself without any treatment. The height of willow was measured after each of three consecutive growing seasons and compared with the height of the giant ragweed. Although the height of Salix gracilistyla did not achieve the height of the giant ragweed, the height of S. koreensis surpassed that of giant ragweed in the third year after introduction. The results were also reflected in the relative light intensity on the herb layer of willow stand, and thereby the relative light intensities of stands, which were dominated by S. koreensis or restored by introducing S. koreensis, 1.99 $\pm$ 0.33 (%, mean $\pm$ SD) and 1.92 $\pm$ 0.50 (%, mean $\pm$ SD), respectively were lower than those in the stands treated by S. gracilistyla, 3.01 $\pm$ 0.43 (%, mean $\pm$ SD). The giant ragweed stands receive full sunlight as there are no any vegetation layers higher than the herb layer formed by the giant ragweed. As the result of Detrended Correspondence analysis ordination based on naturally established vegetation, the stands dominated by willows and giant ragweed showed different species composition between both stands. The species composition of the restoratively treated sites resembled the reference sites more than the non-treated sites. The species diversity (H') of the sites restored by introducing S. koreensis and S. gracilistyla was higher than the non-restored site dominated by A. trifida. On the basis of our results, the restoration of riparian vegetation equipped with integrated features could contribute not only to the control of exotic plants including giant ragweed but also to ensure the diversity and stability of riverine ecosystems.